As news emerged of multiple injuries in a terrorist attack on London Bridge, a tweet apparently from Jeremy Corbyn began to circulate on WhatsApp and Twitter.
The tweet shared was an image rather than a link to an original. It showed Mr Corbyn expressing sympathy for the attacker, claiming he was "appalled by the behaviour of the Metropolitan Police" because "an unarmed man [was] shot to death" without a trial, and in another describing the attacker as having been "murdered by British police in broad daylight".
The message spread quickly, driven by those criticising it. One user tweeted: "Disgraceful of Corbyn to say he was murdered by the police, this person was trying to [kill] people FFS."
"Good old Jeremy Corbyn quick to condemn," tweeted another user with almost 20,000 followers. Their message was retweeted more than 110 times.
But the tweet they were criticising was a fabrication. Mr Corbyn had actually said: "Shocking reports from London Bridge. My thoughts are with those caught up in the incident. Thank you to the police and emergency services who are responding."
The fake tweet convincingly used the actual layout of Twitter's web application to display messages which Mr Corbyn had never written. Nothing other than the content of his tweets were manipulated - the design around the message was accurate.
News organisations, including Sky News, debated whether debunking the messages would limit the spread of false information or counter-productively amplify them. At the time and in this article we have chosen not to publish these fake tweets.
But the question of who had produced these fakes - and to a convincing standard - remained. Why had they bothered? And how did they start spreading around social media when solid evidence contradicting them was literally a click away?
Sky News and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) have uncovered that this tweet along with other similar efforts were first posted to the internet on the imageboard 4chan before being spread to other social media platforms.
We have obtained a number of these fake images constructed with different grammatical constructions but similar spelling mistakes as they were being collectively workshopped by a decentralised disinformation effort.
"In the hours immediately following the attack we very quickly saw the community on 4chan come together and start sharing fake memes designed to disinform the public about the nature of the attack," said Jacob Davey, senior research manager at ISD.
The material was mostly comprised of falsified social media posts from Mr Corbyn responding to the attack. In some instances the material was not designed to disinform, but more as an in-joke for the community - Mr Corbyn complaining about Arsenal football club using racist language. But other fakes were able to impact the public discussion.
"Although this material appeared to be created by individual users there was a collaborative air around it being shared - with users correcting another when they used the wrong font in their content," Mr Davey said.
But crucially the content that was picked up and shared more broadly around the internet impacted the conversation after the attack by generating hostility towards Mr Corbyn, ISD found.
"In these instances it was the content which seemed most 'believable', and which didn't contain obvious spelling mistakes or explicit slurs which was most widely shared," Mr Davey added.
"The fact that we first observed these images shared on 4chan before spreading throughout the internet demonstrates how disinformation can quickly travel across the internet," explained Mackenzie Hart, research associate at ISD.
"4chan is a notorious source for this sort of material with individuals creating it with the intention of confusing people, and shaping discussion towards their political goals."
Specifically the images were posted on the politically incorrect discussion board (known as /pol/ due to its URL) which is a hub for for neo-Nazi and far-right online activists who focus on producing provocative material to get a rise out of others.
Speaking to Sky News back in 2017, academic researcher Dr Gianluca Stringhini explained how his team had examined the "raiding" behaviour of the /pol/ discussion board's users - in which they visited an external board in an organised fashion in order to distort the discussion.
The fake images of Mr Corbyn's tweets were designed to negatively impact the Labour leader by representing him as sympathetic to terrorists.
Mr Davey said: "It would appear that the fake Jeremy Corbyn tweets were purposely designed to create confusion and shape online discussion in the aftermath of the attack - both for the purpose of smearing Corbyn, and to generate hostility towards Muslims.
"The fake tweets feed into narratives that have been used by other groups in the run up to the election - such as Corbyn being soft on terror - to further sow doubt amongst voters."
At the same time as fake messages presenting Mr Corbyn as sympathetic to terrorists were spreading, other messages appeared suggesting the London Bridge incident was a false flag attack - a covert operation conducted by one party disguised as another who would receive the blame.
Some of these tweets were the honest opinion of authentic individuals - that is, they were not fakes in the way that the Mr Corbyn tweets were fake - however they were rapidly compiled into handsomely produced images and tagged as being representative of the Labour Party even when the accounts they came from did not appear to endorse Labour.
"The speed with which compilation images of 'false flag' claims were put together shows the hyper-polarised state of politics, with people on the hard left and hard right monitoring each others' activity to seize on content which reinforces their own narratives," explained Mr Davey.
"At this stage we have been unable to confirm whether all of these tweets are genuine or not, but the fact that these compilations were put together so quickly could also suggest that some of this content has been artificially generated with the aim of sewing political discord."
In at least three situations the ISD found individual users posting their suspicions that the attacks were false-flag operations to multiple Facebook pages which were expected to support the Labour Party and Mr Corbyn.
They had targeted some of the most popular pages on Facebook for their ideological cause and attempted to swing the discussion on these pages by promoting a conspiracy theory.
"We have seen individuals very quickly work to spam these images across multiple Facebook groups in an attempt to skew conversation across their ideological lines," said Ms Hart.
These did appear to be independent individuals, much like the users on 4chan, but even though they believed what they were saying they were exploiting the same mechanisms as people actively trying to spread fake news to try to dominate the debate.
Ms Hart said this highlighted "how distortive practices are being adopted across the board by political activists, and extremists," in their attempts to manipulate the public.
The Brexit Election on Sky News - the fastest results and in-depth analysis on mobile, TV and radio.
Read more from the original source:
General election: Fake Corbyn tweets on London Bridge attack tried to 'sow doubt' among voters - Sky News
- Manzi: Ducati teams wanted me to be disqualified, mistakes ... - Crash - July 21st, 2023 [July 21st, 2023]
- Today in History: July 24, Apollo 11 returns home from the moon - Plainview Daily Herald - July 21st, 2023 [July 21st, 2023]
- McClellan: A trip to Scotland reveals a family motto that is just right - St. Louis Post-Dispatch - July 21st, 2023 [July 21st, 2023]
- AMD CEO will consider other foundries besides Taiwan ... - Seeking Alpha - July 21st, 2023 [July 21st, 2023]
- Bill Maher Drools All Over Elon Musk in Softball Sitdown - The Daily Beast - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- QAnon's popularity has been fueled by the playful and participatory ... - LSE - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Its been rough, but we have to hang on - Santa Barbara News-Press - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Flamenco and a Venerated Teacher Return to Steps on Broadway - westsiderag.com - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- R.M.N. Director Cristian Mungiu on Xenophobia and the Dangers of Politically Correct Filmmaking - Hollywood Reporter - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- My baptism of fire into trucking - Big Rigs - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Sinicization of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang: An Indian View - Bitter Winter - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Diljit da jawab nahin: Why the munda made us go balle, balle - Times of India - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Why was Don Lemon fired by CNN? Veteran news anchor let go after 17 years - AS USA - April 30th, 2023 [April 30th, 2023]
- Agent Movie Review: A spy film that puts the fire in misfire - cinemaexpress - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Voice and Hammer - Longreads - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- This coronation is being styled in an apologetic tone - Reaction - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- 21 Comedy Movies That Were Ahead of Their Time - MovieWeb - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Remembering Barry Humphries, art lover, artist and creator of Dame ... - Art Newspaper - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Everything you need to know about the 2023 Met Gala... - Jordan News - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- 10 Sitcoms With Content That Hasn't Aged Well - Collider - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Things to do in Wilmington NC this weekend April 27-30 - StarNewsOnline.com - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Bill Maher Is Clueless About Chicago, Guns, and Poverty - The Daily Beast - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- 10 Best R-Rated Comedies of the 21st Century, Ranked - Collider - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Let's talk tachles: What do Olim truly think of Israel? - Ynetnews - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Parker: Tim Scott and American exceptionalism | News, Sports, Jobs - Daily Herald - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Letters: 'When I say my name is Karen, will others think I'm a b---h?' - National Post - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Chef Shannons Byron Bay boys-only bash - The Age - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Why Salman Khans lone superhero formula doesnt work for the masses anymore - The Indian Express - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- THE OTHER SIDE: They left the dogsThe Tucker Trump Show - theberkshireedge.com - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Kenny vs. Spenny: Iconic Canadian frenemies prove some things never change - Global News - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Politician who called herself 'mother of the politically incorrect ... - JTA News - Jewish Telegraphic Agency - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- CT man charged with threatening to kill Florida sheriff on 'hit list' for ... - Torrington Register Citizen - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- BROADWAY REVIEW: 'Peter Pan Goes Wrong' is a total blast; plus it ... - New York Daily News - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Harvard donor Ken Griffin's backing of DeSantis stirs predictable ... - The Boston Globe - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- TV shows to watch this week: 'West Wing' fans should rally around ... - Star Tribune - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Why Is It So Hard to Watch 'Friends' Now? - Collider - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Belinda Carlisle: Touring with Green Day was one big hot mess - NME - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Chinese scholars believe in gender equality - Times Higher Education - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Five Year Social Media Ban For Online Preacher - Vision Christian Media - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- A Toast to Tom Eating His Feelings on Succession - Vulture - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Turtle love and the messages of Roald Dahl - The Saturday Paper - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- New Book Offers the CATHOLIC Case for ID - Discovery Institute - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Roy Chubby Brown to play Hanley gig tonight despite calls for show to be cancelled - Stoke-on-Trent Live - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- 4 dead, 28 wounded at U.S. birthday party shooting - inform.kz/en - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- People protest for ban on assault weapons in Washington - Independent - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- The shadow of Xi Jinping, misinformation and hurt religious sentiments - Business Standard - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Night Jitters: TVs Late Crowd Grapples With Weakness in the Wee Hours - Variety - April 22nd, 2023 [April 22nd, 2023]
- Donald Trump called Chinese leader Xi Jinping a 'brilliant man' and said there is no one in Hollywood with the - Business Insider India - April 17th, 2023 [April 17th, 2023]
- /pol/ - Wikipedia - March 4th, 2023 [March 4th, 2023]
- The Top 20+ Questions on Politically Correct Terms [with Answers!] - February 20th, 2023 [February 20th, 2023]
- 15 Very Politically Incorrect Things That Are Also Absolutely True ... - February 20th, 2023 [February 20th, 2023]
- From Politically Correct To Cancel Culture, How Accountability ... - NPR - February 20th, 2023 [February 20th, 2023]
- Is ChatGPT Partisan? Poems About Trump And Biden Raise Questions About The AI Bots BiasHeres What Experts Think - Forbes - February 5th, 2023 [February 5th, 2023]
- NM Gov. Grisham calls for new gun control laws, citing recent ... - January 22nd, 2023 [January 22nd, 2023]
- What Does Woke Mean in Politics? - January 22nd, 2023 [January 22nd, 2023]
- Richard Barnett expected to testify in his trial - KATV - January 22nd, 2023 [January 22nd, 2023]
- Twitter suspends Babylon Bee over Rachel Levine 'Man of the Year' title - December 23rd, 2022 [December 23rd, 2022]
- The Taste With Vir: To blame or not to blame the Civil Aviation Ministry - Hindustan Times - December 23rd, 2022 [December 23rd, 2022]
- 'Yellowstone' Season 5, Episode 6 Recap: Jamie and Sarah Join Forces, Plan to Oust John as Governor - Entertainment Tonight - December 16th, 2022 [December 16th, 2022]
- Will Ferrell, Maya Rudolph, Nick Kroll and More Take The Hollywood Reporters Annual Comedy Survey - Hollywood Reporter - November 23rd, 2022 [November 23rd, 2022]
- Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism - The World Economic Forum - October 21st, 2022 [October 21st, 2022]
- Netanyahu memoir: Dems feeling more leftist pressure on Israel than they publicly admit - Forward - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- Living Among Trolls: It's Orwellian, But It's Real - odishabytes - OdishaBytes - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- SMOKERS' CORNER: THE POLITICS OF TRANSGRESSION - Newspaper - DAWN.COM - DAWN.com - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- This Week in Lincolnville: Do the People Belong to the Land - PenBayPilot.com - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- Meghan Markle and Harry blow as Americans back Kate and Prince William over Sussexes - Express - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- Which side are you on, anyway? Rethinking academic freedom - University World News - October 17th, 2022 [October 17th, 2022]
- Politically Incorrect Canadian - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Our Unmad lives - The Business Standard - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Biden threatens 'consequences' against Saudi Arabia over OPEC oil production cuts, links with Russia - Must Read Alaska - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- 'Backsides' voted but fireworks are likely with one Hamilton councillor - Richard Swainson - Stuff - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Does it actually have an influence?: Expert weighs in PM Trudeaus viral bungee jump video - Yahoo News - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Jordan Hogg: In 15 years, Ive never come across another disabled director - The Guardian - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- The phenomenon of 'Hawa' vs 'Poran' - Dhaka Tribune - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- SMOKERS' CORNER: THE RESURGENCE OF THE FAR-RIGHT - Newspaper - DAWN.COM - DAWN.com - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Paddy Considine's filmography: What were the House of the Dragon actor's best works? - Bolavip - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- Word on the street: 'Never heard of him' - Aucklanders react to Brown mayoral win - Stuff - October 15th, 2022 [October 15th, 2022]
- QC The Producers revels in being politically incorrect - WHBF - OurQuadCities.com - October 2nd, 2022 [October 2nd, 2022]
- Interdependence as a weapon in the era of non-peace: Failure in Ukraine and danger in Taiwan - Atalayar - October 2nd, 2022 [October 2nd, 2022]
- 'Ramy' Season 3 Review: Ramy Youssef's Comical, Rich Look At Muslim Family Life Is The Best One Yet - The Playlist - October 2nd, 2022 [October 2nd, 2022]