by Clark Elliston, Assistant Professer of Religion and Philosophy, Schreiner University
Friends are all-too-frequently taken for granted, both in everyday human experience and in theology. It seems that for many people friends simply emerge; a shared laugh or thought becomes many and through some unseen alchemy a friend is created. Theologically the situation is a little more delicate. The concept of friendship poses a problem for theology insofar as friendship, in both antiquity and early theology, remains largely a preferential love. We choose our friends based on any number qualities, but we nevertheless choose them. This is a good gift, but as Soren Kierkegaard makes all too plain, this can be problematic for followers of a Savior who commands a neighbor-love of all persons. A preferential love which by necessity excludes others (as no one can love the whole world equally) thus violates the universality of Christs command to love all. Yet even here there are perplexing tensions. After all, the New Testament repeatedly mentions the beloved disciple and Jesus suggests an appropriate category of friendship when he notes that the greatest love is laying ones life down for friends. Nonetheless such difficulties, as well as the embedded character of human friendship, have made it strikingly absent from much theological discourse.
Yet like so many areas of human life in a technological world, sociality too has been affected. Study after study indicates that the social life of Westerners is suffering. We are more lonely, depressed, and anxious than ever before. We also know that self-reported social encounters are perhaps the greatest source of meaning and happiness available to us. Yet this is not to say that we simply need more social encounters after all, we are in the midst of one of the greatest social revolutions in history courtesy of the Internet. Though we may seclude ourselves physically from the surrounding world, most people will have hundreds of online interactions a day. As we work harder, as traditional ties lessen, and as the allure of instant communication grows, we should not be surprised as social media opportunities increase. Yet this transition into an online context poses myriad problems. Not least is the devolution of friendship as a fundamental form of human relationship. Instead, social media technologies promise ever-greater connectivity to others while paradoxically eroding constituent elements of friendship classically considered.
Two immediate issues arise when considering the digitalization of friendship through social media. First, social media friendship lacks consideration of character and the time it takes to cultivate character. Second, social media friendship remains crucially limited in terms of its presence with the other as friend. These issues, to be sure, do not undermine the project of social media entirely meaningful encounters with others can happen on several platforms. However, social media disciplines and forms our online relationships in crucial ways. When this disciplined thinking and formation creeps into other realms of life it becomes toxic.
When Aristotle wrote one of the most influential treatises on friendship, books seven and eight of the Nicomachean Ethics, he delineated between three types of friendship. Two are immediately familiar to us: friendships based on pleasure and on utility. In these we are friends with those whom we enjoy or who provide clear benefit to our personal projects. These are inferior modes of friendship, however, relative to friendships based on virtue. The friendship of virtue, in contrast, centers upon the character of the friend. We befriend those whose character we admire and who admire us for our character. While this emphasis on virtue possesses problems of its own, it nevertheless offers insight into a crucial facet of authentic friendship, namely that friendship should involve something other than deferred self-love. Friendships of virtue rightly privilege an other for their performance of virtue, rather than our own gratified desires or pursuits.
Second, social media cannot mediate the distance between persons. If time poses an immediate issue for the cultivation of relationship, then we should not be surprised that place does as well. More specifically, friendship is centrally related to presence with and for the other. This is poignantly and pastorally put best by Nicholas Wolterstorff when he writes about the death of his son:
If you think your task as comforter is to tell me that really, all things considered, its not so bad, you do not sit with me in my grief, but place yourself off in the distance away from me. Over there, you are of no help. What I need to hear from you is that you recognize how painful it is. I need to hear from you that you are with me in my desperation. To comfort me, you have to come close. Come sit beside me on my mourning bench (Wolterstorff, Lament for a Son, 34).
The images of proximity in this passage resonate. It is not the demonstration of either wit or wisdom which mitigates the distance between self and other, but the sheer presence of oneself alongside another in suffering. Whereas social media, as a quintessentially intellectual exercise, exists primarily in the mind, genuine friendship becomes incarnate in the concrete situations in which we find ourselves. The sympathy that undoubtedly exists in social media communities is thus closer to pity than compassion. Pity remains, while deeply sympathetic, apart from the one being pitied. I can pity someones circumstance from a distance. In contrast, and as indicated above, the practice of compassion requires that I be both present and willing to get my hands dirty. This is profoundly difficult and undermines the easy deployment of what we commonly call compassion.
Social media can be engaged wisely, and it indeed allows for convenient communication. Yet, its value lies primarily in its capacity to support already-existing friendships it is not generative of friendship. Friendship requires the patient cultivation of virtue alongside the courageous willingness to walk alongside another in their suffering. Such friendships school us for loving both God and world. Thus, Nobody would choose to live without friends even if he had all the other good things. (Nicomachean Ethics, VIII.i).
Read this article:
Friending the World Sociality and the Transhuman Vision - Patheos
- Your Favorites Radio | All your favorite songs and artists - iHeartRadio - November 15th, 2023 [November 15th, 2023]
- Can't Miss Indie Press Speculative Fiction for November and ... - tor.com - November 15th, 2023 [November 15th, 2023]
- What is posthumanism? And should you worry about it? - Aleteia - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Ray Kurzweil Predicts: The Singularity by 2045 - Discovery Institute - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- A Conversation About God | Dr. John Lennox - The Daily Wire - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- 'Billions' of megalomaniacal humanoids could, one day, ambush the ... - Robotics and Automation News - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- 3rd Annual ELTS Graduate Student Conference: Speculative ... - UCLA International Institute - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Donna Haraway's Children: Meet the Dynamic Young Artists Who ... - Cultured Magazine - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Scary Movies for Anarchists to Watch at the End of the World - CounterPunch - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Data Summit 2023: shaping the future of AI and Data - Scottish Business News - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Ghost Work and the Enduring Necessity of Human Labor - Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence - November 8th, 2023 [November 8th, 2023]
- Alien TV series: Plot, cast, release date and everything we know - Yahoo Lifestyle UK - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- Traditional Perspectives on Philosophy - pt. 1: Voluntarism - OnePeterFive - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- Accusations of a Government Cover-Up Dominate Congressional UFO Hearing - Decrypt - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- Elon Musk Appoints Dan Hendrycks as Advisor to xAI Startup - Fagen wasanni - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- Anton Vidokle on the Cinema of the Stars - Ocula Magazine - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- The day the bubble burst: Akira and Japan's economic 'miracle' - Canadian Dimension - July 27th, 2023 [July 27th, 2023]
- Ex-Google engineer says humans will achieve immortality in 7 years; here's how netizens reacted - Business Today - April 6th, 2023 [April 6th, 2023]
- Super-intelligence and eternal life: transhumanism's faithful follow it ... - March 31st, 2023 [March 31st, 2023]
- Pioneering Transhumanism: a conversation with Natasha Vita-More - February 5th, 2023 [February 5th, 2023]
- 4 Problems with Transhumanism - Human Life International - February 2nd, 2023 [February 2nd, 2023]
- Transhumanism: Examining the risks, benefits, and ethical implications ... - January 25th, 2023 [January 25th, 2023]
- Noted Transhumanist Now Targeting Our Children: Whats inside Yuval ... - January 10th, 2023 [January 10th, 2023]
- Humans Will Never Colonize Mars - Gizmodo - January 10th, 2023 [January 10th, 2023]
- Ghost in the Shell (1995) - IMDb - December 28th, 2022 [December 28th, 2022]
- The Transhumanist Agenda Behind Bidens Executive Order on Advancing ... - December 28th, 2022 [December 28th, 2022]
- The Missing Plan for Alien First Contact to Pro-and-Anti-UFO Factions in U.S. Government (Planet Earth Report) - The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries... - November 8th, 2022 [November 8th, 2022]
- Biden Signs Executive Order Designed to Unleash "Transhumanist Hell" on ... - November 7th, 2022 [November 7th, 2022]
- Biden transhumanist executive order: We need to program biology ... - November 7th, 2022 [November 7th, 2022]
- Meaning of life - Wikipedia - November 7th, 2022 [November 7th, 2022]
- Take years off your age: this Israeli expert says its all up to you - Haaretz - November 7th, 2022 [November 7th, 2022]
- Transhumanism: advances in technology could already put evolution into ... - October 30th, 2022 [October 30th, 2022]
- Bidens Executive Order Designed to Release Transhumanist Hell on ... - October 30th, 2022 [October 30th, 2022]
- Biden's Executive Order Advances Biotech-Transhumanist Agenda ... - October 23rd, 2022 [October 23rd, 2022]
- Elon Musks Neuralink allegedly subjected monkeys to extreme suffering - October 23rd, 2022 [October 23rd, 2022]
- Doomsday bunkers, Mars and 'The Mindset': the tech bros trying to outsmart the end of the world - The Conversation Indonesia - October 8th, 2022 [October 8th, 2022]
- Is the body key to understanding consciousness? - - October 8th, 2022 [October 8th, 2022]
- Nvidia and the 3D Future of the Internet - TechNewsWorld - October 8th, 2022 [October 8th, 2022]
- I have to ask: Did anything happen to you with the 0010110 social media mystery? Are you still with us? - Alan Cross - A Journal of Musical Things - August 30th, 2022 [August 30th, 2022]
- If the US is Nineveh, Then Canada is Sodom - The Stream - August 30th, 2022 [August 30th, 2022]
- Gaming Adventures You Don't Want To Miss In 2022 - Gamesreviews - August 30th, 2022 [August 30th, 2022]
- The theory behind conspiracy - The Spectator Australia - August 30th, 2022 [August 30th, 2022]
- What is Creation? | What is Creation? - Patheos - August 30th, 2022 [August 30th, 2022]
- Transhumanism Humanity+ - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- Become your true self - Freedom of Form Foundation - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- Ghosts, Mummies, and Robots in Buddhism - Buddhistdoor Global - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- The Biggest Threat to Humanity? Black Goo - WIRED - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- You Cant Back the Murder of Alexander Dugin Then Whine About Salman Rushdie Or Attacks on American Neocons - The Stream - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- Android app deals of the day: Codex of Victory, Scalak, Reminder Pro, more - 9to5Toys - August 25th, 2022 [August 25th, 2022]
- Whatever happened to transhumanism? - BioEdge - August 23rd, 2022 [August 23rd, 2022]
- Who needs religion when you've got these clowns promoting bad ideas? - Freethought Blogs - August 23rd, 2022 [August 23rd, 2022]
- The Importance of Medical Ethics Highlighted During the 75Th Anniversary of the Nuremberg Code - The Epoch Times - August 23rd, 2022 [August 23rd, 2022]
- History of a hard man: Neil Balme memoir stands out from the pack - Sydney Morning Herald - August 23rd, 2022 [August 23rd, 2022]
- Henry Kyereme: Could advances in technology undermine the future of humans? - Myjoyonline - July 7th, 2022 [July 7th, 2022]
- Iris Van Herpen Explores Life Beyond the Physical Realm for A/W 22 Couture - vmagazine.com - July 7th, 2022 [July 7th, 2022]
- Virtual Beauty, Virtual Freedom, Virtual Love: Is the Metaverse Our Future? - PRESSENZA International News Agency - July 7th, 2022 [July 7th, 2022]
- Network TV Hasn't Been The Same Since This Sci-Fi Drama Left The Air - Looper - July 4th, 2022 [July 4th, 2022]
- The myth of 'artificial intelligence' - spiked - Spiked - July 4th, 2022 [July 4th, 2022]
- Fulton Sheens July 4 Declaration of Dependence - National Catholic Register - July 4th, 2022 [July 4th, 2022]
- All Agents Defect: Espionage in the Films of David Cronenberg - CrimeReads - June 22nd, 2022 [June 22nd, 2022]
- Tune In: The Art of the Videogame Soundtrack - Highbrow Magazine - June 11th, 2022 [June 11th, 2022]
- It's been 10 years since Prometheus, what can the reboot teach the Alien TV show? - TechRadar - June 11th, 2022 [June 11th, 2022]
- Religious Transhumanism 11: What about the body? | cybernetic immortality - Patheos - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- Elon Musk is promoting transhumanism as part of Agenda 2030. - Logically - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- PEW and transhumanism: Public has mixed concerns about arriving era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and human enhancement - Genetic Literacy Project - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- David Cronenberg Gets Back to Basics in Crimes of the Future - Vanity Fair - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- Painting on Another Plane: Mandy Cao - MutualArt.com - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- Have Authoritarians Used 1984 as a Handbook? - Verve Times - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- How to Grow and Forage Without Owning Land - Verve Times - May 28th, 2022 [May 28th, 2022]
- Meet the Human Battery, a New Source of "Green" Energy - Verve Times - May 20th, 2022 [May 20th, 2022]
- This Years Venice Biennale is Full of Surrealism and Stark Reminders - Yahoo News - May 20th, 2022 [May 20th, 2022]
- Is it possible to transplant heads? - BioEdge - May 20th, 2022 [May 20th, 2022]
- The Best Movies Of 2022 So Far - /Film - May 20th, 2022 [May 20th, 2022]
- Future of work: the top careers of the next decade - The Age - May 17th, 2022 [May 17th, 2022]
- Kriya Announces $270 Million Series C Financing to Advance Fully Integrated Gene Therapy Engine - Business Wire - May 17th, 2022 [May 17th, 2022]
- Five Standout Films Coming To Cannes This Year [Trailers] - 2oceansvibe News - May 17th, 2022 [May 17th, 2022]
- Cannes 2022: 10 movies to watch out for in this years festival - The Guardian - May 17th, 2022 [May 17th, 2022]
- On the Gnostic Ironies of Poets Nathaniel Mackey and Fanny Howe - Literary Hub - May 17th, 2022 [May 17th, 2022]
- Dismantling the Transhumanist Agenda - The Post & Email - May 6th, 2022 [May 6th, 2022]
- Endowed by their Creator: exploring human rights in the age of transhumanism - The Sociable - May 6th, 2022 [May 6th, 2022]