We’ve been drawing evolution wrong since the 1800s. So what does it actually look like? – World Economic Forum

Evolution doesnt follow a preordained, straight path. Yet images abound that suggest otherwise. From museum displays to editorial cartoons, evolution is depicted as a linear progression from primitive to advanced.

A high school marching bands T-shirt places a horn-playing Homo sapiens at the end of the evolutionary process.

Image: Brian Kloppenburg, Jordan Summers, Main Street Logo

Youve certainly seen the pictures of a chimpanzee gradually straightening up and progressing through various hominids all the way to a modern human being. Yes, they can be humorous. But these kinds of popular representations about evolution get it all wrong.

As three scholars of biodiversity and biology, these images bother us because they misrepresent how the process of evolution really works and run the risk of reinforcing the publics misconceptions.

Climbing a ladder to perfection

This misunderstanding is a holdover from before 1859, the year Charles Darwin first published his scientific theory of evolution via natural selection.

The scala naturae presents a hierarchy of creation.

Image: Retorica Christiana, Didacus Valdes, 1579

Until then, the traditional view of how the world was organized was through a progression in perfection. This concept is explicit in the idea of the great chain of being, or scala naturae in Latin: All beings on earth, animate and inanimate, could be organized according to an increasing scale of perfection from, say, mushrooms at the bottom up through lobsters and rabbits, all the way to human beings at the top.

Originating with Plato and Aristotle, this view gets three main things wrong.

First, it holds that nature is organized hierarchically. It is not a random assortment of beings.

Secondly, it envisions two organizing criteria: things progress from simple to perfect and from primitive to modern.

And thirdly, it supposes there are no intermediary stages between levels in this hierarchy. Each level is a watertight compartment of similar complexity a barnacle and a coral reef on the same rung are equally complex. No one is halfway between two steps.

In the 1960s a variation of the scala naturae conceived by Jesuit philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin became popular. His idea was that, although life is somewhat branched, there is direction in evolution, a progression toward greater cognitive complexity and, ultimately, to identification with the divine, that is, God.

Gradual changes, in every direction

At least since Darwin, though, scientists idea of the world is organized through transitions from inanimate molecules to life, from earlier organisms to different kinds of plants and animals, and so on. All life on Earth is the product of gradual transformations, which diversified and gave rise to the exuberance of organisms that we know today.

Two transitions are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists. Theres the jump from the inanimate to the animate: the origin of life. And theres the appearance of the human species from a monkey ancestor.

The most popular way to represent the emergence of human beings is as linear and progressive. Youve probably seen images, logos and political and social propaganda that draw on this representation.

Book covers are just one place you might see a riff on this evolutionary march.

Image: Howling at the Moon Press/Amazon

But none of these representations capture the dynamics of Darwins theory. The one image he included in his book On the Origin of Species is a tree diagram, the branching of which is a metaphor for the way species originate, by splitting. The absence of an absolute time scale in the image is an acknowledgment that gradual change happens on timescales that vary from organism to organism based on the length of a generation.

Forget a hierarchy each organism alive now is the most evolved of its kind.

Image: Phys.org

According to Darwin, all current organisms are equally evolved and are all still affected by natural selection. So, a starfish and a person, for example, are both at the forefront of the evolution of their particular building plans. And they happen to share a common ancestor that lived about 580 million years ago.

Darwins theory doesnt presuppose any special direction in evolution. It assumes gradual change and diversification. And, as evolution is still operating today, all present organisms are the most evolved of their kind.

Man Is But A Worm caricature of Darwins theory in the Punch almanac for 1882.

Image: Edward Linley Sambourne

An enduring misconception

Having been around nearly 2,000 years, the idea of the scala naturae did not disappear during Darwins time. It might actually have been reinforced by something so unexpected as a cartoon. Illustrator Edward Linley Sambournes immensely popular caricature of evolution Man Is But a Worm, published in Punchs Almanack for 1882, combined two concepts that were never linked in Darwins mind: gradualism and linearity.

Given centuries of religious belief in a great chain of being, the idea of linearity was an easy sell. The iconic version of this concept is, of course, the depiction of a supposed ape-to-human progression. Variations of all kinds have been made of this depiction, some with a humorous spirit, but most to ridicule the monkey-to-man theory.

A linear depiction of evolution may, consciously or not, confirm false preconceptions about evolution, such as intelligent design the idea that life has an intelligent creator behind it. Historians can work to unravel how such a simple caricature could have helped distort Darwins theory. Meanwhile, science writers and educators face the challenge of explaining the gradual branching processes that explain the diversity of life.

While less pithy, it might be better for the publics knowledge of science if these T-shirts and bumper stickers ditch the step by step images and use branching diagrams to make a more nuanced and correct point about evolution. Contrary to the Sambourne picture, evolution is better represented as a process producing continuous branching and divergence of populations of organisms.

Share

Written by

Quentin Wheeler, Senior Fellow for Biodiversity Studies, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

Antonio G. Valdecasas, Senior Researcher in Biodiversity , Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas

Cristina Cnovas, Biologist , Natural History Museum in Madrid, CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas

This article is published in collaboration with The Conversation.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Here is the original post:

We've been drawing evolution wrong since the 1800s. So what does it actually look like? - World Economic Forum