Hedonism (vanakreeka snast hdon 'nauding') on mtteviis, mille kohaselt on nauding ainus teline hve[1]. Lihtsustatult elduna prgib hedonist netonaudingu maksimeerimise suunas (naudingust lahutada kannatus).
Naudingut mistetakse hedonismi eri variantides erinevalt. See vib muu hulgas thendada rmu ja heaolu.
Eetiline hedonism on idee, et igal inimesel on igus teha kik oma vimuses, et saavutada suurim vimalik kogus naudingut, mis neile vimalikuks osutub. See on samuti idee, et iga inimese naudingu mr peaks kaugelt letama tema kannatuste hulga. Koos nende ideedega toetab eetiline hedonism seda, et on eetiliselt ja moraalselt ige teha kik, mis vajalik, et seda naudingut saavutada.
Krenaikud olid ultra-hedonistlik filosoofiakoolkond, mis sai alguse Kreekas 4. sajandil e.m.a, Kreene Aristippose poolt. Aristippost peetakse heks hedonismi rajajaks. Ta oli Sokratese pilane, kuid ta omandas hoopis teistsugused filosoofilised vaated kui olid tema petajal.
Krenaikud eristasid kahte seisundit ehk naudingut ja valu, millest esimene on kigi jaoks meeldiv ning teine kigi jaoks vastik ja eemaletukav. Nauding on meie jaoks juba noorest peale vaistlikult ligitmbav ja me pdleme selle poole, ning pame kramplikult vltida valu. Krenaikud petasid, et nauding on ainus teline hve, ja see ei thendanud ainult valu ja kannatuste puudumist, vaid just mnusaid ja nauditavaid tundeid ja aistinguid. Epikuroslik arusaam, et nauding seisneb valu ja kannatuste puudumises, ei ole krenaikude jaoks ldse nauding; samamoodi nagu naudingu puudumine ei ole iseenesest valu. Samuti panid nad paika, et nauding ei erine naudingust, ning ks nauding ei ole meeldivam kui teine.[2].
Aristippos elas luksuslikult ja petas, et elu eesmrk on pelda vliseid ja kehalisi naudinguid. Krenaikud kinnitasid, et kehalised naudingud on kaugelt paremad kui vaimsed naudingud, ja et kehalised kannatused on palju hullemad kui vaimsed kannatused, mistttu nad ka prasid rohkem thelepanu kehale kui vaimule.
Krenaikude koolkonna populaarsus suri vlja sajandi jooksul ning selle asemel hakkas levima epikuurlaste peenem anals.
Epikuros (342/341 e.m.a 271/270) oli Kreeka filosoof, kes pidas suurimaks hveks pda tagasihoidlikult meeldivaid naudinguid eesmrgiga saavutada rahu seisund ja hirmust ning kehalistest piinadest vabanemine. Kuigi Epikurose petused on ks versioon hedonismist, kuna ta peab naudingut ainsaks loomuomaseks hveks, on tema arusaam naudingust erinev tavaprasest, sest Epikurose jaoks seisnes nauding eelkige kannatuse puudumises ja ta propageerib lihtsat ja tagasihoidlikku elu.
Epikuros on seisukohal, et elus phjustab vrtusliku heaolutunde kadumist see, kui me ihaldame asju, mida me ei saa endale lubada nii palju, kui me tahaksime. Ta ei kiida heaks klluslikku elustiili, rikkalikku toitumist ja liigset kirgedele allumist. Ta arutles, et inimene ei peaks sma liiga rikkalikult, sest see vib hiljem kaasa tuua ebamugavusi. Parem lebada lekrtest asemel ja olla hirmust vaba, kui omada kullast diivanit ja priiskavat peolauda, kuid ikkagi olla ilma meelerahuta.[3] Vimalus, et lihtne iha jrgi lbutsemine vib hiljem viia kurbuseni, kui lbu otsa saab, on tema jaoks liiga suur risk, mistttu pidas ta tervitatavaks hoopis lihtsate mnude nautimist. Selle all mtles ta kehalistest himudest, seksist, liigsetest himudest jms eemale hoidmist, mistttu kaldus tema eluviis pigem askeetlusse.
Epikurose vaadete jrgi saavutatakse krgeimat naudingut (kannatuste puudumine ja rahu) teadmiste, spruse ning voorusliku ja mduka elu elamise abil.
Epikurenism oli algselt vljakutse platonismile, kuigi hiljem sai sellest stoitsismi philine oponent. Epikuros ja tema jrgijad hoidsid poliitikast krvale. Prast Epikurose surma juhtis tema kooli edasi Hermachus.
Mned Epikurose kirjutised on silinud.
Utilitarism on eetikas positsioon, mille kohaselt moraalse valiku korral on parim lahendus selline, mis toob maksimaalselt kasu vi naudingut vimalikult paljudele inimestele.
18. ja 19. sajandi Briti filosoofid Jeremy Bentham ja John Stuart Mill kaitsesid eetilise utilitarismi teooriat, mille kohaselt me peaksime valima sellise kitumisviisi, millel on kige paremad tagajrjed. Kuigi nad on hel nul, et eesmrgiks on nnelikkuse saavutamine, erinevad Benthami ja Milli versioonid hedonismist.
Krgemate vimetega olend vajab rohkemat, et olla nnelik, on tenoliselt suuteline tugevamaks kannatuseks ja pseb sellele kindlasti lhemale rohkematel juhtudel kui mni madalam olend; kuid hoolimata kigist neist kalduvustest, ei saa ta kunagi tahta vajuda olemisse, mida ta peab alavrsemaks. Me vime anda mis tahes seletuse sellele mitte tahtmisele; (...) aga ta kige sobivamaks nimetuseks on vrikustaju, mida omavad mingil kujul kik inimolendid. [4]
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Hedonism - Vikipeedia, vaba entsklopeedia
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