Monthly Archives: December 2022

DNA Structure | Biology Dictionary

Posted: December 28, 2022 at 11:20 pm

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleic acids, which are the information-carrying molecules of the cell. DNA molecules are polymers and are made up of many smaller molecules, called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA molecules consist of two DNA strands, which are twisted around one another to form a spiral shape known as the double helix. The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin.

DNA molecules are found in the nucleus and store the genetic code; that is, all the information required for an organism to function.

DNA molecules are polymers, which means they are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules. The small molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides.Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (called deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

There are four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA molecules. These are:

The order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the DNA sequence or genetic code. The genetic code determines which instructions are encoded in the DNA molecule; for example, how to make a certain type of protein. Nucleotides are strongly linked together by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3 carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5 carbon atom of another.

The nucleotides that make up DNA are joined together like a long string of beads, called a DNA strand. Each DNA molecule contains two DNA strands, which are twisted around one another to make a spiral-like shape called the double helix.

Together, the phosphate groups and sugars form the sugar-phosphate backbone, which makes up the outside of the DNA molecule. The nitrogenous bases point inwards, like the rungs of a ladder, and are joined together in base pairs.

The base pairs of DNA are:

The two strands of the double helix run in opposite directions to one another, meaning that the 5 end of one strand faces the 3 end of the other. This is called the antiparallel orientation, and it is essential for successful DNA replication.

The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered in 1953 by James Watson (an American Biologist), Francis Crick (an English Physicist), and Rosalind Franklin (an English Chemist). Though only Watson and Crick were credited with the discovery of the double helix, they are believed to have made their discovery with the help of Franklins data. Franklin was an expert in an imaging technique called X-ray crystallography, which she used to produce the first ever image of the helical shape of DNA.

Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in 1962. Despite her contribution to the discovery, Franklin was not awarded the prize, having died of cancer four years earlier.

DNA and RNA are very similar molecules. Both are types of nucleic acid, both contain genetic information, and both can be found in the nuclei of cells. The structure of RNA nucleotides are also similar to those of DNA; both contain a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.

However, there are some key differences between DNA and RNA molecules.

Whereas DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains a different type of sugar molecule, called ribose. They also contain slightly different nitrogenous bases. Though both DNA and RNA contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. And, unlike DNA, RNA molecules are usually single-stranded.

DNA and RNA molecules also have slightly different functions.

DNA molecules store the genetic information of a cell, which is used to carry out the functions of the cell. RNA is used to transfer this genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes (the cell organelles used to make proteins).

DNA replication is a process in which two identical DNA replicas are produced from a single DNA molecule. It is an essential part of cell division, which is necessary for the growth and repair of damaged tissues.

DNA replication ensures that each new daughter cell receives a complete copy of the organisms genetic information. This allows each new cell to function correctly, and the organism to thrive.

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DNA Structure | Biology Dictionary

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Explained: In a first, scientists use artificial DNA to kill cancer cells: Heres what you need to know – WION

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Explained: In a first, scientists use artificial DNA to kill cancer cells: Heres what you need to know  WION

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You Cant Change DNA- Frustrated Chris Everts Sad Revelation to the World About Tennis Complicated Guy in 2018 – EssentiallySports

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You Cant Change DNA- Frustrated Chris Everts Sad Revelation to the World About Tennis Complicated Guy in 2018  EssentiallySports

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A short history of London, from the Norman conquest to Brexit, with Simon Jenkins – The Guardian

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A short history of London, from the Norman conquest to Brexit, with Simon Jenkins  The Guardian

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A short history of London, from the Norman conquest to Brexit, with Simon Jenkins - The Guardian

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Scottish salmon is an economic powerhouse that can help UK get through tough times but post-Brexit trade problems must be addressed Tavish Scott -…

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Scottish salmon is an economic powerhouse that can help UK get through tough times but post-Brexit trade problems must be addressed Tavish Scott  The Scotsman

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Scottish salmon is an economic powerhouse that can help UK get through tough times but post-Brexit trade problems must be addressed Tavish Scott -...

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How Genomics will ensure a risk-free and beneficial treatment for good health and well-being – The Financial Express

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How Genomics will ensure a risk-free and beneficial treatment for good health and well-being  The Financial Express

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Time Out Ohio: Heres how to ban yourself from sports gambling in Ohio – cleveland.com

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Time Out Ohio: Heres how to ban yourself from sports gambling in Ohio  cleveland.com

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Cuyahoga County courts providing gambling addiction counseling as Ohio legalizes sports betting – News 5 Cleveland WEWS

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Cuyahoga County courts providing gambling addiction counseling as Ohio legalizes sports betting  News 5 Cleveland WEWS

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Win NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 GPU with Cyberpunk 2077 backplate!

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A new generation is almost here NVIDIA(R) GeForce RTX(R) 40 Series graphic cards have been announced and will be available from October 12th!

Theyre beyond fast, giving gamers and creators a leap in performance, AI-powered graphics, and so many more leading platform capabilities. Using the same amount of power as the GeForce RTX 3090 Ti, the GeForce RTX 4090 runs up to twice as fast. It will allow you to experience Cyberpunk 2077 with the new Ray Tracing: Overdrive Mode & up to 4X performance increase with DLSS 3.

Weve heard some rumors that 3 pieces of this preem hardware found their way into Night City. Equipped with custom Cyberpunk 2077 backplates and support brackets from V1Tech, there are literally only 3 in existence. Help us find them and one can be yours!

Its not gonna be easy though, corps are guarding them as if their lives depended on it (actually, thats most likely the case). We managed to find some data on the Net but gotta keep it on the down low. We left you a clue on the Cyberpunk 2077 Twitter page. Head over there, solve it and complete the task for a chance to get your hands on a GeForce RTX 4090 Founders Edition graphics card with Cyberpunk 2077 backplate and make sure to have your Kiroshi set to Photo Mode, ready to use. You know, just in case.

Over the next weeks well be sharing clues to more tasks on Twitter, so keep your eyes and ears wide open. If youre one of them, corpos, youll find the complete set of rules and regulations here.

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Win NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 GPU with Cyberpunk 2077 backplate!

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The best Cyberpunk 2077 mods | PC Gamer

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Looking for the best Cyberpunk 2077 mods? You're not alone. Nearly two years after its contentious and troublesome launch, players are suddenly flocking back to Cyberpunk 2077 in record numbers (opens in new tab), and sales (opens in new tab) of CD Projekt's first-person RPG are on the rise, too. There are some good reasons for that.

First, Cyberpunk 2077 has undergone some serious changes and improvements over the past 18 months, fixing lots of bugs and adding long-requested features like transmog (opens in new tab) to the RPG. Providing another big boost is Cyberpunk: Edgerunners, the Netflix anime series that's getting people back in the mood to either revisit Night City (opens in new tab) or to try the game for the very first time.

Whether you're a first time player or a veteran, you'll be interested to know there are lots of great mods to download and install, featuring everything from flying cars to improved motorcycles, and even mods inspired by the anime series that you can bring to life in your own game. Below, you'll find our picks for the best mods for Cyberpunk 2077.

We all know the future promised us flying cars, and there actually are some airborne vehicles in a few scenes in Cyberpunk 2077. But when you're playing the game itself, the only cars you can pilot remain firmly on the ground. It doesn't seem fair!

Luckily, modder jackhumbert had the same thought. Finally, you can take your ride to the skies with the Let There Be Flight mod. The mod includes several different control schemes, plus custom sounds and visual effects. At last, Night City really does feel like the future.

CD Projekt has said it's planning a big police overhaul (opens in new tab) in the future, to finally make the cops a bit more realistic when they show up to fight crime. Currently, it's a bit unsatisfying: they just teleport to your location. That feels like cheating.

The Enhanced Police mod (opens in new tab) by mandruis7 makes the arrival of cops more reasonable. With a one-star warrant level, cops will arrive on foot, but at higher levels they'll show up on bikes and in police cars and actually pursue you. That feels much more appropriate.

There are some sweet motorcycles in Cyberpunk 2077, but they've never really felt all that great to drive. The Bike Overhaul mod (opens in new tab) by Suprt132 addresses a lot of the issues with bikes, making them faster and more satisfying to operate. Now when you're speeding around the city, V will lean with the bike when making turns and the top speed of each bike has greatly increased.

Cyberpunk 2077 is a singleplayer game, but that doesn't mean you need to take on the world all by yourself. If you want to feel the possibilities of the future, the Drone Companions mod (opens in new tab) by modder Scissors123454321 lets you craft and customize some robotic buddies. And they're not just around to be your pals, they'll fight alongside you.

The mod adds a new operating system called Techdeck, which lets you build androids, drones, and mechs. Each can be upgraded and customized, and will help you take down any enemies you target. The gangs of Night City won't know what hit 'em.

There's no question that your cyberarms are cool, but are they cool enough? The Arasaka Cyberarms mod (opens in new tab) by Aanderz gives you a whole bunch of replacement skins for your arms, an entire library for you to choose from. Your arms can look like Iron Man, you can having glowing Mantis blades of several colors, and choose from lots of different decals. The world of Cyberpunk is all about style, so don't settle for arms that look like you bought them off the shelf. Customize them!

Like I said earlier, the Cyberpunk: Edgerunners anime series on Netflix has done a lot to bring old and new players back to Night City. The modding scene is positively bursting with mods based on the anime, and everything from weapons to haircuts to facial presets are being modded into Cyberpunk 2077. There's even a modded radio station that adds music from the show into the game. Check out our article on all the different Edgerunners mods (opens in new tab) already out there, keeping in mind more being added every day.

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The best Cyberpunk 2077 mods | PC Gamer

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