Monthly Archives: November 2022

How much money is spent on space exploration? (Intermediate)

Posted: November 27, 2022 at 2:20 pm

What countries are involved in space exploration? And how much money of the United States Budget, and the top 5 other countries' budgets are being used for space exploration?

Space agencies involved in human space flight are located in the US (NASA), Russia, The European Union (ESA), China, Canada, Japan and India. The US, Russia and China are the only countries to have independently put people in space. India and Japan state that they have the intention of doing this in the coming decades. European and Canadian astronauts fly with NASA, and the Russian Space Agency and are involved in the International Space Station.

You can see the NASA budget over the last 40 or so years here. In 2005 NASA had a budget of $16.2 billion; this includes not only the human spaceflight division, but also other engineering projects, and science funded by NASA. The total federal spending budget in 2005 was on the order of $2 trillion ($2000 billion), making the NASA share 0.8% of the budget. By comparison roughly 19% of the budget was spent on the Military, 21% on Social Security and 8% went to paying interest on the national debt.

The ESA budget for 2005 was 2.98 billion euros (about 3.5 billion dollars), but many European countries also have their own space agencies which are independently funded, so it's not strictly a fair comparison.

ESA and NASA are by far the highest funded agencies. The Russian space agency has an annual budget of $800-900 million dollars (and it's about the same for India), Japan ~1.8 billion, China ~1.2 billion.

To be fair though, we need to compare these numbers to something which tells you about the wealth of the nation - for example the Gross Domestic Product. The CIA world factbook is a great resource for information like that.

It's also interesting to work out how much is spent per person:

Considering the total budget for the world for space (~25 billion dollars), the total amount spent per person is $3.90 (working on 6.4 billion people), and the percentage of the GDP of the world which is spent on space is roughly 0.05%.

Update by Ann: We've revisited this page in June 2015, so we have some updates to share. Because of the way budgets work, we'll go back in time a little bit and look at the year 2014: that year, NASA had a total budget of about $17.6 billion. As Karen noted above, that doesn't just include human exploration but absolutely everything that NASA does. Overall for 2014, that was 0.5% of the total federal budget, so NASA's overall share of the United States budget has decreased a bit.

As for the other countries listed above, in 2014 the European Space Agency had a budget of about 4.3 billion euros, or $5.51 billion (in US dollars); the Russian Federal Space Agency had a budget of about $5.6 billion; Japan's space agency JAXA was funded at $2.03 billion; China National Space Administration (CNSA) spent about $1.3 billion; and the Indian Space Research Organisation had a budget of about $1.1 billion.

Again, as Karen noted above, there are other contributions to space-related spending in each of these situations, and not all of an agency's spending is focused on space exploration. For instance, private space flight research and development has become a major player in the United States, but that spending isn't captured by the statistics on federal spending via NASA.

Also since Karen's answer, the spaceflight programs of both India and China have really taken off (pun intended!). By 2008, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) had sent a non-crewed probe to the moon, known as Chandrayaan-1. In 2013, ISRO launched an orbital mission to Mars, with successful Mars orbit achieved in 2014. This was pulled off with a very small budget of just about $72 million, for the satellite itself and all of the ground tracking and communication infrastructure needed here on Earth. For its part, China has built and launched the Tiangong-1 space station, several crewed and uncrewed Shenzhou missions, and the Chang'e 3 lunar lander and rover.

Page last updated on June 22, 2015, by Ann Martin

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How much money is spent on space exploration? (Intermediate)

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Bad Things About Space Exploration | Sciencing

Posted: at 2:20 pm

Though space can be a fun and exciting place to explore in science fiction, the real-life danger and expense merits serious consideration. Humans evolved in the relatively safe comforts of Earth, where air is abundant and radiation almost nonexistent - just the opposite of space. Getting to space is dangerous, as you need a ride on a giant rocket just to get there. And the expense of space exploration means only the richest countries can afford it, and even then only rarely.

One of the biggest criticisms against space exploration is the cost. According to the University of Florida, it costs around $500 million to launch a space shuttle. These expenses will only go up when considering longer-term space travel, such as manned explorations to Mars or Jupiter's moons. While new technology may certainly limit the inefficient costs involved in space exploration, many argue that it is still money that could be better spent on more pressing issues.

There is always the problem of unforeseen risk with space exploration. The space shuttle Challenger exploded during launch in 1986, killing seven astronauts, and the shuttle Colombia exploded during reentry in 2003, also killing seven. Radiation from the sun is a constant danger to astronauts, and there may be unforeseen risks when they are traveling far beyond the earth, exacerbated by the fact that there would be little hope of getting back home in time for help.

Tied in with the question of cost and risk of human life is the question of justification. Space exploration appeals to the human desire to learn about the universe; however, it does not have any straightforward, pragmatic application. While there may be some practical use in the distant future, such as possibly colonizing other planets, it is difficult to justify continued space exploration to people who are worried about immediate concerns, such as crime or the economy.

Unmanned space probes are often considered the best choice for space exploration, because they do not put human lives at risk and are relatively cheaper to launch since they do not need space for human comfort or necessities. However, there are also downsides to unmanned probes, including the fact that they cannot adapt to unforeseen circumstances. A good example of this is the Mars Climate Orbiter, which received incorrect coordinates for landing and burned upon entry before it could send any data about Mars. Over $120 million was wasted on this probe.

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Herbert Spencer | Biography, Social Darwinism, Survival of the Fittest …

Posted: at 2:17 pm

Top Questions

How was Herbert Spencer educated?

What did Herbert Spencer do for a living?

Herbert Spencer worked briefly as a schoolteacher and was later employed as a railway engineer (183741) and as a writer and subeditor (copy editor) for The Economist (185153). He resigned his position with The Economist after receiving an inheritance from his uncle.

What did Herbert Spencer write?

Herbert Spencers major writings included The Proper Sphere of Government (1843), Social Statics (1851), Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical(1861), and The Synthetic Philosophy, a multivolume work ranging over psychology, biology, sociology, and ethics and published between 1855 and 1896.

Why is Herbert Spencer famous?

Herbert Spencer is famous for his doctrine of social Darwinism, which asserted that the principles of evolution, includingnatural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time. He is also remembered for introducing the term survival of the fittest.

Summary

Herbert Spencer, (born April 27, 1820, Derby, Derbyshire, Englanddied December 8, 1903, Brighton, Sussex), English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution, who achieved an influential synthesis of knowledge, advocating the preeminence of the individual over society and of science over religion. His magnum opus, The Synthetic Philosophy (1896), was a comprehensive work containing volumes on the principles of biology, psychology, morality, and sociology. He is best remembered for his doctrine of social Darwinism, according to which the principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time. In Spencers day social Darwinism was invoked to justify laissez-faire economics and the minimal state, which were thought to best promote unfettered competition between individuals and the gradual improvement of society through the survival of the fittest, a term that Spencer himself introduced.

Spencers father, William George Spencer, was a schoolmaster, and his parents dissenting religious convictions inspired in him a nonconformity that continued active even after he had abandoned the Christian faith. Spencer declined an offer from his uncle, the Reverend Thomas Spencer, to send him to the University of Cambridge, and in consequence his higher education was largely the result of his own reading, which was chiefly in the natural sciences. He was, for a few months, a schoolteacher and from 1837 to 1841 a railway civil engineer.

In 1842 he contributed some letters (republished later as a pamphlet, The Proper Sphere of Government [1843]) to The Nonconformist, in which he argued that it is the business of governments to uphold natural rights and that they do more harm than good when they go beyond that. After some association with progressive journalism through such papers as The Zoist (devoted to mesmerism, or hypnosis, and phrenology) and The Pilot (the organ of the Complete Suffrage Union), Spencer became in 1848 a subeditor of The Economist. In 1851 he published Social Statics, which contained in embryo most of his later views, including his argument in favour of an extreme form of economic and social laissez-faire. About 1850 Spencer became acquainted with the novelist George Eliot, and his philosophical conversations with her led some of their friends to expect that they would marry, but in his Autobiography (1904) Spencer denies any such desire, much as he admired Eliots intellectual powers. Other friends were the writer George Henry Lewes, the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, and the philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill. In 1853 Spencer, having received a legacy from his uncle, resigned his position with The Economist.

Spencer published the first part of The Principles of Psychology in 1855. Between 1854 and 1859 he published a series of essays on education, which were collected in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861). Spencer rejected some traditional elements of the curriculum and emphasized the importance of self-development, sympathetic attention from instructors, observation and problem solving, physical exercise and free play, and discipline derived from experiencing the natural consequences of ones actions rather than from punishments imposed by teachers and parents. Education was eventually adopted as a textbook in nearly all teacher-training colleges in England. In 1860 Spencer issued a prospectus and accepted subscriptions for a comprehensive work, The Synthetic Philosophy, which was to include, besides the already-published Principles of Psychology, volumes on first principles and on biology, sociology, and morality. First Principles was published in 1862, and between then and 1896, when the third volume of The Principles of Sociology appeared, the task was completed. In order to prepare the ground for The Principles of Sociology, Spencer started in 1873 a series of works called Descriptive Sociology, in which information was provided about the social institutions of various societies, both primitive and civilized. The series was interrupted in 1881 because of a lack of public support. Spencer was a friend and adviser of the social reformer Beatrice Potter, later Beatrice Webb, who frequently visited Spencer during his last illness and left a sympathetic and sad record of his last years in My Apprenticeship (1926). Spencer died in 1903, at Brighton, leaving a will by which trustees were set up to complete the publication of the Descriptive Sociology. The series comprised 19 parts (18731934).

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Spencer was one of the most-argumentative and most-discussed English thinkers of the Victorian era. His strongly scientific orientation led him to urge the importance of examining social phenomena in a scientific way. He believed that all aspects of his thought formed a coherent and closely ordered system. Science and philosophy, he held, gave support to and enhanced individualism and progress. Although it is natural to cite him as the great exponent of Victorian optimism, it is notable that he was by no means unaffected by the pessimism that from time to time clouded the Victorian confidence. Evolution, he taught, would be followed by dissolution, and individualism would come into its own only after an era of socialism and war.

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Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism – SciHi BlogSciHi Blog

Posted: at 2:17 pm

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

On April 27, 1820, English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era Herbert Spencer was born. Spencer is best known for the expression survival of the fittest, which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species.[4] This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he also made use of Lamarckism.[5] Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia.

The truth is, that those who have never entered upon scientific pursuits know not a tithe of the poetry by which they are surrounded. Herbert Spencer, Lectures on Education delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, 1855

Spencer was born in Derby, England, the son of William George Spencer (generally called George), a religious dissenter. Herbert Spencer was educated partly by his father and partly by members of the Derby Philosophical Society who introduced him to pre-Darwinian concepts of biological evolution. Reverend Thomas Spencer, Herbert Spencers uncle, then completed Spencers limited formal education by teaching him some mathematics and physics, and enough Latin to enable him to translate some easy texts.

Spencer was known to work quite interdisciplinary, being occupied as a civil engineer during the 1830s as well as writing for provincial journals. About a decade later, Spencer served as sub-editor on the free-trade journal The Economist, during which time he published his first book, Social Statics (1851), which predicted that humanity would eventually become completely adapted to the requirements of living in society with the consequential withering away of the state. Spencer met influential characters including John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, George Henry Lewes and Mary Ann Evans. His friendship with Evans and Lewes resulted in his second book, Principles of Psychology. It was founded on the assumption that the human mind was subject to natural laws and that these could be discovered within the framework of general biology.[6]

All evil results from the non-adaptation of constitution to conditions. This is true of everything that lives. Herbert Spencer, Social Statistics (1851)

In 1858, Herbert Spencer produced an outline of what was to become the System of Synthetic Philosophy. He intended to demonstrate that the principle of evolution applied in biology, psychology, sociology and morality.Around 1860 Spencer began his lifes work: the synthesis of all human knowledge, related to an omnipresent principle that works in all living things: evolution. According to Spencer, only the laws of evolution allow the structuring and integration of empirical data from all physical, social and psychological fields of science under one principle; therefore evolutionism represents the first scientifically founded world view. As an enthusiastic supporter of Darwinism, he believed he could apply the principle of evolution in all sciences and thus unite them into a system of synthetic philosophy. Spencer was convinced that she had found an important key to her understanding in the self-organizing genesis of things. The starting point that things in the world develop without divine (or other) control and that something more complex or higher emerges from simplicity was revolutionary for his time.

If a single cell, under appropriate conditions, becomes a man in the space of a few years, there can surely be no difficulty in understanding how, under appropriate conditions, a cell may, in the course of untold millions of years, give origin to the human race. Herbert Spencer, Principles of Biology (1864)

Many people know Herbert Spencer best for his theory on Social Darwinism. It applies the law of survival of the fittest to society. This means that humanitarian impulses had to be resisted as nothing should be allowed to interfere with natures laws, including the social struggle for existence. In biology, the competition of various organisms can result in the death of a species or organism. Spencer advocated this kind of competition to be closer to the one used by economists, where competing individuals or firms improve the well being of the rest of society.According to Spencer, social development is similar to that of a biological organism. Controlled by the invisible hand of evolution, that which best contributes to the survival of the organism prevails in the long term. In this process, the unadapted, i.e. the socially weaker, stands in the way of societys progress.

Finally, Spencer developed a general philosophy in his further principles, based on the various previously developed theories of evolution: the entire universe functions like a gigantic organism, which leads with time to an increasingly harmonious coordination of the individual components. Like Comte before, Spencer found the same development not only for the whole, but within each component.

In 1902, shortly before his death, Spencer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. Politically, Spencer was firmly rooted in classical liberalism, which was reflected above all in his late work. Spencer tried to unite all the knowledge of his time in a system of synthetic philosophy. Unlike later Social Darwinists, Spencer was firmly rooted in liberalism. Based on his Protestant ethics, he postulated the Law of Equal Freedom (LEF) that a person has all freedom as long as he does not interfere with the freedom of another. Both for these ethical reasons and because they contradicted the logic of evolution, Spencer rejected any intervention of the state in human society. In his most political work, The Man Versus the State, he consistently went so far as to demand the right of every individual to secession from the state. He continued writing all his life, in later years often by dictation, until he succumbed to poor health in 1903 at the age of 83.

Ethical Theory of Herbert Spencer, [12]

References and Further Reading:

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NATO Secretary General at Grain from Ukraine Summit: Russia must stop the war, end global food crisis – NATO HQ

Posted: at 2:14 pm

  1. NATO Secretary General at Grain from Ukraine Summit: Russia must stop the war, end global food crisis  NATO HQ
  2. U.S. and NATO scramble to arm Ukraine and refill their own arsenals  The Japan Times
  3. NATO vows to aid Ukraine 'for as long as it takes'  The Associated Press - en Espaol
  4. Nato to step up aid to Ukraine, Stoltenberg says  Financial Times
  5. NATO will not back down but continue supporting Ukraine - Stoltenberg  Reuters
  6. View Full Coverage on Google News

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Back in time: How a mural at Freedom of Espresso in Fayetteville captured the history of the village (photos) – syracuse.com

Posted: at 2:12 pm

Back in time: How a mural at Freedom of Espresso in Fayetteville captured the history of the village (photos)  syracuse.com

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Proud Boys memo reveals meticulous planning for street-level violence …

Posted: at 2:11 pm

The document is so dowdy and formal it resembles the annual minutes of a society of tax accountants. Its index lists sections on objectives and rules of engagement and carries an addendum that provides recommendations for hotels and parking.

On the cover, two words give a clue to the notoriety of the group that produced it: MAGA and WARNING. That and the date: 5 January 2021, the day before the US Capitol attack.

What goes unsaid on the cover and is barely mentioned throughout the 23 pages is that this is the work of one of the most violent political gangs in America, the far-right street fighters told by Donald Trump to stand back and stand by: the Proud Boys.

The document, published by the Guardian for the first time, gives a very rare insight into the meticulous planning that goes into events staged by the far-right club.

The document was obtained from a Proud Boys member by the extremism reporter Andy Campbell as he researched his new book, We Are Proud Boys: How a Right-Wing Street Gang Ushered in a New Era of American Extremism. The book will be published on Tuesday. Campbell shared the document with the Guardian.

The Proud Boys have been designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center and are alleged to have acted as key organizers of the violent assault on the Capitol.

In the wake of January 6, which has been linked to the deaths of nine people, the New York march featured in the document was called off and the strategy so fastidiously laid out was never implemented. But the document remains sharply revealing.

It shows the lengths to which the Proud Boys go to prepare for potentially violent encounters and then to cover their tracks something prosecutors have stressed but that has never been seen in the groups own words. It exposes the militaristic structure and language the Proud Boys have adopted, and their aspiration to become the frontline vigilante force in a Trump-led America.

It also provides clues as to how the group continues to spread its tentacles throughout the US despite the fact that many of its top leaders, including its national chairman, Enrique Tarrio, are behind bars awaiting trial on charges of seditious conspiracy.

The purpose of the document is to provide a strategic security plan and call to action, summoning Proud Boys members to a pro-Trump Maga march that was scheduled for New York City on 10 January 2021. That was four days after Congress was to certify Joe Bidens victory in the 2020 presidential election the occasion that would be targeted by the fatal insurrection.

The author of the document is Randy Ireland, who as president of the groups New York branch, the Hells Gate Bridge Chapter, is one of the most prominent Proud Boys in the US north-east. The paper was circulated through Telegram, the encrypted chat app widely used by the Proud Boys as an organizing tool, to at least nine other chapters in New York and beyond.

Campbell told the Guardian the decentralized structure of the group, into what it claims are 157 active chapters in all but three states, is one of the Proud Boys greatest strengths, as reflected in the autonomous nature of the New York planning.

Chapter leaders like Randy can create their own events, run independently of each other, Campbell said. Enrique Tarrio and other leaders are in prison, but these guys are going to continue what they are doing.

The language in the planning paper is overtly militaristic. Ireland designates himself General of Security Detail, while his underlings in the chain of command are VPs of Recruiting, Scout Security and Team Leads.

The plan is for 60 or so Proud Boys at the 10 January event in Manhattan to be corralled into seven tactical teams of five to eight men each (they are all men, as one of the overriding values of the group is misogyny). Members are told to bring protective gear, including knife/stab protection, helmets, gloves, boots etc and to make use of radio channels, walkie-talkies or Telegram to communicate with each other.

They are to stick together in groups and under no circumstances allow Normies ordinary Trump supporters who are not Proud Boys or Females into their ranks.

Their presence will jeopardise the health and safety of all those involved with Security, and simply cannot be allowed to happen! Ireland writes.

Maps reproduced at the back of the document show positions scouts and tactical teams should adopt at key points along the route of the march, which was planned to start at Columbus Circle and pass Trump Tower.

That spot is understood in a very public way to hold special meaning for us, the paper says, referring to Trumps home on Fifth Avenue. WE WILL NOT DISAPPOINT!

Campbell, who has been reporting on the Proud Boys since they started turning up at Trump rallies in early 2017, describes them as Americas most notorious political fight club. In the planning paper, he sees equal parts fantasy and danger.

These guys see themselves as super soldiers, like some sort of military outfit, he said. On one level its funny, as nothing is in fact going to pan out the way they say it will. But on another level, its alarming because it shows how much thought they put into this stuff.

In We Are Proud Boys, Campbell traces the group from its birth in 2015-16 through to its central role on January 6 when a member, Dominic Pezzola, became the first person to breach the US Capitol. At least 30 Proud Boys have been charged in relation to the insurrection, including Tarrio and four others accused of seditious conspiracy among the most serious indictments yet handed down.

The group was invented by the British-born founder of Vice magazine, Gavin McInnes, who branded himself a western chauvinist and peddled in bigotry. McInnes floated the Proud Boys name on his online chatshow in May 2016, introducing them as a gang and inventing a uniform, a black Fred Perry polo shirt with yellow trim.

McInnes was careful to brand his creation as harmless fun, a satirical male-only patriotic drinking club that later attached itself to all things Trump. But Campbell argues that from the outset political violence was baked in.

A Proud Boy was an organizer of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, during which an anti-fascist protester was murdered. The group has held violent gatherings in Portland, Oregon. Outside a Republican event in New York in 2018, several members were arrested and charged with felonious assault.

Proud Boys membership is structured into four ranks, known as degrees, the fourth granted once you get arrested or get in a serious violent fight for the cause, as McInnes himself explained. In an interview with Campbell for the book, McInnes denied promoting violence and insisted the Proud Boys were never proactively aggressive, only reacting to leftwing attacks.

That official line is reiterated in the document published by the Guardian. Ireland is careful to portray the Proud Boys as a defensive group.

He writes: If any violence does spout off, all Proud Boys are expected to respond immediately only so far as to eliminate and end that threat to them or others. VERY IMPORTANT: Once the threat has been neutralized, WE STOP!

But there is a glaring contradiction: Ireland presents his chapter as a non-violent organization yet it goes out seeking violence. He assigns the group, uninvited, the role of a vigilante police force.

We are there as the first line of defense for all event attendees, he writes, then contradicts himself by saying the only role of the Proud Boys is to play a back-up role to law enforcement and to force them to do their jobs.

That speaks volumes. It carries the implication that if the police will not assail anti-fascist protesters, Proud Boys will.

Ive reported at Proud Boys events where they stood back and relaxed as police lobbed teargas and other munitions into the crowd of counter-protesters, Campbell said. Then the Proud Boys didnt have to do what Randy Ireland is hinting at here step in and do the fighting themselves.

For Campbell, the most disturbing aspect of the document is that, with its soft-lensed double-talk and contradictory meanings, it falls into arguably the main ambition of the Proud Boys: the normalization of political violence. Despite having so many leaders behind bars, the group is prospering.

As new chapters pop up, Americans are increasingly inured to the idea of heavily armed gangs in public settings. Proud Boys have posed as security details at anti-abortion rallies, anti-vaccination demonstrations, pro-gun protests and of course Trump rallies.

The street-level violence the Proud Boys helped to create is now being carried out by regular people, Campbell said. You saw it on January 6, you see it at Planned Parenthood and LGBTQ+ events where people are harassed and attacked by everyday Americans.

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F.B.I. Had Informants in Proud Boys, Court Papers Suggest

Posted: at 2:11 pm

The F.B.I. had as many as eight informants inside the far-right Proud Boys in the months surrounding the storming of the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, recent court papers indicate, raising questions about how much federal investigators were able to learn from them about the violent mob attack both before and after it took place.

The existence of the informants came to light over the past few days in a flurry of veiled court filings by defense lawyers for five members of the Proud Boys who are set to go on trial next month on seditious conspiracy charges connected to the Capitol attack.

In the papers, some of which were heavily redacted, the lawyers claimed that some of the information the confidential sources had provided to the government was favorable to their efforts to defend their clients against sedition charges and was improperly withheld by prosecutors until several days ago.

In a sealed filing quoted by the defense, prosecutors argued that hundreds of pages of documents related to the F.B.I. informants were neither suppressed by the government nor directly relevant to the case of the Proud Boys facing sedition charges: Enrique Tarrio, the groups former leader; Joseph Biggs; Ethan Nordean; Zachary Rehl; and Dominic Pezzola.

Because all of the material remains under a highly restrictive protective order, it is not possible to know what the informants told the government about the Proud Boys role in the Capitol attack or how that information might affect the outcome of the trial.

A closed court hearing was held on Monday to discuss the informants in Federal District Court in Washington. Lawyers for the Proud Boys have asked Judge Timothy J. Kelly, who is overseeing the case, to dismiss the indictment or at least delay the trial to give them more time to investigate the newly revealed informants.

Judge Kelly made no decision at the hearing, according to a notice placed on the docket after the proceeding ended. Because it was sealed, journalists were not allowed in the courtroom.

The dispute about the informants in the Proud Boys came on the heels of revelations that the F.B.I. also had a well-placed source in the inner circle of Stewart Rhodes, the leader of the Oath Keepers militia, another far-right group that took part in the Capitol attack.

Last week, lawyers for Mr. Rhodes and four other Oath Keepers who are being tried on sedition charges planned to call the informant Greg McWhirter, the groups former vice president as a defense witness, believing that his testimony would bolster their case. But on the eve of his planned appearance, Mr. McWhirter suffered a heart attack and the defense put other witnesses in his place.

Questions about informants reporting to the government from inside extremist groups have been raised repeatedly throughout the Justice Departments sprawling investigation of the Capitol attack. They have included concerns about why the informants were not able to give the government advanced warning about plans to storm the Capitol on Jan. 6 or seemingly to corroborate accusations after the fact that the groups conspired in plotting the attack.

Former F.B.I. officials say there might have been gaps in what bureau intelligence analysts had told agents to ask their informants. Analysts at the bureau are supposed to help agents connect the intelligence dots to provide a clearer picture of threat activity. The F.B.I.s intelligence directorate was created after Sept. 11 to help thwart terrorism and other threats.

It remains unclear what sorts of questions the F.B.I. was asking its informants in the Proud Boys and how focused the bureau was on the groups activities to undermine the results of the elections as Jan. 6 drew near. Previous court papers have suggested that some Proud Boys including Mr. Biggs were recruited by the F.B.I. before the election to provide information about their adversaries in the leftist movement known as antifa.

Last year, The New York Times revealed the existence of an informant in the Kansas City chapter of the Proud Boys who took part in the storming of the Capitol with a group of his compatriots. After the attack, the informant told his handlers in interviews that he was not aware of a premeditated plan to break into the building on Jan. 6, although as a relatively low-level member of the group it is possible that he was simply not privy to the making of such plans.

Right-wing media figures and Republican politicians have often sought to use the issue of F.B.I. informants in extremist groups to suggest that the bureau had a hand in guiding or encouraging the attack on the Capitol in a way that entrapped other rioters. No evidence has surfaced suggesting that the F.B.I. played any role in the attack.

But the lawyers for the Proud Boys have made entirely different claims, arguing that the information the confidential sources provided to prosecutors appears to be exculpatory and could contradict the governments chief allegation in the case: that their clients went to Washington on Jan. 6 with a plan in place to storm the Capitol and disrupt the transfer of power from President Donald J. Trump to Joseph R. Biden Jr.

The newly disclosed material called into question whether a Proud Boy conspiracy plan to obstruct the Biden-Harris vote certification or to commit sedition ever existed or could have existed, J. Daniel Hull, Mr. Biggss lawyer, wrote in papers filed on Monday.

The notion of whether there was a predetermined plan to attack the Capitol or whether the violence that erupted there on Jan. 6 was more spontaneous will be one of the key disputes when the Proud Boys trial now scheduled to start on Dec. 12 goes in front of a jury. To prove seditious conspiracy, prosecutors will have to show that the defendants knowingly entered into an agreement to use force to stop the lawful transfer of power after the 2020 election.

If the information provided by the informants is indeed exculpatory, the lawyers for the Proud Boys could in theory call some of them to testify at the trial and rebut the governments charges.

A similar dynamic has been playing out in recent days in the Oath Keepers sedition trial, which could go to the jury as early as this week. A central part of the defenses strategy in the case has been to introduce evidence that the Oath Keepers had no explicit plan to attack the Capitol.

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Tenure Track Faculty Position in Quantum Information Science in Hoboken …

Posted: at 2:09 pm

Details

Posted: 21-Nov-22

Location: Hoboken, New Jersey

Salary: Negotiable

Categories:

Physics: Optics and Laser

Physics: Photonics

Physics: Quantum

Sector:

Academic

Work Function:

Faculty 4-Year College/University

Preferred Education:

Doctorate

The Department of Physics in the Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Science at Stevens Institute of Technology invites applications for a faculty position in the field of quantum information science. This is an open-rank search, and candidates will be considered for appointment both at the tenure-track assistant professor level and at higher ranks, as appropriate. Candidates in both theory and experiment will be considered but candidates with background in experimental quantum research are particularly encouraged to apply.

Stevens Institute of Technology has a strong presence in quantum information research, spanning areas such as quantum optics, laser physics, and quantum foundations. The university seeks to further strengthen and complement efforts in quantum information science, one of the top priorities of the University. As such, the initiative is a central component of the new Stevens strategic plan Stevens2032: Inspired by Humanity, Powered by Technology.

Candidates must have a PhD in physics or a closely related field and are expected to develop a strong research program and to teach at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The research should be capable of attracting substantial extra-mural funding and is expected to complement and strengthen the research conducted within the Department of Physics and the Center for Quantum Science and Engineering. For more information, see

https://www.stevens.edu/research-entrepreneurship/research-centers-labs/center-quantum-science-and-engineering

Stevens Institute of Technology is a premier, private research university in Hoboken, New Jersey, overlooking the Manhattan skyline. Stevens prepares its more than 8,000 undergraduate and graduate students for an increasingly complex and technology-centric world, leveraging finance, computing, engineering and the arts to confront the most challenging problems of our time with innovative teaching and research. The university is in the top 1% nationally of colleges with the highest-paid graduates.

Stevens values diversity and seeks candidates who will contribute to a welcoming and inclusive environment for students, faculty and staff of all backgrounds. We are an NSF ADVANCE institution committed to equitable practices and policies, and strongly encourage applications from women, racial and ethnic minority candidates, veterans and individuals with disabilities.

The search committee will begin to review applications on January 2, 2023. Applications will continue to be accepted until the position is filled.

To apply online follow these instructions:

Prepare a single pdf file (maximum size of 50 MB) with the following sections:

Navigate to https://www.stevens.edu/page-right-nav/careers-at-stevens

Click Job Portal for External Candidates and enter the Requisition number RQ26358 in the search field. Click on the resultant link and then click on Apply Online. You must create an ID and use the Manual entry option. When prompted for the CV file, upload the single file prepared as indicated above.

For any questions, please contact the Search Committee Chair, Prof. Edward Whittaker, at ewhittak@stevens.edu.

Stevens Institute of Technology is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Accordingly, Stevens adheres to an employment policy that prohibits discriminatory practices or harassment against candidates or employees based on legally impermissible factor(s) including, but not necessarily limited to, race, color, religion, creed, sex, national origin, nationality, citizenship status, age, ancestry, marital or domestic partnership or civil union status, familial status, affectional or sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, atypical cellular or blood trait, genetic information, pregnancy or pregnancy-related medical conditions, disability, or any protected military or veteran status. Stevens is building a diverse faculty, staff and student body and strongly encourages applications from female and minority candidates, as well as veterans and individuals with disabilities. Stevens is a federal contractor under the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act (VEVRAA) and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as well as other federal statutes.

About Stevens Institute of Technology

Stevens Institute of Technology is a premier, private research university in Hoboken,New Jersey, overlooking the Manhattan skyline. Stevens prepares its more than 8,000undergraduate and graduate students for an increasingly complex and technology-centricworld, leveraging finance, computing, engineering and the arts to confront themost challenging problems of our time with innovative teaching and research. Theuniversity is in the top 1% nationally of colleges with the highest-paid graduates.Stevens values diversity and seeks candidates who will contribute to a welcoming andinclusive environment for students, faculty and staff of all backgrounds. We are an NSFADVANCE institution committed to equitable practices and policies, and stronglyencourage applications from women, racial and ethnic minority candidates, veteransand individuals with disabilities.

https://careers.aps.org/jobs/17804025/tenure-track-faculty-position-in-quantum-information-science

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