Monthly Archives: March 2021

Most of Mars missing water may lurk in its crust – Science News Magazine

Posted: March 21, 2021 at 5:03 pm

An oceans worth of water may be lurking in minerals below Mars surface, which could help explain why the Red Planet dried up.

Once home to lakes and rivers, Mars is now a frigid desert (SN: 12/8/14). Scientists have typically blamed that on Mars water wafting out of the planets atmosphere into space (SN: 11/12/20). But measurements of atmospheric water loss made by spacecraft like NASAs MAVEN orbiter are not enough to account for all of Mars missing water which was once so abundant it could have covered the whole planet in a sea up to 1,500 meters deep. Thats more than half the volume of the Atlantic Ocean.

Computer simulations of water moving through Mars interior, surface and atmosphere now suggest that most of the Red Planets water molecules may have gotten lodged inside the crystal structures of minerals in the planets crust, researchers report online March 16 in Science.

The finding helps bring focus to a really important mechanism for water loss on Mars, says Kirsten Siebach, a planetary geologist at Rice University in Houston who was not involved in the work. Water getting locked up in crustal minerals may be equally important as water loss to space and could potentially be more important.

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Planetary scientist Eva Scheller of Caltech and colleagues simulated possible scenarios for water loss on Mars, based on observations of the Red Planet made by rovers and orbiting spacecraft, and lab analyses of Martian meteorites. These simulations accounted for possible water loss to space and into the planets crust through bodies of water or groundwater interacting with rock.

In order for the simulations to match how much water was on Mars 4 billion years ago, how much is left in polar ice caps today and the observed abundance of hydrogen in Mars atmosphere, 30 to 99 percent of Mars ancient water must be stashed away inside its crust. The rest was lost to space.

Water gets locked inside minerals on Earth, too, says Scheller, who presented the results March 16 in a news conference at the virtual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. But unlike on Mars, that underground water is eventually belched back out into the atmosphere by volcanoes. That difference is important for understanding why one rocky planet may be lush and wet and habitable, while another is an arid wasteland.

Mars underground water could be mined by future explorers, says Jack Mustard, a planetary geologist at Brown University in Providence, R.I., not involved in the work. The most easily accessible water on Mars may be at its polar ice caps (SN: 9/28/20). But to get the ice, youve got to go up to [high latitudes] kind of cold, harder to live there, Mustard says. If water can be extracted from minerals, it could support human colonies at warmer climes closer to the equator.

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Most of Mars missing water may lurk in its crust - Science News Magazine

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Exploring the red planet – The Week UK

Posted: at 5:03 pm

Why do we explore Mars at all?

To search for life. Mars has long been considered the most hospitable place in the solar system beyond Earth, for both alien life and future human habitation. The second closest planet to ours after Venus, it is visible to the naked eye; its red-tinged terrain has been more closely observed via telescope since Galileos time. Over the centuries weve learnt that it is similar to Earth in many ways: it has clouds, winds, a roughly 24-hour day, seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes and canyons. In the 19th century, scientists thought there were oceans and vegetation on its surface, even canals. We know now that it is a frozen desert (temperatures range from -140C to +30C in the equatorial summer), but in the past it seems to have had a warmer, denser atmosphere, with rainstorms, rivers and lakes. Even today it has all the ingredients necessary for life: water, organic carbon and energy.

The first successful fly-by mission to Mars, the Mariner 4 probe, was made by Nasa in 1965. For centuries, humans had speculated about life on Mars, but the 21 grainy black and white images beamed back to Earth by Mariner 4 the first photos humans had ever seen of another planet showed a cratered, lifeless surface, much like the Moons. These pictures, along with measurements of Marss thin atmosphere about 100 times thinner than Earths, therefore exposing it to the harshness of space prompted The New York Times to declare it a dead planet. Since then, humans have launched some 50 missions, about half of which failed. There were many disappointments. The first human-built object to reach Mars, the Soviet lander Mars 2 in 1971, failed seconds after landing. In 1976, Nasas Viking 1 and Viking 2 landed safely, but found no evidence of biological activity.

Later missions were more promising. Nasas rovers, starting with Spirit and Opportunity in 2004, have found evidence of ancient oceans and streams, and of ice beneath the surface. In 2018, the Curiosity rover found organic deposits trapped in mudstone formed 3.5 billion years ago. It gathered samples, heated them and analysed the results, proving they contained organic molecules: something like kerogen, the fossilised solid organic matter found in sedimentary rocks on Earth. This suggests that life could have existed in Marss ancient history, but it doesnt prove it: the molecules could have been formed by geological activity or meteorites. In 2004, the European Space Agencys Mars Express orbiter found the first evidence of methane on Mars also perhaps a sign of former life.

Last month, Nasas Perseverance became the fifth rover to land on Mars (all four of the others were built by Nasa; it and Curiosity remain operational). But two other high-profile missions have also reached Mars in recent weeks: Chinas first independent mission, the Tianwen-1 (a spacecraft which is also due to land a rover this year); and the Emirates Mars Mission (the first Arab interplanetary space mission). Each of them set off in July last year, when Mars and Earth were aligned favourably.

Perseverance, an improved version of Curiosity, has landed in the Jezero crater, a former river delta. It will also look for signs of past life: seeking out biosignatures left by microbes. The rover is the first part of a sample return project: it will store rocks and samples which a later mission will return to Earth for further analysis, if all goes to plan, in 2031. Perseverance also aims to prepare for future human missions to Mars. It will attempt to synthesise a small amount of oxygen from the carbon dioxide that makes up 96% of the Martian atmosphere. In a few months it will fly a drone, the Ingenuity helicopter the first time humans will have launched powered flight on another planet. The idea is that it will act as a scout, helping to plan routes for future missions.

Nasa aims to send astronauts to Mars by 2030, an objective it describes as humanitys next giant leap. Elon Musk, founder of the space exploration company SpaceX is even more boosterish: he is highly confident SpaceX will send humans to Mars by 2026, and hopes to have sent a million people there by 2050. The obstacles are formidable. At its closest, Mars is 33.9 million miles from Earth; a journey that takes a spacecraft about seven months. The most difficult part of any mission is landing on its surface a process known as the seven minutes of terror. Slowing a spacecraft down from about 12,000mph to landing speeds in Marss thin atmosphere is vastly complex: Perseverance used a heat shield, then a parachute, then a sky crane an apparatus equipped with retro rockets which separates from the rover, and lowers it onto the planet floor. Landing one-tonne rovers is an amazing feat. Landing astronauts, plus their equipment and supplies, plus a spacecraft and fuel for return, is quite another question.

For Musk and others, the aim is to build colonies on Mars: we need to become a multi-planet species, he says, rather than hanging out on Earth until some eventual calamity claims us. Whether becoming a twoplanet species will do much for humanitys survival is a moot point, when the second planet is as brutally hostile as Mars. But at the very least, many envisage small but viable colonies and a space tourism industry there in the coming decades. For most space scientists, though, the real objective remains the discovery of life. Finding a second genesis of life besides the one on Earth and in our own backyard would have profound scientific and philosophical implications: it would suggest that life exists throughout the universe.

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Mystery Cloud on Mars That’s Like Nothing Ever Seen on Earth Finally Has an Explanation – News18

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A recurring mystery cloud on Mars that has long since baffled scientists around the world finally has an explanation. Appearing over the Arsia Mons volcano in the southern hemisphere of Mars, the long plume-like mystery cloud on Mars had been in observations for a long time since as early as the 1970s. Now, after capturing its repeated reappearance in 2018 and 2020, scientists have an explanation for what may be causing this unusual cloud stretch. A lot of this explanation owes itself to a tiny Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) aboard the Mars Express mission that orbits the planet a camera that barely has the resolution of a decades-old webcam, but still offers a wide field of view. The latter, as it so happened, has proved crucial in unlocking this intriguing mystery cloud on Mars.

As reported by Science Alert, the study of the mystery cloud on Mars found that the origin of this plume began at the onset of Martian spring or summer. During this period, at dawn each day, dense, cold air from the base of the Arsia Mons volcano started rising upward from its western slope. With dropping temperatures, the air starts collecting dust along with its moisture, which then condenses to form what is known as an orographic cloud on Earth. Once this stretch of air reaches an altitude of about 45km, it is then confronted by fast winds of up to 600kmph, and is then detached from the volcano and moves westward.

At its most expansive stretch, this mystery cloud on Mars can reach a length of almost 1,800km longer than the distance between Delhi and Mumbai. At its widest, it grows up to 150km. Subsequent to reaching this elongated cloud state, the plume disappears due to evaporation, when the Sun reaches its peak on the region. The plume, as the study reports, can also form during the winter months on Mars, during which the nature of winds on the planet (owing partially due to the lack of an Earth-like atmosphere) can cause it to form a large spiral as well.

Researchers who observed the cloud found that it is actually a regular occurrence on the planet, and it is only our sporadic cameras and the lack of uniform, regular observations that led us to believe that it is irregular in nature. Given this revelation of the mystery cloud on Mars, it will be interesting to see if more such clouds exist on the planet, which can give mankind further dough to study the constituents of the Martian atmosphere, and understand the behaviour of winds on the planet in closer detail. This can then add to the possibility of mankind setting up a residential colony on the planet at some point of time in future.

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Life on Mars? We can’t even sustain it on Earth – Palatinate

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By Isobel Clark

The newest endeavour from NASA to discover more about our solar system hit headlines last month as their new Mars rover, Perseverance, successfully landed on the Red planet. Scientists and space fanatics all over the world have celebrated this historic opportunity to determine whether or not there was ever life on Mars.

While the possibility of one day inhabiting Mars is filling newspapers across the world, it really does beg the question: what about life on Earth? Why are we pouring money, time and resources into searching for signs of life on a different planet when, on our own overheating planet, we are losing millions of people every year to preventable causes?

According to NASA, Perseverance is currently searching for any signs of ancient microbial life and is aiming to test oxygen production on Mars atmosphere. This is in the hope that someday human life can be sustained on Mars. But human life cannot even be sustained on Earth. In the past hour approximately 700 children under the age of 15 have died of preventable causes.

While NASA has gathered some of the worlds best scientists to focus purely on the mission to Mars, their time could have been spent developing new and innovative solutions to current global issues. An invention for water conservation is essential right now and although NASA cant even put an approximate date on when humans might be able to inhabit Mars, the space mission is being prioritised, using up some of the best scientific brains in the world and a huge amount of money and resources.

This mission has received extensive, overwhelmingly positive news coverage while far more newsworthy stories are being ignored

And then we get to the exact figures. Since 1975 $16.1 billion has been spent on exploration on Mars. Two out of three child deaths are avoidable and approximately $2.3 billion dollars can save 2.3 million lives. If the money spent on the Mars missions alone had been redirected, millions of lives could have been saved. Natural disasters are occurring more frequently and more severely due to climate change.

The news generally only acknowledges deaths directly from the disaster and tends to ignore the millions who die of poverty-related issues much later. For example, the deaths caused directly by the 2010 Haiti earthquake were tragically inevitable, but the millions who died in the following years due to poverty were preventable, had funding been directed towards the problem.

To make matters worse, space investigation is becoming more and more privatised, aided by celebrities such as Elon Musk with SpaceX, the company which was founded with the hope of helping to create a human colony in space. By privatising space travel, even more money is pooled into it. Private firms tend to ignore social costs and are commonly self-serving. If space research is meant to be bettering public life through greater public knowledge then should it not be taking into account public interests? This is exactly what privatisation does not do. It favours only those who can pay to receive the benefits.

The environmental costs of space missions are equally immense. Rocket launches have a huge carbon footprint from the amount of fossil fuels needed to propel an object into space. The new phenomenon of space junk is similarly worrying. The new idea of space tourism, insisted on by private companies such as SpaceX, could have devastating a environmental impact purely for the pleasure of the global elite. The Mars mission is urging on those who are demanding space tourism. Furthermore, it already has its own massive carbon footprint to add to the overall environmental impacts.

Dont get me wrong, Im not here to expressly hate on NASA. I wholly recognise that the work they have done over the years has transformed lives for so many. Space travel has given us life-changing innovations such as GPS, accurate weather prediction and a greater understanding of how to prevent the damaging effects of UV light as just a few examples. However, this Mars mission is not aiming to change our lives with inventions such as these. NASA states that Perseverances mission is to search for signs that Mars could ever have been inhabited. It will also gather some samples of rock and soil and store them in Mars. These samples may never make it to Earth. Yet the environmental damage from this one mission alone is immense.

The new idea of space tourism could have a devastating environmental impact purely for the pleasure of the global elite

Every Mars mission since 1975 has essentially been looking into whether one day humans can inhabit the planet. Scientists call this having a back-up human colony who, in the event of us irrevocably destroying Earth, will be able to keep humanity going. By focusing so many of our resources on the back-up plan, we are able to conveniently ignore the fact we are rapidly destroying Earth through global warming. In fact, we have already so successfully destroyed this planet that we think it is okay to infect a different one once we have discarded Earth.

Space travel is certainly essential to our lives as we live them today. I do not deny that. Nonetheless, this particular mission has stuck in my throat for all the wrong reasons. Perhaps it is the extensive, overwhelmingly positive news coverage it has received while far more newsworthy stories are being ignored.

Or perhaps it is the billions upon billions of dollars that have been poured into the Mars missions, along with the brilliant scientists whose time has also been taken, all of which could have prevented millions of deaths here on our own planet due to poverty and climate change. The privatisation of space travel is furthering the problem as inevitably even more resources will be poured into further research.

I can see a future in which I will support space travel and explorations on Mars whole-heartedly. But I will only support them when the appropriate amount of money and time is spent on finding solutions to the millions of preventable deaths we face every year and once we have truly invested everything we have into the preservation of our Earth.

Illustration by Nicole Wu.

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Life on Mars? We can't even sustain it on Earth - Palatinate

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Nasa releases first recording of rover DRIVING on Mars but mystery noise leaves them baffled… – The Sun

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NASA's newest Mars rover has sent back the first-ever recording of driving on the Red Planet and it features a mysterious "scratching" noise that's left scientists baffled.

The audio clip also includes the eerie sound of grinding, clanking and banging that by Earth standards would be pretty worrisome.

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The noises made by Perseverance's six metal wheels and suspension on the first test drive two weeks ago are part of a 16-minute raw audio feed released Wednesday by Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

"If I heard these sounds driving my car, I'd pull over and call for a tow," Dave Gruel, an engineer on the rover team, said in a statement.

"But if you take a minute to consider what you're hearing and where it was recorded, it makes perfect sense."

The driving audio contains an unexpected high-pitched scratching noise, according to Nasa. Engineers are trying to figure out what the sound is.

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Perseverance the biggest, most advanced rover ever sent to Mars landed near an ancient river delta on February 18 to search for signs of past life.

Samples will be taken from the most promising rocks for eventual return to Earth.

The rover carries two microphones.

One already has captured the sounds of wind and rock-zapping lasers, the other was meant to record the descent and landing.

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This second mike didn't pick up any sounds of the rover's arrival at Mars, but managed to record the first test drive March 4.

Before it starts drilling into rocks for core samples, Perseverance will drop off an experimental tag-along helicopter, named Ingenuity.

The helicopter will attempt the first powered, controlled flight on another planet sometime next month.

Perseverance's microphones are stashed on its SuperCam instrument, which sits atop the rover's remote sensing mast.

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Over the course of the two-year mission, scientists hope to use the rover's audio recordings to analyse Martian rock and soil.

The six-wheeled machine is equipped with a laser that can hit targets up to 20ft (7m) away.

Some zaps sound slightly louder than others, providing information on the physical structure of the targets, such as its relative hardness.

SuperCam was developed jointly by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico and a consortium of French research laboratories.

Perseverance - What's on board?

Perseverance boasts a total of 19 cameras and two microphones, and carries seven scientific instruments.

An X-ray ray gun that will help scientists investigate the composition of Martian rock.

2. Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface experiment (RIMFAX)

A ground-penetrating radar that will image buried rocks, meteorites, and even possible underground water sources up to a depth of 10 metres (33ft).

3. Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA)

A bunch of sensors that will take readings of temperature, wind speed and direction, pressure, and other atmospheric conditions.

4. Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)

An experiment that will convert Martian carbon dioxide into oxygen. A scaled-up version could be used in future to provide Martian colonists with breathable air.

5. SuperCam

A suite of instruments for measuring the makeup of rocks and regolith at a distance

6. Mastcam-Z

A camera system capable of taking 3D images by combining two or more photos into one.

7. Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC)

From Baker Street to Mars: Sherloc contains an ultraviolet laser that will investigate Martian rock for organic compounds.

The instrument delivers data to the French Space Agencys operations centre in Toulouse.

Speaking earlier this month following the recovery of Perseverance's first audio recordings, Naomi Murdoch, a researcher at the ISAE-SUPAERO aerospace engineering school in Toulouse, could barely contain her excitement.

"The sounds acquired are remarkable quality," she said.

"Its incredible to think that were going to do science with the first sounds ever recorded on the surface of Mars."

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In other news, water that once flowed over the surface of Mars is now trapped within its crust, a Nasa-funded study revealed this week.

Nasahas announcedthat it is accepting applications for wannabe space explorers who wish to fire their names to theRed Planet.

And,Perseverance revealed stunningvideo and audio recordingsfrom the surface of the Red Planet last month.

What do you make of the rover video? Let us know in the comments!

We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online Tech & Science team? Email us at tech@the-sun.co.uk

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As More People Turn To Psychedelics, Integration Proves A Crucial Factor For Breakthroughs – Forbes

Posted: at 5:02 pm

Opening the door to insights.

Nick Watchorn had suffered for most of his adult life from severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) before he sought psychedelic treatments to deal with his chronic condition. He credits those psychoactive sessions, and particularly the work he did afterwards in a process known as integration a way of gleaning insights from the experience with saving his life. I thought I was too far gone, he says of himself before receiving therapeutic treatments using MDMA (aka ecstasy).

At 54 years old, Watchorn had suffered for 22 years from the terror of a mass shooting he experienced as a young cop. The year was 1996, in Port Arthur, Tasmania, after a gunman had gone on a deadly shooting spree that left 35 people killed and 23 wounded. It was, and still is to this day, the worst single gunman massacre in Australias history. For more than two decades after the terrible event, Watchorn was plagued by visions of the mass killing. His grief led to the classic PTSD symptoms of anxiety, depression, social isolation and destructive behavior. Repeatedly playing back the awful carnage of the crime scene in his mind, he continued to re-experience his trauma on an endless loop. In the years following Port Arthur, Watchorn would eventually quit the police force, saying in Your Neighbors Are Doing Psychedelics: MDMA, a book I wrote this year about his experience, I couldn't make decisions anymore. I just didn't trust my own thoughts.

Watchorn says he tamped down the brutal, recurring mental images for 22 long years, aided by alcohol, pain pills, and a revolving door of psychotherapists. Then one day he heard about a breakthrough clinical study being conducted to treat PTSD using MDMA. The trials, which combined the drug with psychotherapy sessions, were proving to be incredibly effective at treating the symptoms of emotional trauma. Trials were (and still are) steadily progressing through important phases with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to potentially become a legal, prescriptive medicine. Watchorn would eventually qualify to take part in the trials in 2018 through the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), having experienced symptoms of treatment-resistant PTSD for over two decades. Before his trials with MDMA, he had never in his life experienced a psychoactive drug. Not so much as a puff of marijuana, he laughs. He was making a brave choice to face his demons through a relatively new scientific experiment.

MDMA clinical trial recipient Nick Watchorn.

While under the influence of MDMA, which took place in three 8-hour clinical sessions with trained therapists, Watchorn assumed he would first confront memories of the horrible scenes he faced at Port Arthur. All the gore of dozens of people killed and wounded by a madman with a high-powered rifle. He was bracing himself to experience those raw emotions up close and personal, to finally deal with the sad and terrible memories. Instead, he would be surprised by what first appeared in his minds eye: a vision of himself at eight years old shivering alone by a poolside. Before tackling the events that he believed would be foremost in his wounded psyche the death and destruction he witnessed in 1996 he would first reel through a series of early, relatively benign childhood encounters. A place where he felt rejected, abandoned and at the mercy of his parents needs. Watchorn was starting at the beginning, where his trauma first rooted an uncomfortable place many people avoid. The place where he received the initial injuries of his life that later affected his ability to cope through the aftermath of the killings. He would not fully understand the meaning of all those buried mental images that came flooding back from his childhood until after his experience under the influence of MDMA. During integration therapy sessions, he would reflect on what emerged during his time on the drug and slowly patch together the meaning of it all. Only then would he have the true tools to begin healing himself of his PTSD.

Integration is an often-overlooked aspect of the psychedelic experience, yet it is one of the most important factors for success. Generally speaking, it is the wild and mystical moments that take center stage. Once a person returns to ordinary states of consciousness, the psychedelic trip whether perceived as positive or negative is often left in the rearview mirror to fade like a dream. One of the key points of integration is to not let significant parts of the experience fade out, but to examine the mental deep dive and mine it for valuable insights. This can also have the effect of reducing subsequent harm in the event of a challenging experience.

Because the majority of people who use psychedelics will not use them in controlled clinical settings like Watchorn his case and condition were so extreme that he qualified for the FDA trial over roughly 900 applicants who applied in his area a group of researchers and clinicians have recently laid out a framework defining integration and its importance in patient care. It is the first peer-reviewed paper of its kind, published in Frontiers in Psychology, and outlines how mental health providers may benefit from understanding the unique motivations, experiences and needs of people who use psychedelics. Still largely illegal in the U.S. and much of the world, psychedelic drugs can be a tricky topic for mental health professionals to come together and agree on standards and practices.

Dr. Ingmar Gorman, co-author of the paper on harm reduction and integration and co-founder of Fluence an organization focusing on psychedelic education and training mental health providers in psychedelic treatments saw the necessity to begin a dialogue around offering healthcare providers clinical skills and knowledge to provide effective, compassionate, evidence-based psychedelic therapy and integration services to patients. Many psychotherapists and other providers have encountered clients who use psychedelics already, but there hasnt been a consistent approach to working with these individuals, says Gorman. Were hoping that this publication will start a conversation thats been missing in the field, so that we can be most helpful to those who need us.

Gorman is in a unique position to discuss concepts around psychedelic integration and harm reduction, having served on Phase 3 clinical trial teams that employ MDMA for PTSD (the same FDA trials participated in by Watchorn), as well as serving as a therapist on FDA-approved clinical trials using psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder and treatment-resistant depression.

Co-author Dr. Elizabeth Nielson, who is also a co-founder of Fluence and has related FDA-approved clinical trial experience, underscores the need for honest and unbiased discussions around these stigmatized drugs. Our clinical experience and review of the literature offer a way forward for the field of psychotherapy to engage psychedelics, even when patients psychedelic experiences occur outside of psychotherapy, says Nielson. By learning how to have honest, respectful, and non-judgmental conversations with patients about psychedelics, clinicians can counter the harms of years of prohibition, misinformation and stigma associated with these experiences.

As the publics interest in psychedelic use continues to expand, ongoing studies in the field and peer-reviewed papers by informed researchers may provide therapists with another instrument in the clinician toolkit when working with patients who use, have ever used or are considering using psychedelics.

Checking in with Watchorn this week, now three years since his MDMA treatments have concluded, he shares his perspective on integration. My integration sessions were so confronting and profound, the feelings of relief and optimism were overwhelming for a long time, he says. Experiencing such radically different perspectives, feeling more universally connected than disconnected, noticing clarity in thoughts, colors, textures, smells. Id find myself in tears, often daily, over the next eighteen months. Some of it was sadness mourning the past. There was also the incredible sense of relief and strong unfamiliar feelings of freedom and optimism.

Watchorn says while he has frequently thought back on his experience through the MDMA treatments, he has not felt it necessary to have another MDMA treatment integration is enough. He is echoing a sentiment by MAPS founder Rick Doblin, who said, Its not just about the MDMA experience itself, its about what you do with it. The whole point is not to need any MDMA.

Watchorn can attest to that. In a nutshell, the treatment got me to a place where I could appreciate healthier perspectives and make conscious decisions, he says. The MDMA treatment wasn't a cure switch, although it initially felt like one. It was a window of opportunity. Integration has been a whole new challenge. These days my focus is on being more present, curious and authentic and it's making a world of difference.

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As More People Turn To Psychedelics, Integration Proves A Crucial Factor For Breakthroughs - Forbes

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Magic Mushrooms Are Decriminalized in DC as of Today – Washingtonian

Posted: at 5:02 pm

Photograph via iStock.

DC Initiative 81, which passed with overwhelming support last fall, goes into effect Monday, March 15. Under theEntheogenic Plant and Fungus Policy Act of 2020, natural psychedelics including magic mushrooms, ayahuasca, and mescaline are decriminalized, making arrests for their possession or use the lowest priority for DC police.

The law survived a 30-day Congressional review period and a threat by US Representative Andy Harris, whoprevented the District from fully legalizing cannabis following a 2014 ballot initiative that passed with support from 70 percent of DC voters, to derail it. Harris, who set off a metal detector near the House floor while carrying a concealed gun this January, had framed the matter as a public-safety issue.

Initiative 81 was put forward by Melissa Lavasani, who credits natural psychedelics with helping herovercome anxiety, severe depression, panic attacks, and suicidal ideation after the birth of her second child.David Bronner, the top executive at Dr. Bronners soap company, helped bankroll the campaign, which had to overcome pandemic restrictions to gather signatures and get on the ballot last fall.

Lavasanis Plant Medicine Coalition on Monday announced it would offer community grants to organizations that offer education, training, and other work that supports the use of natural psychedelics, which have shown intriguing results in the treatment of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other conditions. Johns Hopkins opened its Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research last September.

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Oxnard company to pursue therapeutic psychedelics – Pacific Coast Business Times

Posted: at 5:02 pm

Oxnard-based Cure Pharmaceutical announced plans on March 16to use its oral film technology to deliver LSD and other psychedelic substancesto treat mental health disorders.

Cure owns the CBD company Sera Labs, and Cure has used its dissolving thin film platform, Curefilm, to deliver CBD and other cannabis compounds.

Cure has a license from the U.S. Drug EnforcementAdministration to develop treatments using substances classified under Schedule1 of the Controlled Substances Act. That includes psychedelics such as LSD; psilocybin,the psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms; and MDMA, the pure formof the drug commonly known as ecstasy.

Some of those substances were first developed as psychiatrictreatments, and in recent years, researchers, doctors and patients have shownrenewed interest in using them in mental health treatment. Oregon legalizedpsylocibin mushrooms for therapeutic purposes last year and a number ofcompanies are pursuing FDA approval for therapeutic MDMA treatments.

In its March 16 news release, Cure cited a recentstudy published byData Bridge Market Researchthat projected theU.S. psychedelic drug market will grow from $2 billion in 2019 to $6.8 billion in2027.

Cure plans to study Curefilm as a platform for both microdoses and macrodoses of psychedelics, and expects to pursue Food and Drug Administration approval and commercialization of the products.

We are dedicated to applying our film technology to leadingcompounds in high-impact, unmet need areas, Jonathan Berlent, Cures chiefbusiness officer, said in the companys news release. Advancing thesepsychedelic product development programs helps ensure our end-goal of targetingthose patients who would have otherwise been left without an importanttreatment option. We plan to advance our programs in a strategic, thoughtful,and fiscally responsible way.

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The federal government is funding research into using psychedelics to treat mental illness. So, do they work? – ABC News

Posted: at 5:02 pm

The federal government has announced it will pour millions of dollars into clinical trials using psychedelics like magic mushrooms and MDMA to see if they can help treat debilitating mental illnesses.

But why is the government forking out taxpayer dollars for magic mushrooms? And are there any risks in taking these, even in a trialled environment?

Here's what we know about the plan and whether psychedelics are a realistic option.

Psychedelics or hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive substances that can change your mood, senses and even cause hallucinations.

There are many different types and some occur naturally, like in mushrooms or leaves, while others are made in labs.

Some of the ones the government is talking about trialling in this instance include psilocybin (better known as magic mushrooms), ketamine (which is primarily used for starting and maintaining anaesthesia) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, which is also known as MDMA, molly or ecstasy.

Supplied: St Vincents Hospital

The government is investing $15 million in grants to support Australian-led research into the use of magic mushrooms, ecstasy and ketamine to combat illnesses like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder, addiction disorders and eating disorders.

Health Minister Greg Hunt said it was vital the government continued to search for new and better treatments for mental illness.

"The early results of trials in Australia and internationally are extremely encouraging," he said.

"But more research is desperately needed before these approaches can be used by psychiatrists outside of controlled clinical trials.

"This grant opportunity will boost local research into potentially life-saving therapies and offers hope to all those suffering from mental illness, including our veterans and emergency service personnel dealing with the devastating effects of PTSD."

It's estimated 4 million Australians experience a mental health disorder every year, and almost half of all Australians will be affected at some point in their lifetime.

Many of the standard treatments for these illnesses vary greatly in how effective they are, and there haven't been many major pharmaceutical discoveries in this area in recent years.

At the same time, once dismissed as dangerous party drugs, psychedelics are gaining mainstream acceptance in the medical world as ways to treat mental illnesses such as depression and PTSD.

The idea of treating mental illness with psychedelics has been around for a while (even centuries in some cultures), but there's been a gap in the research into their potential use as a treatment for mental illnesses because they were declared prohibited substances in the 1960s.

Australia's national medical regulator, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, currently doesn't recognise MDMA and psilocybin as legitimate medicines to treat psychiatric conditions.

But that could change, depending on these trial results.

A memorandum published by The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) last year noted there was an ongoing need to collect more data.

But it said so far, in controlled trials and when administered at therapeutic doses, psychedelic therapies demonstrated an initial high-safety and low-risk profile, with limited physiological concerns.

It did note though that MDMA could increase your heart rate and blood pressure.

It also said that when misused, psychedelics could cause psychosis a medical condition in which the mind is affected and there's some loss of contact with reality.

For this reason, current trials for psychedelic therapy generally exclude people with a personal or family history of psychosis or mania.

Reuters: DEA

But there's also a risk in not exploring this in clinical trials.

A recent Global Drug Survey found 6,500 of 110,000 respondents said they were self-treating their mental illness, particularly with ecstasy, magic mushrooms and LSD.

The head of the Australian arm of the survey, RMIT University's Monica Barratt, said the findings were a reminder people were already using psychedelics as a DIY mental health treatment.

"As Australia awaits the progress of clinical trials of these substances for mental health conditions, we need to recognise the demand for them is increasing and this demand may end up being filled outside of the medical setting," Dr Barratt said.

Worldwide, there are currently about 100 psychedelic trials for the treatment of depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug-use disorders, dementia, anorexia and chronic pain.

Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression and MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD have been given "breakthrough therapy" designation from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States.

That means the FDA believes the therapies may offer substantial advantages over current therapies, and have therefore been expedited in their transition to prescribed medicines (although it hinges on the results from clinical trials).

RANZCP president John Allan said while further research was required to assess the safety and effectiveness of psychedelics, preliminary studies showed positive results.

"We are seeing limited but emerging evidence that psychedelic therapies may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of a range of mental illnesses, such as PTSD substance abuse and depression," he said.

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The federal government is funding research into using psychedelics to treat mental illness. So, do they work? - ABC News

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Lattice Biologics Reorganizes to Focus on Psychedelics and Cannabis Therapies – Yahoo Finance

Posted: at 5:02 pm

Lattice Biologics Ltd. (TSX-V: LBL) (OTCBB: LBLTF) ("Lattice Biologics" or the "Company") announced today that the Company will change its business strategy to focus on the fast growing psychedelics and cannabis markets through the creation of a new life sciences subsidiary. The Company will focus on the research and commercialization of psychedelic products in combination with its stem cell based regenerative compounds while leveraging the Companys distribution expertise.

The Company believes there is a sizeable legal market for psychedelic products and that there is a promising prospect for a strong, legal psychedelic industry to emerge globally. In November 2020, voters passed Oregon Ballot Measure 109, making Oregon the first state to both decriminalize psilocybin and also legalize it for therapeutic use. In August of 2020, the Canadian federal Minister of Health approved the use of psilocybin therapy in the treatment of end-of-life distress for certain patients. Lattice believes that the recent wave of deregulation and legalization of recreational cannabis across the globe will result in a new wave to psychedelics legalization. The Company believes that the new focus on psilocybin and psilocybin medicine may open up the approximately $15 billion-dollar global anti-depressant market to psilocybin.

The ability for neurons to regenerate with the use of psychedelics is a newly emerging area of research. We will utilize our knowledge of stem cells, and their potentiating effects, to create new and patentable technologies and medicines that improve health and alleviate suffering.

"Following a comprehensive strategic review of the Company, we have made the exciting decision to enter and focus on the fast growing psychedelic and Cannabis life sciences and to divest the Biologics business. With Lattices extensive knowledge of processing, purifying, and manipulating stem cells, we intend to be a leader in the emerging psychedelic market. The Company intends to announce key additions to its management and advisory board in the near future. Exiting Biologics allows the management team to reorganize the Biologics subsidiary and related debts while not affecting the holding and listed Company and to allow the Company and shareholders to focus on and benefit from future generated medicines and treatments. We believe the Biologics business is an attractive asset for someone who is better positioned to leverage the Biologics platform to build scale. During this transition period, we remain committed to our Biologics customers, and will continue to support our technologies and services," said Guy Cook, CEO.

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Beginning with the fiscal third quarter 2021, the Biologics Business will be presented as discontinued operations. As part of the reorganization, the wholly-owned subsidiary Lattice Biologics Inc. has filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The Chapter 7 petition was filed March 12, 2021 with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the State of Montana. Chapter 7 will be administered under the oversight of a Court-appointed trustee. Additional information on the process can be obtained through the Court.

About Lattice Biologics Ltd.:

Lattice Biologics is traded on the TSX-V under the symbol: LBL.

Lattice Biologics develops and manufactures biologic products to domestic and international markets. The Companys products are used in a variety of surgical applications.

Lattice Biologics maintains its headquarters, laboratory and manufacturing facilities in Belgrade, Montana. The facility includes ISO Class 1000 and ISO Class 100 clean rooms, and specialized equipment capable of crafting traditional allografts and precision specialty allografts for various clinical applications. The Lattice Biologics team includes highly trained tissue bank specialists, surgical technicians, certified sterile processing and distribution technicians, and CNC operators who maintain the highest standards of aseptic technique throughout each step of the manufacturing process. From donor acceptance to the final packaging and distribution of finished allografts, Lattice is committed to maintaining the highest standards of allograft quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.

Lattice Biologics maintains all necessary licensures to process and sell its tissue engineered products within the U.S. and internationally.

Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information:

Certain information contained in this news release constitutes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the safe harbour provisions of Canadian securities laws. All statements herein, other than statements of historical fact, are to be considered forward looking. Generally, forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "planned", "potential", "future", "expected", "could", "possible", "goal", "intends", "will" or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements in this news release include, without limitation: information pertaining to the Companys strategy, plans, or future financial performance, such as statements with respect to the Transaction, and other statements that express managements expectations or estimates of future performance. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements of Lattice to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of factors and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by management as of the date such statements are made, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. The factors and assumptions that could prove to be incorrect, include, but are not limited to: that market prices will be consistent with expectations, the continued availability of capital and financing, and that general economic, market and business conditions will be consistent with expectations. The forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. We disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

United States Advisory: The securities referred to herein have not been and will not be registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "U.S. Securities Act"), and may not be offered, sold, or resold in the United States or to, or for the account of or benefit of, a U.S. Person (as such term is defined in Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act) unless an exemption from the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act is available. This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in the state in the United States in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.

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View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210315005261/en/

Contacts

Media Contact: Guy Cook, CEOLattice Biologics Ltd.(TSX-V: LBL) (OTCBB: LBLTF)512 E. Madison Ave. Suite#A1Belgrade, MT 59714480-563-0800 OfficeNews@LatticeBiologics.com http://www.LatticeBiologics.com

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Lattice Biologics Reorganizes to Focus on Psychedelics and Cannabis Therapies - Yahoo Finance

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