Starlink Group 7-13 | Falcon 9 Block 5 – Everyday Astronaut

Featured image credit: SpaceX/Jack Beyer Liftoff Time February 09, 2024 00:55 UTC February 08, 2024 16:55 PST Mission Name Starlink Group 7-13; a launch of v2 Mini Starlink satellites Launch Provider(What rocket company is launching it?) SpaceX Customer(Whos paying for this?) SpaceX Rocket Falcon 9 Block 5 booster B1071-14; 62.70-day turnaround Launch Location Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E), Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, USA Payload mass ~17,600 kg (22 x ~800 kg, plus dispenser)(estimated) Where are the satellites going? 530 km circular low-Earth orbit (LEO)at 53; initial orbit 286 x 295 km at 53.16 Will they be attempting to recover the first stage? Yes Where will the first stage land? ~642 km downrange on Of Course I Still Love You

Tug: Debra C; Support: GO Beyond

SpaceXs Starlink Group 7-13 mission will launch 22 Starlink v2 Mini satellites atop a Falcon 9 rocket; unlike on Starlink Group 7-9, none of these satellites have direct-to-cell capability. The Falcon 9 will lift off from Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E), at Vandenberg Space Force Base, in California, United States. Starlink Group 7-13 will mark the 137th operational Starlink mission, boosting the total number of Starlink satellites launched to 5,828, of which ~5,438 will still be in orbit around the Earth once launched.

Starlink is SpaceXs internet communication satellite constellation. The low-Earth orbit constellation delivers fast, low-latency internet service to locations where ground-based internet is unreliable, unavailable, or expensive.The first phase of the constellation consists of five orbital shells.

Starlink is currently available in certain regions, allowing anyone in approved regions to order or preorder. After 28 launches SpaceX achieved near-global coverage, but version one of the constellation will not be complete until all five shells are filled. Once Starlink generations 1 and 2 are complete, the venture is expected to profit $30-50 billion annually. This profit will largely finance SpaceXs ambitious Starship program, as well as Mars Base Alpha.

Each Starlink v1.5 satellite has a compact design and a mass of 307 kg. SpaceX developed a flat-panel design, allowing them to fit as many satellites as possible into the Falcon 9s 5.2-meter wide payload fairing. Due to this flat design, SpaceX is able to fit up to 60 Starlink satellites and the payload dispenser into the second stage, while still being able to recover the first stage. This is near the recoverable payload capacity of the Falcon 9 to LEO, around 18 tons.

As small as each Starlink satellite is, each one is packed with high-tech communication and cost-saving technology. Each Starlink satellite is equipped with four phased array antennas, for high bandwidth and low-latency communication, and two parabolic antennas. The satellites also include a star tracker, which provides the satellite with attitude data, ensuring precision in broadband communication.

Each Starlink v1.5 satellite is also equipped with an inter-satellite laser communication system. This allows each satellite to communicate directly with other satellites, not having to go through ground stations. This reduces the number of ground stations needed, allowing coverage of the entire Earths surface, including the poles.

The Starlink satellites are also equipped with an autonomous collision avoidance system, which utilizes the US Department of Defense (DOD) debris tracking database to autonomously avoid collisions with other spacecraft and space junk.

To decrease costs, each satellite has a single solar panel, which simplifies the manufacturing process. To further cut costs, Starlinks propulsion system, an ion thruster, uses krypton as fuel, instead of xenon. While the specific impulse (ISP) of krypton is significantly lower than xenons, it is far cheaper, which further decreases the satellites manufacturing cost.

Each Starlink satellite is equipped with the first Hall-effect krypton-powered ion thruster. This thruster is used for both ensuring the correct orbital position, as well as for orbit raising and orbit lowering. At the end of the satellites life, this thruster is used to deorbit the satellite.

SpaceXs Starlink v2 satellites are larger, more powerful satellites meant to be launched on SpaceXs Starship launch vehicle. While little is known about these satellites thus far, it is known that they mass roughly 1,200 kg and feature a twin-solar array design, to increase power delivered to the satellite. On top of this, according to SpaceX CEO and CTO Elon Musk, the satellites will have an order of magnitude more bandwidth, higher speeds, and be roughly 10x better in every way.

Starting on Starlink Group 7-9, some Starlink v2 satellites will act as cell towers, providing worldwide cell phone coverage to T-Mobile customers. Musk has stated that each of these satellites will have roughly 2-4 Mb/s of bandwidth per cell phone zone, which will allow for tens of thousands of SMS text messages per second or many users placing phone calls. While this technology is primarily meant for contacting emergency services worldwide (similar to Apples connect to satellite feature on the iPhone 14 and 15 series), it will also be able to be used for sending non-emergency-related messages.

Due to delays in the Starship launch vehicle, SpaceX is launching Starlink v2 Mini satellites that will launch on the Falcon 9 rocket. These satellites have a more powerful phased array antenna and utilize the E-band for backhaul. This allows each satellite to provide 4x more capacity than Starlink v1.0 and v1.5.

The Starlink v2 Mini satellites are equipped with a new argon Hall thruster for on-orbit maneuvering. These generate 2.4 times as much thrust as the thrusters on v1.5 satellites and have 1.5 times the specific impulse. Starlink v2 Mini satellites are the first satellites to use an argon thruster on-orbit.

A satellite constellation is a group of satellites that work in conjunction for a common purpose. SpaceXs Starlink constellation consists of two generations: the first (which is largely complete) is filled with Starlink v1/1.5 satellites and the second is to be filled with Starlink v2 and v2 Mini satellites.

Starlink Generation One consists of five orbital shells and has a total of 4,408 satellite slots. These satellites will entirely be launched on Falcon 9, and it is expected for these launches to finish in 2023.

Generation Two consists of 29,988 satellitesthis is roughly 20 times more satellites than were ever launched before the start of Starlink in 2019. These satellites will primarily be launched by Starship; however, as previously mentioned, Falcon 9 will launch some of these satellites while Starship is not operational.

Due to the vast number of Starlink satellites, many astronomers are concerned about their effect on the night sky. However, SpaceX is working with the astronomy community and implementing changes to the satellites to make them harder to see from the ground and less obtrusive to the night sky. SpaceX has changed how the satellites raise their orbits and, starting on Starlink v1.0 L9, added a sunshade to reduce light reflectivity. These changes have already significantly decreased the effect of Starlink on the night sky.

The first orbital shell of Starlink satellites consists of 1,584 satellites in a 53.0 550 km low-Earth orbit. Shell 1 consists of 72 orbital planes, with 22 satellites in each plane. This shell is currently near complete, with occasional satellites being replaced. The first shell provides coverage between roughly 52 and -52 latitude (~80% of the Earths surface), and will not feature laser links until replaced.

Starlinks second shell will host 720 satellites in a 70 570 km orbit. These satellites will significantly increase the coverage area, which will make the Starlink constellation cover around 94% of the globe. SpaceX will put 20 satellites in each of the 36 planes in the third shell. This shell is currently being filled, along with Shell 4.

Shell 3 will consist of 348 satellites in a 97.6 560 km orbit. SpaceX deployed 10 laser link test satellites into this orbit on its Transporter-1 mission to test satellites in a polar orbit. SpaceX launched an additional three satellites to this shell on the Transporter-2 mission. On April 6, 2021, Gwynne Shotwell said that SpaceX will conduct regular polar Starlink launches in the summer, but this shell is now the lowest priority and is expected to be the last filled. All satellites that will be deployed into this orbit will have inter-satellite laser link communication. Shell 3 will have six orbital planes with 58 satellites in each plane.

The fourth shell will consist of 1,584 satellites in a 540 km 53.2 LEO. This updated orbital configuration will slightly increase coverage area and will drastically increase the bandwidth of the constellation. This shell will also consist of 72 orbital planes with 22 satellites in each plane. This shell is currently being filled alongside Shell 2.

The final shell of Phase 1 of Starlink will host 172 satellites in another 97.6 560 km low-Earth polar orbit. Shell 5 will also consist purely of satellites with laser communication links; however, unlike Shell 3, it will consist of four orbital planes with 43 satellites in each plane.

However, it is unclear if this shell will still be filled; previous group 5 launches have gone to a 43 orbit.

The Starlink gen 2 constellation consists of nine orbital shells. It is currently unclear how these shells will be named.

The Falcon 9 Block 5 is SpaceXs partially reusable two-stage medium-lift launch vehicle. The vehicle consists of a reusable first stage, an expendable second stage, and, when in payload configuration, a pair of reusable fairing halves.

The Falcon 9 first stage contains nine Merlin 1D+ sea-level engines. Each engine uses an open gas generator cycle and runs on RP-1 and liquid oxygen (LOx). Each engine produces 845 kN of thrust at sea level, with a specific impulse (ISP) of 285 seconds, and 934 kN in a vacuum with an ISP of 313 seconds. Due to the powerful nature of the engine, and the large amount of them, the Falcon 9 first stage is able to lose an engine right off the pad, or up to two later in the flight, and be able to successfully place the payload into orbit.

The Merlin engines are ignited by triethylaluminum and triethylborane (TEA-TEB), which instantly burst into flames when mixed in the presence of oxygen. During static fire and launch the TEA-TEB is provided by the ground service equipment. However, as the Falcon 9 first stage is able to propulsively land, three of the Merlin engines (E1, E5, and E9) contain TEA-TEB canisters to relight for the boost back, reentry, and landing burns.

The Falcon 9 second stage is the only expendable part of the Falcon 9. It contains a singular MVacD engine that produces 992 kN of thrust and an ISP of 348 seconds. The second stage is capable of doing several burns, allowing the Falcon 9 to put payloads in several different orbits.

SpaceX is currently flying two different versions of the MVacD engines nozzle. The standard nozzle design is used on high-performance missions. The other nozzle is a significantly shorter version of the standard, decreasing both performance and material usage; with this nozzle, the MVacD engine produces 10% less thrust in space. This nozzle is only used on lower-performance missions, as it decreases the amount of material needed by 75%. This means that SpaceX can launch over three times as many missions with the same amount of Niobium as with the longer design.

For missions with many burns and/or long coasts between burns, the second stage is able to be equipped with a mission extension package. When the second stage has this package it has a grey strip, which helps keep the RP-1 warm, an increased number of composite-overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) for pressurization control, and additional TEA-TEB.

The booster supporting the Starlink Group 7-13 mission is B1071-14; as the name implies, the booster has supported 13 previous missions. Following the landing, its designation will change to B1071-15.

Following stage separation, the Falcon 9 will conduct two burns. These burns aim to softly touch down the booster on SpaceXs autonomous spaceport drone ship Of Course I Still Love You.

The Falcon 9s fairing consists of two dissimilar reusable halves. The first half (the half that faces away from the transport erector) is called the active half, and houses the pneumatics for the separation system. The other fairing half is called the passive half. As the name implies, this half plays a purely passive role in the fairing separation process, as it relies on the pneumatics from the active half.

Both fairing halves are equipped with cold gas thrusters and a parafoil which are used to softly touch down the fairing half in the ocean. SpaceX used to attempt to catch the fairing halves, however, at the end of 2020 this program was canceled due to safety risks and a low success rate. On Starlink Group 7-13, SpaceX will attempt to recover the fairing halves from the water with its recovery vessel GO Beyond.

In 2021, SpaceX started flying a new version of the Falcon 9 fairing. The new upgraded version has vents only at the top of each fairing half, by the gap between the halves, whereas the old version had vents placed spread equidistantly around the base of the fairing. Moving the vents decreases the chance of water getting into the fairing, making the chance of a successful scoop significantly higher.

All times are approximate

All times are approximate

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Starlink Group 7-13 | Falcon 9 Block 5 - Everyday Astronaut