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Category Archives: Transhuman News
Genetic Engineering: Challenging our perspectives on reproduction by Dr. Gary Fritz – Video
Posted: January 16, 2014 at 6:44 pm
Genetic Engineering: Challenging our perspectives on reproduction by Dr. Gary Fritz
By: Wafeek Wahby
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Genetic Engineering: Challenging our perspectives on reproduction by Dr. Gary Fritz - Video
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genetic engineering — Encyclopedia Britannica
Posted: at 6:44 pm
We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind: Encyclopaedia Britannica articles are written in a neutral, objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions.
genetic engineering,the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.
The term genetic engineering initially meant any of a wide range of techniques for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., test-tube babies), sperm banks, cloning, and gene manipulation. But the term now denotes the narrower field of recombinant DNA technology, or gene cloning (see Figure), in which DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined either within cells or in vitro and are then inserted into host organisms in which they are able to propagate. Gene cloning is used to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, or industry.
DNA is the carrier of genetic information; it achieves its effects by directing the synthesis of proteins. Most recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of foreign genes into the plasmids of common laboratory strains of bacteria. Plasmids are small rings of DNA; they are not part of the bacteriums chromosome (the main repository of the organisms genetic information). Nonetheless, they are capable of directing protein synthesis, and, like chromosomal DNA, they are reproduced and passed on to the bacteriums progeny. Thus, by incorporating foreign DNA (for example, a mammalian gene) into a bacterium, researchers can obtain an almost limitless number of copies of the inserted gene. Furthermore, if the inserted gene is operative (i.e., if it directs protein synthesis), the modified bacterium will produce the protein specified by the foreign DNA.
A key step in the development of genetic engineering was the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1968 by the Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. However, type II restriction enzymes, which are essential to genetic engineering for their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at random sites), were not identified until 1969, when the American molecular biologist Hamilton O. Smith purified this enzyme. Drawing on Smiths work, the American molecular biologist Daniel Nathans helped advance the technique of DNA recombination in 197071 and demonstrated that type II enzymes could be useful in genetic studies. Genetic engineering itself was pioneered in 1973 by the American biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer, who were among the first to cut DNA into fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes into E. coli bacteria, which then reproduced.
Genetic engineering has advanced the understanding of many theoretical and practical aspects of gene function and organization. Through recombinant DNA techniques, bacteria have been created that are capable of synthesizing human insulin, human growth hormone, alpha interferon, a hepatitis B vaccine, and other medically useful substances. Plants may be genetically adjusted to enable them to fix nitrogen, and genetic diseases can possibly be corrected by replacing bad genes with normal ones. Nevertheless, special concern has been focused on such achievements for fear that they might result in the introduction of unfavourable and possibly dangerous traits into microorganisms that were previously free of theme.g., resistance to antibiotics, production of toxins, or a tendency to cause disease.
The new microorganisms created by recombinant DNA research were deemed patentable in 1980, and in 1986 the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved the sale of the first living genetically altered organisma virus, used as a pseudorabies vaccine, from which a single gene had been cut. Since then several hundred patents have been awarded for genetically altered bacteria and plants.
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Human Genetics Truth – Lloyd Pye – Video
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Human Genetics Truth - Lloyd Pye
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Journal of Human Genetics – Nature
Posted: at 6:44 pm
The Journal of Human Genetics is the official journal of the Japan Society of Human Genetics, publishing high-quality original research articles, short communications, reviews, correspondences and editorials on all aspects of human genetics and genomics. It is the leading genetics journal based in the Asia-Pacific region.
*** Announcing Open ***
Journal of Human Genetics now offers authors the option to publish their articles with immediate open access upon publication. Open access articles will also be deposited on PubMed Central at the time of publication and will be freely available immediately. Find out more from the FAQs page.
Special section on Epigenomics
The special section on epigenomics in the July 2013 issue of Journal of Human Genetics features review and original articles by top-level epigenetic researchers covers various topics of epigenetic research, both basic and clinical.
Pharmacogenomics: Recent advances and future directions
The Journal of Human Genetics is pleased to present its first "special section" in the June issue of the journal. These special sections are designed to bring together collections of papers on specific topics of interest; guest editors curate the section, inviting contributions from leading researchers in the field. The topic of the first special section is pharmacogenomics, featuring eight articles on the current state of pharmacogenomics research and its implementation in the clinic.
Biomedical Genomics Series Web Focus - Cancer
The Journal of Human Genetics is delighted to present the latest from the Series on Biomedical Genomics, a Web Focus on Cancer. The Focus includes reports covering genetic research into identifying risk and associations with Breast Cancer, lung squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and cervical cancer in different populations, such as Korean, Chinese, Japanese and Amerindian.
Biomedical Genomics Series Web Focus - Neuropsychiatric Disease
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Journal of Human Genetics - Nature
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Adam Scott on D.N.A. from FJ – Video
Posted: at 6:44 pm
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FJ – Feel Adavanced: The D.N.A XtraThick Fit – Video
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FJ - Feel Adavanced: The D.N.A XtraThick Fit
By: FootJoyWorldwide
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FJ - Feel Adavanced: The D.N.A XtraThick Fit - Video
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UP – Roni ja Tero metsästävät dna-testiä – Video
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UP - Roni ja Tero metsstvt dna-testi
Tero ja Roni joutuvat metsstmn ympri kaupunkia dna-testi, jonka Marika ky hakemassa postista.
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D.N.A. – Inside FJ’s Most Advanced Shoe – Video
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D.N.A. - Inside FJ #39;s Most Advanced Shoe
By: FootJoyWorldwide
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Webb Simpson on D.N.A. from FJ – Video
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Webb Simpson on D.N.A. from FJ
By: FootJoyWorldwide
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Webb Simpson on D.N.A. from FJ - Video
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PS4 DCUO PVE: Nexus Five-Man, Superboy DNA – Video
Posted: at 6:44 pm
PS4 DCUO PVE: Nexus Five-Man, Superboy DNA
Screwing around last night we decided to run a Nexus five-man, drew Superboy DNA for the artifact. Wiped once on the final boss. Earth Tank - Tadurk Gadgets ...
By: Mighty Hornet
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