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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Illumina Says New DNA Sequencer Delivers A Human Genome For $1000

Posted: January 17, 2014 at 7:45 am

San Diego, Calif.-based Illumina says its newest sequencing platform, the HiSeq X Ten, is the first to break the $1,000 barrier for sequencing a humans genetic code. Its a benchmark that many companies have been chasing since the Human Genome Project succeeded in producing the first sequence in 2003 for a mere $3 billion or so. And its a figure that has been seen as one of the key steps on the road to making genome sequencing a cost-effective option for widespread medical use.

This platform was purpose-built to enable large population-scale human genome sequencing, Joel Fellis, an Illumina senior manager of product marketing, said in a phone interview. Theres an explosion in demand [for this sort of thing]; were approached quite frequently by nations and centers looking to take on large-scale projects.

The HiSeq X Ten is 10 HiSeqX machines put together, which together can sequence up to 18,000 human genomes per year, according to Illumina. The company says it can partially sequence five human genomes within a day, and completely sequence 16 human genomes within three days. The genomes are sequenced on a standard called 30X, meaning that every letter of the genetic code is read an average of 30 times. That super-attentive kind of proofreading is essential, according to Fellis.

When you sequence a genome, you want to read each of the bases more than once, Fellis says. Youre looking at how the genome differs from a reference sequence, and to have confidence in that, you need to read everything more than once.

Fellis says that one of the key technical improvements in this new model involves tweaks to the flow cell, a component that looks kind of like a microscope slide, studded with very tiny wells, where thousands of chemical reactions are performed in parallel. There have also been breakthroughs on the chemistry side that allow the machines to perform the reactions much faster.

Ultimately, we think the widespread availability of human genomes is a good thing, Fellis says. It allows you to tie genetic information back to the phenotype. You can imagine, if you want to understand a complex disease like cancer, youd need tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of sequences.

Illumina isnt quite the first company to make a grab for the $1,000 genome crown. Life Technologies Corp. said in January 2012 that its Ion Proton Sequencer would be achieving that goal within a year. It was scheduled to put that claim to the test last year in the Archon Genomics X Prize, which would have awarded $10 million to a team that could sequence 100 human genomes accurately within 30 days, at the cost of $1,000 per sequence. But the contest was canceled last August when organizers said innovation was already outpacing the aims of the contest indeed, the original rules laid out in 2006 set a cost goal of $10,000 per genome, which organizers revised in 2011 after seeing prices drop in the field.

Also, theres a little bit of fine print when it comes to Illuminas $1,000 cost breakdown. Nature points out that the CEO Jay Flatleys $1,000-per-genome price pitch included the cost of the chemical reagents needed to run the machine, a portion of the initial price tag for the system (around $10 million), and pay for technicians who prepare samples and run the machines. But theres some other overhead costs outside of that figure, such as the electricity used to keep the sequencers humming.

It's a good deal if you can play in this game, Chad Nusbaum, co-director of sequencing efforts at The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard (which, along with Seoul, Korea-based genomic services company Macrogen and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Australia, is one of the first three HiSeq X Ten customers), told Nature. It's like the high-stakes poker table: if you're playing $200 a chip, people who can't afford those chips don't care.

If you dont have $10 million to spare but still have a lot of genomes to sequence, you may be interested in Illuminas other new product, the NextSeq 500. The desktop-sized sequencer can deliver one genome within a day, and it runs for a cool $250,000.

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Aveeno Eczema Care Kit – Video

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Aveeno Eczema Care Kit
Review about Aveeno Eczma Care Kit.

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New Genetic Clue to Lupus Is Found

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A newly discovered immune-system molecule may work against therapies targeting autoimmune disease

By Jenni Laidman

Genetic variations mean that some people have activating Fc receptors on their B cells (red) and are more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. Image: Robert Kimberly, University of Alabama at Birmingham

It was a Reese's Peanut Butter Cup moment in genetic evolution: The end of one gene fused to the beginning of another and, voil, a new, composite gene was born. In most people the two-component gene does not work. But in a small percentage the gene functions and puts its possessors at increased risk for lupus and potentially other autoimmune diseases, in which the immune system attacks the bodys own tissues, says a team of researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

If the Birmingham researchers are right, the gene could be a clue to improving therapy for autoimmune diseases. At least one prominent researcher has roundly criticized the putative lupus link, however.

In a paper published December 18 in Science Translational Medicine, the Alabama researchers said that working copies of the fused gene disrupt a tidy feedback loop that the immune system uses to regulate the production of antibodiesmolecules that are key players in immune responses to disease-causing microorganisms.

In many autoimmune disorders antibodies run amok, targeting not invading microbes, but a persons organs. Cells known as B lymphocytes, or B cells, secrete the antibodies, and so the B cells make an attractive target for therapies to control autoimmune conditions. Many scientists have focused specifically on manipulating a molecule on B cells that, when bound by antibodies, normally tells the B cells, Stop! No more antibodies! In a healthy immune system, activation of this moleculeknown as Fc gamma RIIb, or the IIb receptor for shortmakes antibody production self-limiting: more antibodies means that more B cells close the antibody tap.

The Alabama team found that, when functional, the Reeses Cup gene causes B cells to manufacture a previously undetected moleculeFc gamma RIIc. When that molecule is activated by an antibody it countermands the IIb stop order, telling B cells to secrete more antibodies. In people with the fusion gene that encodes the IIc receptor molecule, antibodies are just as likely to engage IIc as IIb and thus induce B cells to overproduce antibodies. "We believe this is going to change the way people think about feedback and B cells," Robert Kimberly, co-author of the Science Translational Medicine paper, told Scientific American in a telephone interview.. "The way feedback is depicted in the textbook is incomplete."

The researchers demonstrated the contrarian role of the IIc molecules in studies of both mice and in human and mouse cells in culture. When mice B cells, which don't normally make the IIc molecule, were genetically altered to produce IIc, they generated more antibodies than the B cells of unaltered littermates. Human B cells that had at least one copy of the functioning fusion gene expressed the IIc molecule. Further, the researchers reported, people who carried two copies of the gene that makes IIc had an early immune response to an anthrax vaccine that was two and a half times greater than those without the IIc molecule. Because the vaccine induced antibody production, the rise was another a sign that IIc amps up antibody production. To make the link to IIc and lupus, the researchers compared the genetic profiles of 1,425 people with lupus with the same number without and found that those with the working copies of the IIc-encoding gene had at a 20 percent increased odds of contracting lupusa risk factor the researchers said was equivalent to other established genetic effects for lupus. Up until now, it was assumedgoing back decadesthat there was only a brake on the B cell, Kimberly says. But the expression of IIc counterbalances that brake and gives the B cell a feed-forward signal rather than a feedback.

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New Genetic Clue to Lupus Is Found

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14. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism – Video

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14. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism
The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism by Kevin D. Williamson: 14 Socialist Internationalism and the United States.

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Politically Incorrect Show Small Business Special, JAN 14, 2014 – Video

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Politically Incorrect Show Small Business Special, JAN 14, 2014
This P.I. Show featured five small business people, along with he show host Tom Christiano. The five small business people are: Lisa Bougoulas (Chelmsford Ag...

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Politically Incorrect Show Small Business Special, JAN 14, 2014 - Video

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15. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism – Video

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15. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism
The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism by Kevin D. Williamson: 15 Yes. Obamacare Is Socialism.

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Iron Sky: Dictator’s Cut – Limited Edition Embossed Steelbook Trailer 2014 – Video

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Iron Sky: Dictator #39;s Cut - Limited Edition Embossed Steelbook Trailer 2014
In 1945 the Nazis flew to the Dark Side of the Moon, and established a secret hideout, where they #39;ve been preparing for their grand return. The year is 2018,...

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Sweden’s early adopter foreign minister on crafting digital diplomacy

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As offline problems concerning freedom and censorship continue to become online ones, we need digital diplomacy to help connect the talkers and thinkers of the world with the doers, to facilitate change. It alone may not save the world, but it will help us find new ways to come together to save it.

This was Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt's message atTedxStockholm, held in conjunction with the two-dayStockholm Initiative for Digital Diplomacybringing together diplomats, academics and developers in a 24-hour hackathon with a difference.

"Some great changes in the world have been down to human talkers and thinkers -- but now we must join with the doers of the world," said Bildt, referring to the Diplohack, a multidisciplinary event designed to create models for how digital diplomacy can facilitate real world change.

"Diplomacy is essentially about communication -- human minds getting together to share information and change the way in which we think, act and do. Thus diplomacy is about changing behaviour, it's about informing and creating better opportunities that might not have been there before. Can we save the world? At least we can change things.

"Diplomacy is about communication between nations and we live, thank god, in a much more open world where the voice of individual people means much more. Governments are becoming more open than used to be the case, thus public diplomacy and digital is becoming more important. It's about getting to the pulse of what's happening."

Bildt has been at the forefront of technological change throughout his career. As Prime Minister, he sent thefirst email to then US President Bill Clintonon 5 February, 1994, congratulating him on the decision to end a US trade embargo on Vietnam. He couldn't help but add, as a sign off, "Sweden is -- as you know -- one of the leading countries in the world in the field of telecommunications, and it is only appropriate that we should be among the first to use the internet also for political contacts and communications around the globe". Bildt has not stopped since: he famously tweeted his Bahraini counterpart in 2011when he couldn't get hold of him (it was revolutionary at the time) and was last year named"best connected" Twitter leaderfor mutually following 44 other leaders (President Obama may have been the first leader to sign up to Twitter, and the most followed, but he's the least connected). Bildt told Wired.co.uk afterwards that in the real world that simply means, "Now I see what my colleagues are doing. I can see what kind of message they are trying to get across which is important for me to know, whereas before I'd know only when it happened."

Bildt might have 250,007 Twitter followers, but for him it's listening to the Twitterverse that is important -- reading the "pulse" of the citizens. The Minister arrived at the event, held near a snow-covered Humlegrden park, having come straight from meetings concerning the latest events in Ukraine, where laws were swiftly passed on 16 January to criminalise protests. The day's events clearly hung over Bildt as he took to the stage. Earlier he tweeted, "Dark designs against democracy clearly behind what we saw in Kiev today [16 January]. And ultimately against independence of Ukraine," and, "Outrageous the way laws severely restricting freedoms were pushed through Ukraine parliament today [16 January]. Clearly forces pushing Belarus scenario."

Consequently, in his talk he emphasised the need for good infrastructure and connectivity in ensuring the people have a voice. It's something the Ukrainian people showed us during the November protests following President Viktor Yanukovych's refusal to sign a free trade deal with the European Union in favour of maintaining stronger ties with Russia, and again on 16 January, on Twitter. Now, those kinds of protests could be criminalised with the new laws stating individuals can be fined or jailed for pitching a tent or setting up a stage, while online media outlets have to register with the authorities and those buying pre-paid mobile phone services must provide passport information. The state appears to be at war with public protest, particularly the anonymous kind.

"Today there was a dramatic development in Parliament in the Ukraine," said Bildt. "Suddenly the regime passed seven new laws, some draconian and including freedom of the net, in ten minutes without any debates. The fastest information is on the net, which started to explode over those issues -- you get the pulse of what's happened.

"Then there was the referendum in Egypt in the last two days on the constitution -- 98 percent voted yes mmm impressive. I'm surprised it wasn't 100 percent."

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Ron Paul on Syria ‘Why Does America Always Have to Solve – Video

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Ron Paul on Syria #39;Why Does America Always Have to Solve

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Ron Paul The People Deserve Transparency – Video

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Ron Paul The People Deserve Transparency

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