Category Archives: Cryonics

Corpse-freezing hasnt exactly gone mainstream, but most people are now familiar with the concept: you lay out a ton of cash, sign some papers, and spend a couple post-death decades in a cutting-edge meat locker, calmly awaiting the conditions for your eventual revival. Over 300 cold, dead Americansor dead, cold American brains, depending on which procedure they opted for (whole-body vs. brain-only)can currently be found in storage facilities across the country. All of them took a gambleone that was pretty cheap, metaphysically speaking: the worse case scenario here is just continued death.

For the time being, that is also the only scenario. Only time will tell whether these extremely dead optimists will once more, someday, get stuck in traffic, and/or roam an uncanny Singularity-scape with their AI-abetted computer brains. But we can at least start to guess whetheror ifthat day will ever come. For this weeks Giz Asks, we reached out to a number of neuroscientists, bioethicists, cryo advocates and skeptics to get some sense of what will happen to those frozen former consciousness-havers. Honestly its not looking good for them just yetbut the futures main business is to show up the pasts myopia/blinkeredness, so, who knows!

Biologist at the University of Liverpool and coordinator of the UK Cryonics and Cryopreservation Research Network

Id say that with todays technology, cryonics severely damages the bodys cells. Even under optimal conditions (i.e., the procedure starts right after death), there are several problems in cryonics. In particular, cryoprotectant agents have toxic effects on human tissues with prolonged exposure. Vitrifying large organs like the brain can also result in fractures due to different cooling rates in different parts. Under non-optimal conditions (i.e., if a significant time elapses between death and being cryopreserved) much more damage can occur because cells start to die, and brain cells in particular start to die within minutes after cardiac arrest, due to lack of nutrients and oxygen (called ischemia). Therefore, it will take huge scientific advances in areas like tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to make cryopreserved individuals alive and healthy again.

In addition, repair at the molecular level using nanotechnology will be necessary, yet this remains in the realm science fiction. That said, it is impossible to predict how technology will progress in the coming decades or centuries. As such, I would say that the chances of cryopreserved individuals ever be revived is low but not impossible. And then the argument is that the worse possible outcome of being cryopreserved is to remain dead, so cryonics gives you a chance of future revival that will not happen if you are buried or cremated.

Moreover, reversible and safe human cryopreservation would be a revolutionary technology in the field of critical-care. Patients with terminal diseases, including children, could opt to be placed on cryostasis until a cure were discovered. In a sense, we would have an alternative to death, which has profound philosophical, ethical and medical implications.

Co-Founder and CTO, X-Therma Inc., a company improving cold storage of stem cells, tissues, and whole organs

There are two different ways of cryogenically freezing people. One involves freezing just the brain or the headthe thinking here is that theres a smaller amount of tissue and you should preserve the essence of the person. Its also cheaper and easier. But storing the brains underlying structure, and the connections between cells, is likely much, much harder. The other method involves freezing the whole body, in the hopes that you could be revived one day when the right technology is available to fix your disease state and repair damage from the process.

There are a ton of barriers here, in both cases. The hardest thing to solve is: how do you freeze things without damaging them? You mix in all these cryoprotectantslike antifreeze for your car, but geared towards biologyin an effort to prevent ice formation within the cells and tissues. But you need to drastically lower the temperaturedown to about -196 degrees C, liquid nitrogen temperature. Preventing ice formation at that temperature, throughout a very large tissue, is very, very difficult. When the ice forms, its going to shear and cut the cells like a knifeits basically going to run a knife through the organs youre trying to preserve. And then theres desiccation: once you put those chemicals into an organ or a cell, it causes the water to leave the cells and dries them out, which damages cell to cell connections. Once those are damaged, repair becomes near impossible, since cells dont seem to rebuild those connections properly after being frozen. At least researchers see very little repair of the matrix.

So theres the chemistry problem (preventing ice), the biology problem (tissue damage, connection damage), the physics problem (how do you evenly cool something as large as an organ? And how do you warm it up evenly afterwards, without damaging it?).

I think there are much more imminent applications for cryopreservation, like organ preservation. Preserving organs has a high-value impact for the medical system, and also is much more feasible than preserving a whole body. You can save many, many lives with organ preservation.

Professor at the University of Oxford and Director at the Future of Humanity Institute and the Governance of AI program

Technically it seems like it should probably work. The freezing (rather: vitrification or plastination) and storing we can do now. The bringing back part may however require the assistance of machine superintelligence in order to repair the extensive cellular damage that occurs during the suspension process.

President, Cryonics Institute

The scientifically correct answer is that we do not know, since no one knows the future and what will be possible. However, that is why some people have signed up to preserve their bodies at liquid nitrogen temperatures in hopes that future technology and medicine will be able to answer that very question.

Just as it was impossible to raise the dead 100 years ago, they believe that new technologies like CPR and Cardiac defibrillation will change the definition of what it means to be dead. New technologies moving forward might mean advanced, AI-guided stem cell therapies that regenerate tissues that have been damaged by aging, freezing, or death itself. Ray Kurzweils law of accelerating returns suggests that technologically we are advancing at an exponential pace, and this means that things considered impossible even a few decades ago will become reality. For instance: the cell phone in your pocket that lets you communicate worldwide in real time while being able to access all of human knowledge at your fingertips. In the past such a device was called a crystal ball and was considered a myth. It seems likelybut only time will tell.

Researcher in 3D bioprinting and biofabrication at BioFab3D, St Vincents Hospital, Melbourne

All signs point to no. The freezing-down process is critical. Doing this in a way that preserves cell functionespecially regarding connectivity in the human brainis way beyond our current capabilities. Unfortunately, everyone who has ever been frozen so far is essentially turned to mush. These people will never be revived.

Cryonics in its current form is more of a religion than a science. Rather than a divine entity, its followers place their faith in technological progressbelieving that future advances will compensate for the terrible damage caused during current freezing techniques. There is no evidence or indication that this is possible. Though I dont doubt its prophets are well intentioned, contemporary cryonics is essentially a belief system providing comfort against the fear of death.

The ability of some organisms to survive freezing is a sign from nature that what cryonics promises might one day be possible. But getting there will require a massive investmentbillions of dollars, thousands of scientists, decades of research. Without a clear economic incentive, that investment is not forthcoming. As my old professor says, a vision without funding is hallucination.

Think that today it typically takes a couple of decades and a few hundred million dollars to develop one new medical treatment. The problems faced by cryonics are at least an order of magnitude more complex. By the time humanity solves them we might all be immortal anyway.

Director of Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the worlds leading cryonics organization

The short version is: many of the patients at Alcor will likely be revived sometime this century.

Had you asked a random person in 1940 if flight to the moon was possible, youd likely have been told no. If asked why, a typical answer was because theres no air to push against in space. This scientific-sounding but totally false objection was infamous among knowledgeable scientists, and was the basis for the New York Times 1920 editorial denouncing Robert Goddard. It was retracted on July 17th, 1969, one day after the launch of the Apollo 11 spaceflight.

Yet those knowledgeable about space flight had been forecasting flight to the moon for decades before the event. Similarly, those knowledgeable about nanomedicine have also been forecasting the revival of cryopreserved patients for decades, and those forecasts are likewise based on a sound assessment of physical law.

While we still hear skeptical sounding statements about cryonics, the obvious lack of any sound technical argument against the feasibility of cryonics is becoming increasingly obvious. Until the structures in the brain that encode our memories and personality have been so obliterated that they cannot in principle be inferred and restored to a functional state, you are not dead. This information theoretic criterion of death is obviously much more difficult to meet than current legal or medical definitions, hence the belief that cryopreserved patients are not actually dead.

Canada Research Chair in Neurobiology & Behaviour and Assistant Professor of Biology at McGill University and wrote The False Science of Cryogenics for the MIT Technology Review

If you mean people who have already had their brains, heads, or bodies cryogenically stored after death (or are doing so with current technology): no, they will never be revived. They are dead, and will remain dead forever. Will it ever be possible to store a dead person (or a dead persons brain) in such a way that they can be revived? Almost certainly not. Will it ever be possible to cryogenically suspend a living person for some period of time? Almost certainly. For how long? Impossible to say. Will it ever be possible to uploadtransfersomeones consciousness into a digital form? No. Consciousness is not a thing, its a bunch of different things that brains do. In theory, you could create a digital simulation that is a different thing from the person, and the person can still be either alive or dead. Either way, the new thing isnt them. A person is a particular physical causal system, not a computational abstraction.

Will it ever be possible to create a simulation or digital version of a dead person based on examination of their brain? This is not theoretically impossible, but it is so far outside our technology (both biological and computational) that anyone who says they know they answer of whether it will ever happen is probably selling something. The belief that a theoretically possible technologically will ever be practically possible and will come true if we want it bad enough is just quasi-religious wish fulfillment.

Look at the world. The only good thing we still reliably do for future generations is get out of their way. Lets not take that away from them toothey will have their hands full with all the horrific problems weve left them because of our selfishness and greed. We shouldnt making them responsible for keeping our bodies cold, too.

Professor, Chemistry, Warwick Medical School, whose team researches new cryoprotectants to help store biologics

The cryopreservation of cells underpins a huge range of fundamental and medical science; just like with food, we cannot leave cells lying around at room temperature and expect them to be fine to use, so low temperatures are essential to let us store (or bank) the cells.

Successful storage of cells requires careful addition and removal of cryoprotectants, as well as the precise control of freezing and thawing rates. In small volumes (for cells) this can be simple, but it becomes much harder as the volume increases and is one of (very) many problems of freezing a person. We must remember a human is a community of cells linked together, and those links need to be maintained for a tissue to be viable, especially for complex organs like the brain.

It is appealing to think that just because cells, or some tissues, are routinely cryopreserved that the same could be applied to an entire person, but this is really an over-simplification. No one can predict future technologies, but I dont see how this is possible, and claims that nanotechnology will put back together the damaged parts of the brain/body do not agree with scientific reality at the moment.

Reader in Bioethics, Newcastle University

First, I believe that any cryo-preserved corpse or brain that is already frozen (or will be in the near future) has zero chance because the individuals concerned are already dead and their death caused by fatal diseases currently incurable. Waking these corpses would involve so many major breakthroughs way beyond what is possible now, thawing complex tissue and organ systems into a viable state, applying regenerative technologies to make good the tissue damage, curing the fatal disease which killed them and finally reviving the dead person. Each of these is individually massively challenging and far beyond what is currently possible (and remember in most definitions death is an irreversible condition).

What is open as a possibility is if the cryo-person was not dead or terminally ill to begin withso this might involve combining cryo-preservation with euthanasia (thus compounding the moral problems, especially if the person was not terminally ill which is a requirement in most jurisdictions that allow euthanasia). I suppose this technique might be used to enable deep space exploration where the person was placed into a suspended animation though in this case cryo-preservation might not be the best thing because, using current technologies, the techniques are very damaging to cells though work is going on to improve the technique.

To touch on some of the wider social problemsif a person were cryo-preserved for several hundred years what would be their status in the future communityawoken alone with no friends or living relatives, like a ship-wreck survivor thrown up on some foreign shore.

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Will Cryogenically Frozen People Ever Be Revived?

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PraxairCellulisCryologicsCryothermKrioRusVWRThermo Fisher ScientificCustom Biogenic SystemsOregon CryonicsAlcor Life Extension FoundationOsiris CryonicsSigma-AldrichSouthern Cryonics

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Cryonics Technology Product Types :

Slow freezingVitrificationUltra-rapid

Cryonics Technology Applications :

Animal husbandryFishery scienceMedical sciencePreservation of microbiology cultureConserving plant biodiversity

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Cryonics Technology Market Statistics, Facts & Figures, Size, Trends and Forecast 2025 by Leading Companies Praxair, Cellulis, Cryologics,...

Is there an afterlife?

Despite centuries of inquiry, nobody's made progress on this fundamental question, and perhaps nobody ever will. So, maybe a better question is: Can humans create an afterlife?

Some scientists think so.

In 2018, Alexey Turchin and Maxim Chernyakov, both members of the Russian Transhumanist Movement, wrote a paper outlining the main ways science might someday make immortality and resurrection possible. Called the "Immortality Roadmap," the project describes the ways people might be able to extend lifespan or live forever, from using cryonics to freeze themselves, to constructing nanobots for "treatment of injuries and cell cyborgization."

But the Immortality Roadmap mentions one particularly grandiose road to immortality. Outlined in "Plan C" of the project, the idea is to create a simulation of humanity's past through artificial intelligence that's able to digitally reconstruct people.

The AI would use DNA and other information about individuals to create models of those individuals within a simulation, allowing recently deceased people to experience another chance at life or, at least an approximation of life.

"The main idea of a resurrection-simulation is that if one takes the DNA of a past person and subjects it to the same developmental condition, as well as correcting the development based on some known outcomes, it is possible to create a model of a past person which is very close to the original," the researchers wrote.

"DNA samples of most people who lived in past 1 to 2 centuries could be extracted via global archeology. After the moment of death, the simulated person is moved into some form of the afterlife, perhaps similar to his religious expectations, where he meets his relatives."

But would that digital copy really be you, or rather a fundamentally different digital being that resembles you? What about the other "people" that inhabit the simulation, would they be "real"? And would people actually want to repeat their lives over again, perhaps forever?

Of course, these are questions that Immortality Roadmap can't answer. But what's clear is that, if technology ever becomes able to create a "resurrection simulation," it's going to require vast amounts of computing power far more than what currently exists on Earth. That's where Dyson spheres come into play.

In 1960, the theoretical physicist Freeman Dyson published a paper describing a peculiar strategy scientists could use to detect signs of alien life: look for stars encompassed by gigantic megastructures.

Why? Dyson figured that if spacefaring alien civilizations do exist, then they must have figured out a way to generate vast amounts of energy. One theoretical way aliens could do that is through harnessing the power of stars: By surrounding a star with orbiting structures that capture solar energy, a civilization could theoretically generate far more energy than they could on a planet.

That's the basic idea behind Dyson spheres. Of course, modern science is far from being able to build such a complex megastructure, and it's unclear whether it'll ever be possible.

"An actual sphere around the sun is completely impractical," Stuart Armstrong, a research fellow at Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute who has studied megastructure concepts, told Popular Mechanics in 2020.

There are many questions about and arguments against the feasibility of Dyson spheres. Obviously, our modern engineering capabilities wouldn't enable us to build a structure that big and complex, and then transport it to the sun. And even if engineers could build an enormous sun shell, we don't have materials with enough tensile strength to hold together the structure once it's surrounding the sun.

Other potential problems: space debris colliding with the sphere, inefficiencies in transporting the energy back to Earth, and having to perform maintenance on a megastructure that's dangerously close to the sun. In short, the Dyson sphere is a very theoretical concept.

Dyson sphere

Credit: vexworldwide via Adobe Stock

But some people think building a Dyson sphere is more feasible than it seems. In 2012, the bioethicist and transhumanist George Dvorsky published a blog post titled "How to build a Dyson sphere in five (relatively) easy steps." His strategy, in short, calls for sending autonomous robots into space, where they would:

"The idea is to build the entire swarm in iterative steps and not all at once. We would only need to build a small section of the Dyson sphere to provide the energy requirements for the rest of the project. Thus, construction efficiency will increase over time as the project progresses," Dvorsky wrote.

"We're going to have to mine materials from Mercury. Actually, we'll likely have to take the whole planet apart. The Dyson sphere will require a horrendous amount of materialso much so, in fact, that, should we want to completely envelope the sun, we are going to have to disassemble not just Mercury, but Venus, some of the outer planets, and any nearby asteroids as well."

Credit: ALEXEY TURCHIN

Turchin echoed a similar idea to Popular Mechanics, acknowledging that while humans currently can't build a Dyson sphere, "nanorobots could do it."

Still, even if scientists someday manage to create a Dyson sphere that's able to power a resurrection simulation, there's a good chance many people won't take part: Surveys repeatedly show that most people would not opt to live forever if given the choice.

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Dyson spheres: The key to resurrection and immortality? - Big Think

At the age of 18, Emil Kendziorra had a life plan.

First, he was going to become a doctor. Then he was going to make heaps of money. Then he was going to use that money to start a longevity business helping people (and himself) live a much longer life.

One of the things that motivates me is the fear of death, Kendziorra tells Sifted. I dont want to die.

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The first bit of the plan went exactly as imagined.

He became a doctor. Then he made a lot of money in tech founding companies, including software business Solid Media, a restaurant review site Onfeedback and then doctor-on-demand-network Medlanes (which was acquired last month).

But there was a snag. When researching what was happening in the longevity sector to start his new business, he felt pessimistic that the science would go far enough in his lifetime so he and others really could live forever.

One of the things that motivates me is fear of death

This was a tough moment for the 35-year-old, who had to rethink the next stage of his life plans. If you look at how far science has gotten, it is unlikely that a solution will be found within my lifetime, he says.

This prompted him to take a new path, getting into an even more esoteric field: the cryogenic freezing of people on their deathbed.

He now has a business called Tomorrow Biostasis that in exchange for an insurance payment of 30100 per month will freeze users heads or bodies from -130 to -196 degrees celsius with the idea that they will one day be resurrected.

Its part of a growing trend of companies getting into this field. But why is he freezing people? How does it work? And does it even work?

If there is a fair bit of scepticism out there about the whole science of longevity, or living forever, there is even more so about cryonics.

Cryonics is probably best known for showing up in films like 2001: A Space Odyssey, Vanilla Sky or the television series Futurama.

The technology was also recently featured in a documentary on Netflix in which the parents of a terminally ill two-year-old decided to cryogenically preserve her brain.

The idea of inducing metabolic stasis in humans using cryogenic temperatures was proposed in the 1960s as a way of preventing structural decay of the brain, following the terminal failure of the body.

Indefinitely preserving the brains physical state was though to leave open the possibility of resuscitating consciousness: in other words, by restoring function to the brain using one of several theorised but as of yet undeveloped techniques such as digital reconstruction or nanobot cellular repair.

The idea of the technology has long been to freeze the human body shortly after pronounced legally dead, replace the blood with a solution designed to preserve the organs and then adding a so-called cryoprotectant solution that freezes cells without causing crystal formation. Then the body is kept in cold storage until the technology has developed enough to successfully revive the body.

The trouble is that this might, of course, never actually work something Kendziorra readily admits. But he says that there are few scientists who say that this will definitely never be possible just different ideas about how likely it is to ever work.

From scientists in the community, that I would all say are good scientists, the range is from, 2%, to 90% [likelihood that it will work], he says.

But just because it is described as science fiction doesnt mean that one should give up, according to Kendziorra.

The first heart transplant was done in 1967 and if you had asked doctors before that, if it was possible, their answer would probably have been no, you are insane.But that is not reason enough not to try making it happen.

In late 2018, Kendziorra set up a company called Tomorrow Biostasis where people all over Europe are able to sign up for cryogenically freezing and storing when they die.

Working with big insurance companies, users pay a monthly fee for the right to be frozen. Similar to life insurance, it only is a guarantee as long as you are under the age of 60 or 70 depending on the plan.

So far the startup has nearly 500 people signed up to be frozen when the time comes.

But even the freezing is hard.

One thing that is very important, logistically speaking, is if someone dies, you need to be there quickly to start the cooldown process, otherwise the cell damage starts to happen, Kendziorra says.

Alcor, one of the leading US companies when it comes to cryopreservation, believes that the process needs to start within minutes of death, however, this rarely happens due to delays at the hospital where the patient died.

Others would argue that severe cell damage caused by a body left dead for several hours, cannot be reversed, not even with the best medical nanorobots of the future.

Kendziorra is a bit more optimistic and Tomorrow Biostasis picks up people across Europe.

We have a medical response team that has a specialised ambulance vehicle, which is basically a mobile operating room, that is dispatched to pick up the patient, he says.

When the patient is ready for long-term storing, Tomorrow Biostasis uses non-profit organisations set up for this work.

According to Kendziorra, 100k is set aside for each patient. That money is then invested with the idea of 23% return of investment per year 2% for inflation and 1% to pay for the storage of the body.

The idea is that over time, even if it takes 50 or 100 years, you only use the interest and always keep the principle that you had in the beginning. Then you have this money available to pay for revival, Kendziorra says.

And some of that money would also be put aside as pocket money after one is revived. Whether money even exists and how one would fit into society a century from now are two different questions.

Apart from Tomorrow Biostasis, there arent a lot of cryonic startups in Europe. According to Kendziorra, the Swiss-Russian company Kriorus had some internal problems that had a negative effect on the reputation of the company.

One thing that is very important, logistically speaking, is if someone dies, you need to be there quick to start the cooldown process, otherwise the cell damage starts to happen

Kendziorra believes that trust and stability are key for a cryonics company. So far Tomorrow Biostasis has only raised an undisclosed amount from angel investors in Berlin and Silicon Valley but is planning for a larger funding round for 2021.

If you want more companies to choose from, youd better turn to the US.

Based in Arizona and by being around for 40 years, Alcor has perhaps helped the reputation of the technology, particularly in Silicon Valley.

To put yourself on ice is something that both PayPal founder Peter Thiel and computer scientist Ray Kurzweil have signed up to. In 2017, the AI-run hedge fund Numerai allowed employees cryonic body preservation as a benefit.

To be afraid of dying is not the only motivator for people that sign up for cryopreservation, according to Kendziorra.

Apart from not liking the idea of non-existence, I believe that people, who want this, think positively about life and therefore want it for longer. Another common motivation is also a curiosity about how life will look in the future. I think its always a combination of these three motivations. And I would say I subscribe to all of them, he says.

Mimi Billing is Sifteds Nordic correspondent. She also covers healthtech, and tweets from @MimiBilling

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Putting dead heads on ice until the technology catches up - Sifted

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Global Cryonics Technology Market Detailed analysis of current Industry figures with forecasts growth by 2028 | Top Players; Praxair, Cellulis,...

Science has been challenging our conventional and accepted nature of reality throughout history. It wouldnt be too surprising if the media informed us out of the blue that humans are colonising Mars while anecdotes about vaccine breakthroughs storm the Internet.

However, although we have already spectated immaculate drama films that take humans to the future, what if I told you that such an opportunity might no longer be fictional?

Cryonic preservation, also labelled as cryonics, is an intensive procedure wherein human corpses are contained and sealed inside cold storages (through a process known as vitrification).

It was initiated in hopes of finding a cure to death in the future which would entail that the person might wake up thousands of years from now in case humans make a resurrection breakthrough.

If you have watched the film Idiocracy, you may have already been acquainted with the dangers of experiencing the future.

However, fantasies aside, the science of cryonics has largely been repudiated by the mainstream scientific community. Some call it a myth, whereas others call it quackery.

The public obsession with the idea that bodies could be frozen and revived with the advancement of medicine began early in the 1960s, and these seemingly rational fanatics chambered the first body on 16th January 1967.

James Bedford is the first person to ever be cryonically preserved. He was a professor of psychology at the University of California before he succumbed to his liver cancer.

The body was immersed in liquid nitrogen, which was contained within a box of dry ice. Bedfords body is now kept at the Alcor Life Extension Foundation in Scottsdale, Arizona, and is waiting for cancer to get a cure so that he can breath again.

In 1991, when his body was briefly analysed, they found that it had not suffered any deterioration.

Many scientists, such as neuroscientist Michael Hendricks of McGill University in Canada, believe that technology will not be able to find a solution to reverse dead tissues reanimation is a false hope.

Even Bedfords family members have gone to the court to undo the decision he has made regarding his bodys preservation.

Interestingly, when the baseball icon Ted Williams body was preserved in Alcor, a petition was approved that labelled the facility as a cemetery. Hence, politics has also rendered it impossible for conservationists to work on their dreams.

The Cryonics Institutes webpage elicits a positive affirmation that the world will one day be fully rid of ailments and diseases much-needed information during COVID-19 times. 250 individuals in total have been successfully preserved across the world.

Its not all pseudoscience perhaps, as these futurists have also broadened their field into nanobiology and cryobiology, which focuses on preserving organs. The entire premise of the exercise is that the body only needs the mind to function and remember its history.

Dennis Kowalski, the president of the Cryonics Institute located in Michigan, expressed that the only concern they have is the uncertainty of the experiments success.

However, the same may not matter since the person will remain dead anyway. In 2016, the team was able to keep alive a vitrified rabbit brain.

What about the consequences of waking up baffled and confused in the future?

These institutes have ensured that the patient has minimum collateral which will enable them to move on their feet once they face the future.

India has not been able to get close to this technology even for its space programmes. However, such a cryogenic technology is not for preservation but for the ignition of space engines.

Future has a lot in store for us, but it can be achieved only if we tackle other issues such as climate change, which we face amidst the suspicion of sustainability today.

I am sure that the success of cryogenics can become a possibility; our descendants can take care of the ethicality of the process while we can admire it now in speculation.

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This post is tagged under: what is cryonic preservation, how to cheat death, pseudoscience, quaker science, is there a way to time travel, waking up in the future, cryogenic preservation, science of preservation, ted williams, ted williams death, baseball stars death, cryonics institute, cryonics in china, cryocare equipment corporation, resurrection, future, india and cryonics, liquid nitrogen, preserving bodies, curing cancer, curing ailments, space programmes, cryogenics in america, james bedford, first person to have been preserved, how many cryogenic preservations, when did cryogenic preservation start, will cryonics work

Californias Museum Of Death Celebrates The Blessing It Is To Be Alive

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Cryonic Preservation Technique Lets You Preserve Your Body And Wake Up In The Future - ED Times

The global Cryonics Technology market research report provides the detail analysis of various factors that used for the growth of the market. These factors provide thoughtful and deep knowledge of the flow and future directors of the market. Along with this, these factors also help to provide new market opportunities for the new players who are entering in the Global Cryonics Technology Market. The statistical and numerical data that is provided in the market research report is integrated in the tabular, graphical and pie charts format, which makes easy for the marketers to understand the facts and figures. Moreover, the market research report also covers the information on market drivers, restrains, future opportunities and challenges that helps in the growth of the global Cryonics Technology market.

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The global Cryonics Technology market research report covers market attractiveness analysis, where each segment of the market is benchmarked based on its market size, growth rate and general appeal. The global Cryonics Technology marketis expected to achieve market growth as well as upcoming market opportunities or challenges in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. The company researcher analyses the market is mounting at a vigorous CAGR in the forecast period.

Moreover, the global Cryonics Technology market research analysis report also provides the complete details on the major elements of the market like mergers and acquisition of the major key players, research and development activities, new product launches, product pricing and Covid-19 impact on the major players of the market. The global Cryonics Technology market research report covers estimation of the market from 2020-2027 and historical information from 2015-2019.

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The Market Coverage chapter in the market research report provides an important assessment of market segments like market types, application and region, also provides application view, significant makers, product offerings and measure period.

The Outline chapter in the market research report emphases on all the key market drivers, restrains and market limitations, which helps the growth of the global Cryonics Technology market in the current and forecast period. Along with this, this chapter also provides market development rate, drive market patterns and major market viewpoints.

The Regional Analysis chapter in the market research report focuses on all the division and sub-division across the globe. In this chapter, the marketers analyze and evaluate the most recent market import and fare patterns, along with this, the report also provides information on the production and utilization quantities of the Cryonics Technology products. The market major parts in every area and income period details are also covered in the global Cryonics Technology market research report.

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Global Cryonics Technology Market (2020) to Witness Huge Growth by 2026 | Praxair, Cellulis, Cryologics, Cryotherm, KrioRus, VWR, and more -...

Author : Roy Phillips, MD, CryoCoax

05 January 2021

Its early origins were in the late nineteenth century when Faraday et al experimented with the liquefaction of various gases and has developed tremendously over the subsequent 140 years or so. (Note: it not to be confused with cryonics, the science of freezing dead bodies!).

Today Cryogenics has become a key part of our scientific and engineering present and is set to become an even bigger part of our future.

A key emerging market for cryogenics in the electronics industry is being created by the immense interest in quantum computing, while other applications include medical, space, defence, aerospace, education, test and measurement, biological research, chemistry and more.

The use of electronics, particularly RF, within cryogenic applications is especially interesting and involves a phenomenon called superconductivity.

Superconductivity occurs within certain materials at ultra-low temperatures when a charge or signal moves through the material without resistance. The obvious benefits of this are a massive increase in capacity, efficiency and the signal integrity of an RF system.

One of the biggest challenges in this market is the very the narrow supply chain for the exotic materials required to manufacture cryogenic products and the new technology required to combine components into a working system or sub-assembly. While not insurmountable, this remains the biggest challenge to successfully create manufacturable products with reliable and repeatable performance.

As conventional soldering is not possible with some cryogenic cable materials Intelliconnect has designed a solderless connector and other low temperature hardware to create assemblies which work to below 2 K (-271.15C) at bandwidths up to 40GHz.

Technical specifications, both electrical and mechanical are significantly different in the cryogenics world and product design engineers will be working with scientists outside of the customary world of electronics, rather than their traditional customer base of RF and electronics engineers, which presents a new set of challenges.

The enormous investment in equipment and stock required was the first major hurdle. Specialised test equipment, self-designed manufacturing equipment, hugely expensive materials and even additional manufacturing space has had to be procured.

Relationships with many seats of learning in UK, USA and elsewhere were essential and Intelliconnect has developed a large network of University partnerships which has helped immeasurably with product development and elevating technical expertise.

In such a specialised vertical market brand recognition becomes extremely important. In an industry where physical and electrical tolerances are very low, quality expectations are incredibly high, and product and supply reliability are paramount, it has been essential to create a new brand which was synonymous with all of these customer requirements. Intelliconnect has created a specialised subsidiary business CryoCoax dedicated to the cryogenics industry.

CryoCoax are members of the British Cryogenics Council, the Cryogenics Society of Europe and the Cryogenics Society of America. An ISO9001 manufacturer CryoCoax is also SC21 accredited to a Silver standard. SC21 is a business quality and improvement qualification designed to provide a continuous improvement programme and assure supply chain performance. Silver Award proves >96% on time delivery and 99.5% quality.

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Intelliconnect (Europe) Ltd. - Cryogenics and connecting the cold bits - Design Products & Applications

The recent report titled Global Cryonics Technology Market Size, Status and Forecast 2020-2026 offered by Researchmoz.us, comprises of a comprehensive investigation into the geographical landscape, industry size along with the revenue estimation of the business. Additionally, the report also highlights the challenges impeding market growth and expansion strategies employed by leading companies in the Cryonics Technology market.

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In market segmentation by manufacturers, the report covers the following companies : Praxair, Cellulis, Cryologics, Cryotherm, KrioRus, VWR, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Custom Biogenic Systems, Oregon Cryonics, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Osiris Cryonics, Sigma-Aldrich, Southern Cryonics and among others.

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Business owners looking to scale up their business can refer this report that contains data regarding the rise in sales within a given consumer base for the forecast period, 2020 to 2026. Product owners can use this information along with the driving factors such as demographics and revenue generated from other products discussed in the report to get a better analysis of their products and services. Besides, the research analysts have compared the market growth rate with the product sales to enable business owners to determine the success or failure of a specific product or service.

Cryonics Technology Market is segmented as below:

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The Cryonics Technology market report focuses on the economic developments and consumer spending trends across different countries for the forecast period 2020 to 2026. The research further reveals which countries and regions will have a better standing in the years to come. Apart from this, the study talks about the growth rate, market share as well as the recent developments in the Cryonics Technology industry worldwide. Besides, the special mention of major market players adds importance to the overall market study.

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To summarize, the global Cryonics Technology market report studies the contemporary market to forecast the growth prospects, challenges, opportunities, risks, threats, and the trends observed in the market that can either propel or curtail the growth rate of the industry. The market factors impacting the global sector also include provincial trade policies, international trade disputes, entry barriers, and other regulatory restrictions.

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For the study of the production of very low temperatures, see Cryogenics. For the low-temperature preservation of living tissue and organisms in general, see Cryopreservation. For the Hot Cross album, see Cryonics (album).

Freezing of a human corpse

Cryonics (from Greek: kryos meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature freezing (usually at 196C or 320.8F or 77.1K) and storage of a human corpse or severed head, with the speculative hope that resurrection may be possible in the future.[1][2] Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community. It is generally viewed as a pseudoscience,[3] and its practice has been characterized as quackery.[4][5]

Cryonics procedures can begin only after clinical death, and cryonics "patients" are legally dead. Cryonics procedures may begin within minutes of death,[6] and use cryoprotectants to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation.[7] It is, however, not possible for a corpse to be reanimated after undergoing vitrification, as this causes damage to the brain including its neural networks.[8] The first corpse to be frozen was that of Dr. James Bedford in 1967.[9] As of 2014, about 250 dead bodies had been cryopreserved in the United States, and 1,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation of their corpses.[10]

Economic reality means it is highly improbable that any cryonics corporation could continue in business long enough to take advantage of the claimed long-term benefits offered.[11] Early attempts of cryonic preservations were performed in the 1960s and early 1970s which ended in failure with companies going out of business, and their stored corpses thawed and disposed of.[12]

Cryonicists argue that as long as brain structure remains intact, there is no fundamental barrier, given our current understanding of physical law, to recovering its information content. Cryonics proponents go further than the mainstream consensus in saying that the brain does not have to be continuously active to survive or retain memory. Cryonics controversially states that a human survives even within an inactive brain that has been badly damaged, provided that original encoding of memory and personality can, in theory, be adequately inferred and reconstituted from what structure remains.[10][13]

Cryonics uses temperatures below 130C, called cryopreservation, in an attempt to preserve enough brain information to permit future revival of the cryopreserved person. Cryopreservation may be accomplished by freezing, freezing with cryoprotectant to reduce ice damage, or by vitrification to avoid ice damage. Even using the best methods, cryopreservation of whole bodies or brains is very damaging and irreversible with current technology.

Cryonics advocates hold that in the future the use of some kind of presently-nonexistent nanotechnology may be able to help bring the dead back to life and treat the diseases which killed them.[14] Mind uploading has also been proposed.[15]

Cryonics can be expensive. As of 2018[update] the cost of preparing and storing corpses using cryonics ranged from US$28,000 to $200,000.[16]

When used at high concentrations, cryoprotectants can stop ice formation completely. Cooling and solidification without crystal formation is called vitrification.[17] The first cryoprotectant solutions able to vitrify at very slow cooling rates while still being compatible with whole organ survival were developed in the late 1990s by cryobiologists Gregory Fahy and Brian Wowk for the purpose of banking transplantable organs.[18][19][20] This has allowed animal brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. No ice crystal damage was found;[21] cellular damage was due to dehydration and toxicity of the cryoprotectant solutions.

Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs.[22][23] As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance.[22] KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure.[24] Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved ("neuropreservation"), rather than their whole body.

As of 2014, about 250 corpses have been cryogenically preserved in the U.S., and around 1,500 people have signed up to have their remains preserved.[10] As of 2016, four facilities exist in the world to retain cryopreserved bodies: three in the U.S. and one in Russia.[2][25]

Taking into account the lifecycle of corporations, it is extremely unlikely that any cryonics company could continue to exist for sufficient time to take advantage even of the supposed benefits offered: historically, even the most robust corporations have only a one-in-a-thousand chance of surviving even one hundred years.[11] Many cryonics companies have failed: as of 2018[update] all but one of the pre-1973 batch had gone out of business, and their stored corpses have been defrosted and disposed of.[12]

Without cryoprotectants, cell shrinkage and high salt concentrations during freezing usually prevent frozen cells from functioning again after thawing. Ice crystals can also disrupt connections between cells that are necessary for organs to function.[26] The difficulties of recovering large animals and their individual organs from a frozen state have been long known. Attempts to recover frozen mammals by simply rewarming them were abandoned by 1957.[27] At humanity's present level of scientific knowledge, only cells, tissues, and some small organs can be reversibly cryopreserved.[18][28]

Large vitrified organs tend to develop fractures during cooling,[29] a problem worsened by the large tissue masses and very low temperatures of cryonics.[30]

Actual cryonics organizations use vitrification without a chemical fixation step,[31] sacrificing some structural preservation quality for less damage at the molecular level. Some scientists, like Joao Pedro Magalhaes, have questioned whether using a deadly chemical for fixation eliminates the possibility of biological revival, making chemical fixation unsuitable for cryonics.[32]

In 2016, Robert L. McIntyre and Gregory Fahy at the cryobiology research company 21st Century Medicine, Inc. won the Small Animal Brain Preservation Prize of the Brain Preservation Foundation by demonstrating to the satisfaction of neuroscientist judges that a particular implementation of fixation and vitrification called aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation[33] could preserve a rabbit brain in "near perfect" condition at 135C, with the cell membranes, synapses, and intracellular structures intact in electron micrographs.[34][35] Brain Preservation Foundation President, Ken Hayworth, said, "This result directly answers a main skeptical and scientific criticism against cryonicsthat it does not provably preserve the delicate synaptic circuitry of the brain.[36] However the price paid for perfect preservation as seen by microscopy was tying up all protein molecules with chemical crosslinks, completely eliminating biological viability.

Outside the cryonics community, many scientists have strong skepticism toward cryonics methods. Cryobiologist Dayong Gao states that "we simply don't know if (subjects have) been damaged to the point where they've 'died' during vitrification because the subjects are now inside liquid nitrogen canisters." Biochemist Ken Storey argues (based on experience with organ transplants), that "even if you only wanted to preserve the brain, it has dozens of different areas, which would need to be cryopreserved using different protocols."[37]

Revival would require repairing damage from lack of oxygen, cryoprotectant toxicity, thermal stress (fracturing), freezing in tissues that do not successfully vitrify, finally followed by reversing the cause of death. In many cases extensive tissue regeneration would be necessary.[38]

Historically, a person had little control regarding how their body was treated after death as religion held jurisdiction over the ultimate fate of their body.[39] However, secular courts began to exercise jurisdiction over the body and use discretion in carrying out of the wishes of the deceased person.[39] Most countries legally treat preserved individuals as deceased persons because of laws that forbid vitrifying someone who is medically alive.[40] In France, cryonics is not considered a legal mode of body disposal;[41] only burial, cremation, and formal donation to science are allowed. However, bodies may legally be shipped to other countries for cryonic freezing.[42] As of 2015, the Canadian province of British Columbia prohibits the sale of arrangements for body preservation based on cryonics.[43] In Russia, cryonics falls outside both the medical industry and the funeral services industry, making it easier in Russia than in the U.S. to get hospitals and morgues to release cryonics candidates.[24]

In London in 2016, the English High Court ruled in favor of a mother's right to seek cryopreservation of her terminally ill 14-year-old daughter, as the girl wanted, contrary to the father's wishes. The decision was made on the basis that the case represented a conventional dispute over the disposal of the girl's body, although the judge urged ministers to seek "proper regulation" for the future of cryonic preservation following concerns raised by the hospital about the competence and professionalism of the team that conducted the preservation procedures.[44] In Alcor Life Extension Foundation v. Richardson, the Iowa Court of Appeals ordered for the disinterment of Richardson, who was buried against his wishes for cryopreservation.[39][45]

A detailed legal examination by Jochen Taupitz concludes that cryonic storage is legal in Germany for an indefinite period of time.[46]

In 2009, writing in Bioethics, David Shaw examines the ethical status of cryonics. The arguments against it include changing the concept of death, the expense of preservation and revival, lack of scientific advancement to permit revival, temptation to use premature euthanasia, and failure due to catastrophe. Arguments in favor of cryonics include the potential benefit to society, the prospect of immortality, and the benefits associated with avoiding death. Shaw explores the expense and the potential payoff, and applies an adapted version of Pascal's Wager to the question.[47]

In 2016, Charles Tandy wrote in favor of cryonics, arguing that honoring someone's last wishes is seen as a benevolent duty in American and many other cultures.[48]

Cryopreservation was applied to human cells beginning in 1954 with frozen sperm, which was thawed and used to inseminate three women.[49] The freezing of humans was first scientifically proposed by Michigan professor Robert Ettinger when he wrote The Prospect of Immortality (1962).[50] In April 1966, the first human body was frozenthough it had been embalmed for two monthsby being placed in liquid nitrogen and stored at just above freezing. The middle-aged woman from Los Angeles, whose name is unknown, was soon thawed out and buried by relatives.[51]

The first body to be frozen with the hope of future revival was James Bedford's, a few hours after his cancer-caused death in 1967.[52] Bedford's corpse is the only one frozen before 1974 still preserved today.[51] In 1976, Ettinger founded the Cryonics Institute; his corpse was cryopreserved in 2011.[50] Robert Nelson, "a former TV repairman with no scientific background" who led the Cryonics Society of California, was sued in 1981 for allowing nine bodies to thaw and decompose in the 1970s; in his defense, he claimed that the Cryonics Society had run out of money.[51] This led to the lowered reputation of cryonics in the U.S.[24]

In 2018, a Y-Combinator startup called Nectome was recognized for developing a method of preserving brains with chemicals rather than by freezing. The method is fatal, performed as euthanasia under general anethesia, but the hope is that future technology would allow the brain to be physically scanned into a computer simulation, neuron by neuron.[53]

According to The New York Times, cryonicists are predominantly nonreligious white males, outnumbering women by about three to one.[54] According to The Guardian, as of 2008, while most cryonicists used to be young, male and "geeky" recent demographics have shifted slightly towards whole families.[40]

In 2015 Du Hong, a 61-year-old female writer of children's literature, became the first known Chinese national to have their head cryopreserved.[55]

Cryonics is generally regarded as a fringe pseudoscience.[3] The Society for Cryobiology have rejected as members those who practiced cryonics,[3] and have issued a public statement saying that cryonics is "not science", and that it is a "personal choice" how people want to have their dead bodies disposed of.[56]

Russian company KrioRus is the only non-US vendor of cryonics services. Yevgeny Alexandrov, chair of the Russian Academy of Sciences commission against pseudoscience, said there was "no scientific basis" for cryonics, and that the company's offering was based on "unfounded speculation".[57]

Although scientists have expressed skepticism about cryonics in media sources,[24] philosopher Ole Martin Moen has written that it only receives a "miniscule" amount of attention from academia.[10]

While some neuroscientists contend that all the subtleties of a human mind are contained in its anatomical structure,[58] few neuroscientists will comment directly upon the topic of cryonics due to its speculative nature. Individuals who intend to be frozen are often "looked at as a bunch of kooks".[59] Cryobiologist Kenneth B. Storey said in 2004 that cryonics is impossible and will never be possible, as cryonics proponents are proposing to "over-turn the laws of physics, chemistry, and molecular science".[60] Neurobiologist Michael Hendricks has said that "Reanimation or simulation is an abjectly false hope that is beyond the promise of technology and is certainly impossible with the frozen, dead tissue offered by the 'cryonics' industry".[24]

William T. Jarvis has written that "Cryonics might be a suitable subject for scientific research, but marketing an unproven method to the public is quackery".[4][5]

According to cryonicist Aschwin de Wolf and others, cryonics can often produce intense hostility from spouses who are not cryonicists. James Hughes, the executive director of the pro-life-extension Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, chooses not to personally sign up for cryonics, calling it a worthy experiment but stating laconically that "I value my relationship with my wife."[54]

Cryobiologist Dayong Gao states that "People can always have hope that things will change in the future, but there is no scientific foundation supporting cryonics at this time."[37] As well, while it is universally agreed that "personal identity" is uninterrupted when brain activity temporarily ceases during incidents of accidental drowning (where people have been restored to normal functioning after being completely submerged in cold water for up to 66 minutes), some people express concern that a centuries-long cryopreservation might interrupt their conception of personal identity, such that the revived person would "not be you".[10]

Many people say there would be no point in being revived in the far future if their friends and families are dead.[47]

Suspended animation is a popular subject in science fiction and fantasy settings. It is often the means by which a character is transported into the future.

A survey in Germany found that about half of the respondents were familiar with cryonics, and about half of those familiar with cryonics had learned of the subject from films or television.[61]

Corpses subjected to the cryonics process include those of L. Stephen Coles (in 2014),[62] Hal Finney[63] (in 2014), and Ted Williams.[64]

Disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein wanted to have his head and penis frozen after death so that he could "seed the human race with his DNA".[65][66]

Television host Larry King has arranged to have his body frozen.[67] Other notable people who have arranged for cryopreservation include Oxford philosophers Anders Sandberg[68] and Nick Bostrom[69], as well as venture capitalist Peter Thiel.[70]

The urban legend suggesting Walt Disney's corpse was cryopreserved is false; it was cremated and interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.[71][a] Robert A. Heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept in The Door into Summer (serialized in 1956), was cremated and had his ashes distributed over the Pacific Ocean. Timothy Leary was a long-time cryonics advocate and signed up with a major cryonics provider, but he changed his mind shortly before his death, and was not cryopreserved.[73]

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Cryonics - Wikipedia