Category Archives: Cryonics

A case like his would normally have required 14 or more bags of fluids to be pumped into him, but now that posed a problem.

Had he been infected with the coronavirus, tiny aerosol droplets could have escaped and infected the staff, so the operating team had adopted new procedures that reduced the effectiveness of the treatment but used fewer liquids.

It was an elaborate workaround, especially considering that the patient had been declared legally dead more than a day earlier.

He had arrived in the operating room of Alcor Life Extension Foundation located in an industrial park near the airport in Scottsdale, Arizona packed in dry ice and ready to be cryopreserved, or stored at deep-freeze temperatures, in the hope that one day, perhaps decades or centuries from now, he could be brought back to life.

As it turns out, the pandemic that has affected billions of lives around the world has also had an impact on the nonliving.

From Moscow to Phoenix and from China to rural Australia, the major players in the business of preserving bodies at extremely low temperatures say the pandemic has brought new stresses to an industry that has long faced scepticism or outright hostility from medical and legal establishments that have dismissed it as quack science or fraud.

In some cases, COVID-19 precautions have limited the parts of the body that can be pumped full of protective chemicals to curb the damage caused by freezing.

Alcor, which has been in business since 1972, adopted new rules in its operating room last year that restricted the application of its medical-grade antifreeze solution to only the patients brain, leaving everything below the neck unprotected.

In the case of the California man, things were even worse because he had died without completing the normal legal and financial arrangements with Alcor, so no standby team had been on hand for his death. By the time he arrived at Alcors facility, too much time had elapsed for the team to be able to successfully circulate the protective chemicals, even to the brain.

That meant that when the patient was eventually sealed into a sleeping bag and stored in a thermoslike aluminium vat filled with liquid nitrogen that cooled it to minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 196 Celsius), ice crystals formed between the cells of his body, poking countless holes in cell membranes.

Max More, the 57-year-old former president of Alcor, said the damage caused by this patients straight freeze could probably still be repaired by future scientists, especially if there was only limited damage to the brain, which is often removed and stored alone in what is known in the trade as a neuro preservation.

I have always been signed up for a neuro myself, More said. I dont really understand why people want to take their broken-down old body with them. In the future itll probably be easier to start from scratch and just regenerate the body anyway.

The important stuff is up here, as far as I am concerned, he said, pointing to his sandy-blond crop of hair in a Zoom call. That is where my personality lives and my memories are all the rest is replaceable.

CRYOPRESERVING IN A PANDEMIC

Supporters of cryonics insist that death is a process of deterioration rather than simply the moment when the heart stops, and that rapid intervention can act as a freeze frame on life, allowing super-chilled preservation to serve as an ambulance to the future.

They usually concede that there is no guarantee that future science will ever be able to repair and reanimate the body, but even a long shot, they argue, is better than the odds of revival zero if the body is turned to dust or ashes. If you are starting out dead, they say, you have nothing to lose.

During the pandemic, a heightened awareness of mortality seems to have led to more interest in signing up for cryopreservation procedures that can cost north of $200,000.

Perhaps the coronavirus made them realize their life is the most important thing they have and made them want to invest in their own future, said Valeriya Udalova, 61, chief executive of KrioRus, which has been operating in Moscow since 2006. Both KrioRus and Alcor said they had received a record number of inquiries in recent months.

Jim Yount, who has been a member of the American Cryonics Society for 49 years, said he has often seen health crises or the death of a loved one bring cryonics to the front of peoples minds.

Something like COVID brings home the fact that they are not immortal, Yount, 78, said during a recent stint working in the organizations office in Silicon Valley.

The American Society of Cryonics has been offering support services since 1969 but stores its 30 cryopreserved members at another organization, the Cryonics Institute, near Detroit.

Alcor, the most expensive and best-known cryonics company in the United States, said the pandemic forced it to cancel public tours of its Scottsdale operation. It has also been harder to reach clients quickly, both because of travel restrictions and limitations on hospital access.

Usually we like to get to the hospital beforehand if we have advance notice that the patient is terminal so we can talk to the staff, get to know the layout and how we are going to get the patient out of there as quickly as possible, said More, who is now a spokesman for Alcor.

The company stocked up on chemicals at the start of the pandemic, he said, but actually we dodged a bullet for our members because fortunately we have had very few deaths.

After averaging one cryopreservation a month in the 18 months before the pandemic, Alcor has dealt with just six since January 2020, perhaps through a combination of luck and clients heeding the companys plea to avoid risky activities during the pandemic.

KrioRus, the only operator with cryostorage facilities in Europe, was busier than ever and performed nine cryopreservations during the pandemic, according to Udalova, with some of the deaths caused indirectly by COVID.

Visa and quarantine rules threatened delays of up to four weeks to reach their bodies, and the company often had to rely on local associates to deal with its clients, who died in South Korea, France, Ukraine and Russia.

Different problems have emerged in Australia, which has had some of the worlds most restrictive COVID border controls.

Southern Cryonics, a startup, was unable to fly in foreign experts to train its staff, forcing it to delay by a year the planned opening of a facility capable of storing 40 bodies.

In China, the newest major player in cryonics, the Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute had to stop public visits to its facility in Jinan, the capital of Shandong province, which has made it difficult to recruit clients.

THE COST OF MAYBE LIVING A BIT LONGER

More than 50 years after the first cryopreservations, there are now about 500 people stored in vats around the world, the great majority of them in the United States.

The Cryonics Institute, for instance, holds 206 bodies, while Alcor has 182 bodies or neuros of people ages 2 to 101. KrioRus has 80, and there are a handful of others held by smaller operations.

The Chinese performed their first cryopreservation in 2017, and Yinfengs storage vats hold only a dozen clients. But Aaron Drake, the clinical director of the company, who moved to China after seven years as head of Alcors medical response team, noted that it took Alcor more than three times as long to reach that number of preserved bodies.

Yinfeng has priced itself at the top of the market alongside Alcor, which charges $200,000 to handle a whole body and $80,000 for a neuro.

Alcor has the largest number of people who have committed to paying its fees: 1,385, from 34 countries. (Fees are often funded with life insurance policies.) The Chinese have about 60 customers who have committed, while KrioRus said it has recruited 400 customers from 20 countries.

The Cryonics Institute has a different business model, charging basic fees as low as $28,000, with up to $60,000 more required if the members want transport and rapid standby teams like Alcors.

KrioRus is even cheaper, although it plans to raise its fees when it completes its current move from a corrugated metal warehouse 30 miles northeast of Moscow to a much larger facility being built in Tver, 105 miles northwest of the capital.

Alcors fees are so much higher mostly because the company places $115,000 of its whole body fee in a trust to guarantee future care of its patients, such as topping up the liquid nitrogen. That trust is managed by Morgan Stanley and is now worth more than $15 million.

Drake said he thinks the Chinese are hopeful that they will be able to outpace the American companies, and they have built a program capable of doing that.

The strongest reason for believing China will come to dominate the field is not just its population of 1.4 billion people but its domestic attitude toward cryopreservation. Far from being confined to the scientific fringe, Yinfeng is the only cryonics group that is supported by the government and embraced by mainstream researchers.

Our little business unit is owned by a private biotech firm that has about 8,000 employees and partners with the government on a lot of projects, Drake said. He added that it is well integrated into the hospital systems and cooperates with research institutes and universities.

The cooperation in China is a long way from the situation in Russia, where Evgeny Alexandrov, the chair of a Commission on Pseudoscience started by the official Academy of Sciences, has derided cryonics as an exclusively commercial undertaking that does not have any scientific basis.

In the United States, the Society of Cryobiology, whose members study the effects of low temperatures on living tissues for procedures such as IVF, adopted a bylaw in the 1980s threatening to expel any member who took part in any practice or application of freezing deceased persons in anticipation of their reanimation.

Past president Arthur Rowe wrote that believing cryonics could reanimate somebody who has been frozen is like believing you can turn hamburger back into a cow, while another past president said the work of cadaver freezers edged more toward fraud than either faith or science.

The society has since eased off, and while its formal position is that cryonics is an act of speculation or hope, not science, it no longer bans its members from the practice.

More at Alcor said there is much less hostility from the medical and scientific establishments now than just five years ago, when there was often tension between rapid response teams and hospitals.

It was quite common for us to show up at a hospital, try to explain what were doing and they would say: You want to do what? Not in my hospital you dont! he said.

They wouldnt let us in, so we would have to wait outside and it would slow things down, but that just doesnt happen anymore. Usually the staff have seen one of the documentaries on science channels, and they know something about what we do.

Typically the reaction now is: Oh, this is fascinating, Ive never seen this happen.

Peter Tsolakides, 71, a former marketing executive for Exxon Mobil and a founder of Australian startup Southern Cryonics, said he is grateful that people in the country tend to have an open mind about new things.

I dont think any public resistance will crop up here, and the state department of health has been really positive and helpful, he said.

An important difference between Yinfeng and most other operators is the Chinese firms greater willingness to preserve people who die without having expressed any interest in being put on ice.

This is seen as an important ethical question in the West, given that it could come as quite a shock for somebody to die, perhaps after coming to peace with their fate, only to wake up blinking at the ceiling lights of a laboratory a few decades or centuries later.

We dont like to take third-party cases, More said. If someone phones up and says, Uncle Fred is dying, I want to get him cryopreserved, we need to ask a bunch of questions before we even consider accepting that case.

Is there any evidence that Uncle Fred actually was interested in being cryopreserved? Because if not, we dont want to do it. Are there any family members who are really opposed to it? Because we dont want to have to go into a legal battle.

The litigious bent in the United States makes its cryonics firms especially twitchy. There have been many lawsuits by relatives of the deceased trying to stop the expensive cryonics procedure.

You have relatives who think, Now youre dead, I can overrule your wishes and just take your money, More said. Its amazing how often people try to do that.

The relatives of one client failed to inform Alcor that he had died and instead had him embalmed and buried in Europe. When Alcor found out a year later, it confirmed that his contract said he wanted to be cryopreserved no matter how much time had elapsed, so the company got a court order and had the body returned to Arizona.

Drake said the primacy that Western society places on an individuals choice in such cases is a big difference with Eastern culture.

In China it has to do with what the family members want, just like with medical treatments, he said. Lets say Grandpa gets cancer in China. Many times they wont even tell Grandpa he has cancer, and the other family members will decide what treatments should be done.

They might then say, Lets have Grandpa cryopreserved, and it has to be a unanimous agreement of the whole family but not including the individual who actually goes through it.

Udalova said the Russian system is somewhere in the middle. Somebody who dies without leaving written proof of their intentions can still be cryopreserved if two witnesses testify that is what the deceased wanted.

That may help explain an intriguing difference in the gender balance of people who have been preserved.

Men outnumber women by almost 3-to-1 among Alcors clients, and the imbalance is even greater among people registered with the Australian startup. But there is an almost even gender balance among KrioRus 80 patients.

That is because of a cultural situation here in Russia, Udalova said from her office in northern Moscow.

Our clients are mostly men, but they often cryopreserve their mothers first, because Russian men are brought up only by their mothers.

When those male clients eventually join their mothers in the firms metal vats, the gender balance will most likely tip toward more men, she said.

The Chinese, like the Russian men who want to embark on any new life with their mothers by their side, are also baffled by the tendency of American men to plan a solo journey into the future.

In the States you get some family members signing up together, but you get a lot more individuals signing themselves up, and the Chinese dont really get that, Drake said.

I think in almost all the cases in China so far, youve had a family member signing up their loved one who is near death.

If waking up alone in the future does not appeal, there is a growing trend in the United States of people paying tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars to cryopreserve their pets, with the cost based largely on the animals size.

If you want us to do your horse it is going to be different from your cats brain, More said. We seem to be having more pets than humans at the moment, and thats fine with dogs but its kind of tricky for cats and anything smaller because of their tiny blood vessels.

If you want to store a whole big dog, thats going to cost about as much as a human because of its size. My wife and I had our dog Oscar cryopreserved. He was a large goldendoodle, but we basically just had his brain stored to make it more affordable because Im in neuro anyway.

In Russia, KrioRus preserved cats and dogs have been joined by five hamsters, two rabbits and a chinchilla.

LIFE AFTER THE DEEP FREEZE

To smooth the jolt of trying to resume life in the future, most cryonics firms offer to store keepsakes, memory books and digital discs to help a revived patient rebuild memories or simply cope with nostalgia. Alcor uses a salt mine in Kansas for storage and is also working on options for putting money into a personal trust to finance a future life.

A final edge the Chinese cryonicists enjoy is a more accommodating cultural environment. Western religions tend to be more focused on the concepts of heaven and hell, and the body and brains being merely the repositories of an eternal soul rather than machines that can be switched off and on.

More, for one, has little patience with religious critics of cryonics.

Where in the Bible or the Quran, or the Bhagavad Gita does it say, Thou shalt not do cryonics? It doesnt. In fact in the Bible there are some people living for centuries.

Remember, he added, we are not talking about letting people live forever, just maybe a few hundred years more, and thats nothing compared to eternity.

When Christians complain that they would not like to be dragged back from heaven by having their body revived, More reminds them that they may be travelling from the other direction.

Are you sure youre not going downstairs? he asks. And if so, dont you want an escape clause? Cryonics might give you a chance to come back and do some good works so you will have a better chance of getting to heaven.

Udalova in Moscow said that some of her clients cover their bases by opting for both cryonics and a church funeral.

Russian priests always agree to do the religious service, she said. You just have dry ice in the coffin in the church.

2021 The New York Times Company

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The cryonics industry would like to give you the past year, and many more, back - bdnews24.com

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Segmented by CategorySlow freezing

Vitrification

Ultra-rapid

Segmented by End User-SegmentHospital

Research

Other

Segmented by CountryNorth AmericaUnited StatesCanadaMexicoEuropeGermanyFranceUKItalyRussiaSpainAsia PacificChinaJapanKoreaSoutheast AsiaIndiaAustralasiaCentral & South AmericaBrazilArgentinaColombiaMiddle East & AfricaIranIsraelTurkeySouth AfricaSaudi Arabia

Key manufacturers included in this surveyVWR

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Southern Cryonics

Sigma-Aldrich

Praxair

Osiris Cryonics

Oregon Cryonics

KrioRus

Custom Biogenic Systems

Cryotherm

Cryologics

Cellulis

Alcor Life Extension Foundation

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Table of Contents

1 Product Introduction and Overview2 Global Cryonics Technology Supply by Company3 Global and Regional Cryonics Technology Market Status by Category4 Global and Regional Cryonics Technology Market Status by End User/Segment5 Global Cryonics Technology Market Status by Region6 North America Cryonics Technology Market Status7 Europe Cryonics Technology Market Status8 Asia Pacific Cryonics Technology Market Status9 Central & South America Cryonics Technology Market Status10 Middle East & Africa Cryonics Technology Market Status11 Supply Chain and Manufacturing Cost Analysis12 Global Cryonics Technology Market Forecast by Category and by End User/Segment13 Global Cryonics Technology Market Forecast by Region/Country14 Key Participants Company Information15 Conclusion16 Methodology

Points Covered in the Report

The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.

The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analysed 12 years data history and forecast.

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Cryonics Technology Market Analytical Overview, Growth Factors, Demand and Trends Forecast to 2027 The ERX News - The ERX News

When an 87-year-old Californian man was wheeled into an operating room just outside Phoenix last year, the pandemic was at its height and medical protocols were being upended across the country.

A case like his would normally have required 14 or more bags of fluids to be pumped into him, but now that posed a problem.

Had he been infected with the coronavirus, tiny aerosol droplets could have escaped and infected staff, so the operating team had adopted new procedures that reduced the effectiveness of the treatment but used fewer liquids.

It was an elaborate workaround, especially considering the patient had been declared legally dead more than a day earlier.

He had arrived in the operating room of Alcor Life Extension Foundation located in an industrial park near the airport in Scottsdale, Ariz. packed in dry ice and ready to be cryopreserved, or stored at deep-freeze temperatures, in the hope that one day, perhaps decades or centuries from now, he could be brought back to life.

As it turns out, the pandemic that has affected billions of lives around the world has also had an impact on the nonliving.

From Moscow to Phoenix and from China to rural Australia, the major players in the business of preserving bodies at extremely low temperatures say the pandemic has brought new stresses to an industry that has long faced skepticism or outright hostility from medical and legal establishments that have dismissed it as quack science or fraud.

In some cases, Covid-19 precautions have limited the parts of the body that can be pumped full of protective chemicals to curb the damage caused by freezing.

Alcor, which has been in business since 1972, adopted new rules in its operating room last year that restricted the application of its medical-grade antifreeze solution to only the patients brain, leaving everything below the neck unprotected.

In the case of the Californian man, things were even worse because he had died without completing the normal legal and financial arrangements with Alcor, so no standby team had been on hand for his death. By the time he arrived at Alcors facility, too much time had elapsed for the team to be able to successfully circulate the protective chemicals, even to the brain.

That meant that when the patient was eventually sealed into a sleeping bag and stored in a large thermos-like aluminum vat filled with liquid nitrogen that cooled it to minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 196 Celsius), ice crystals formed between the cells of his body, poking countless holes in cell membranes.

Max More, the 57-year-old former president of Alcor, said that the damage caused by this patients straight freeze could probably still be repaired by future scientists, especially if there was only limited damage to the brain, which is often removed and stored alone in what is known in the trade as a neuro preservation.

I have always been signed up for a neuro myself, Mr. More said. I dont really understand why people want to take their broken-down old body with them. In the future itll probably be easier to start from scratch and just regenerate the body anyway.

The important stuff is up here as far as I am concerned, he said, pointing to his sandy-blond crop of hair in a Zoom call. That is where my personality lives and my memories are all the rest is replaceable.

Supporters of cryonics insist that death is a process of deterioration rather than simply the moment when the heart stops, and that rapid intervention can act as a freeze frame on life, allowing super-chilled preservation to serve as an ambulance to the future.

They usually concede there is no guarantee that future science will ever be able to repair and reanimate the body but even a long shot, they argue, is better than the odds of revival zero if the body is turned to dust or ashes. If you are starting out dead, they say, you have nothing to lose.

During the pandemic, a heightened awareness of mortality seems to have led to more interest in signing up for cryopreservation procedures that can cost north of $200,000.

Perhaps the coronavirus made them realize their life is the most important thing they have and made them want to invest in their own future, said Valeriya Udalova, 61, the chief executive of KrioRus, which has been operating in Moscow since 2006. Both KrioRus and Alcor said they had received a record number of inquiries in recent months.

Jim Yount, who has been a member of the American Cryonics Society for 49 years, said he has often seen health crises or the death of a loved one bring cryonics to the front of peoples minds.

Something like Covid brings home the fact that they are not immortal, said Mr. Yount, 78, during a recent stint working in the organizations office in Silicon Valley.

The American Cryonics Society has been offering support services since 1969 but stores its 30 cryopreserved members at another organization, the Cryonics Institute, near Detroit.

Alcor, the most expensive and best-known cryonics company in the United States, said the pandemic forced it to cancel public tours of its Scottsdale operation. It has also been harder to reach clients quickly, both because of travel restrictions and limitations on hospital access.

Usually we like to get to the hospital beforehand if we have advance notice that the patient is terminal so we can talk to the staff, get to know the layout and how we are going to get the patient out of there as quickly as possible, said Mr. More, who is now a spokesman for Alcor.

The company stocked up on chemicals at the start of the pandemic, he said, but actually we dodged a bullet for our members because fortunately we have had very few deaths.

After averaging about one cryopreservation a month in the 18 months before the pandemic, Alcor has dealt with just six since January 2020, perhaps through a combination of luck and clients heeding the companys plea to avoid risky activities during the pandemic.

KrioRus, the only operator with cryostorage facilities in Europe, was busier than ever and performed nine cryopreservations during the pandemic, according to Ms. Udalova, with some of the deaths caused indirectly by Covid.

Visa and quarantine rules threatened delays of up to four weeks to reach their bodies, and the company often had to rely on small local associates to deal with its clients, who died in South Korea, France, Ukraine and Russia.

Different problems have emerged in Australia, which has had some of the worlds most restrictive Covid border controls.

Southern Cryonics, a start-up, was unable to fly in foreign experts to train its staff, forcing it to delay by a year the planned opening of a facility capable of storing 40 bodies.

In China, the newest major player in cryonics, the Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute had to stop public visits to its facility in Jinan, the capital of Shandong province, which has made it difficult to recruit clients.

More than 50 years after the first cryopreservations, there are now about 500 people stored in vats around the world, the great majority of them in the United States.

The Cryonics Institute, for instance, holds 206 bodies while Alcor has 182 bodies or neuros of people aged 2 to 101. KrioRus has 80, and there are a handful of others held by smaller operations.

The Chinese performed their first cryopreservation in 2017, and Yinfengs storage vats hold only a dozen clients. But Aaron Drake, the clinical director of the company, who moved to China after seven years as head of Alcors medical response team, noted that it took Alcor more than three times as long to reach that number of preserved bodies.

Yinfeng has priced itself at the top of the market alongside Alcor, which charges $200,000 to handle a whole body and $80,000 for a neuro.

Alcor has the largest number of people who have committed to paying its fees: 1,385, from 34 countries. (Fees are often funded with life insurance policies.) The Chinese have about 60 customers who have committed, while KrioRus said it has recruited 400 customers from 20 countries.

The Cryonics Institute has a different business model, charging basic fees as low as $28,000 with up to $60,000 more required if the members want transport and rapid standby teams like Alcors.

KrioRus is even cheaper, although it plans to raise its fees when it completes its current move from a corrugated metal warehouse 30 miles northeast of Moscow to a much larger facility being built in Tver, 105 miles northwest of the capital.

Alcors fees are so much higher mostly because the company places $115,000 of its whole body fee in a trust to guarantee future care of its patients, such as topping up the liquid nitrogen. That trust is managed by Morgan Stanley and is now worth more than $15 million.

Mr. Drake said he believes the Chinese are hopeful that they will be able to outpace the American companies and they have built a program capable of doing that.

The strongest reason for believing China will come to dominate the field is not just its population of 1.4 billion people but its domestic attitude toward cryopreservation. Far from being confined to the scientific fringe, Yinfeng is the only cryonics group that is supported by government and embraced by mainstream researchers.

Our little business unit is owned by a private biotech firm that has about 8,000 employees and partners with the government on a lot of projects, Mr. Drake said. He added that it is well integrated into the hospital systems and cooperates with research institutes and universities.

The cooperation in China is a long way from the situation in Russia, where Evgeny Alexandrov, the chair of a Commission on Pseudoscience started by the official Academy of Sciences, has derided cryonics as an exclusively commercial undertaking that does not have any scientific basis.

In the United States, the Society of Cryobiology, whose members study the effects of low temperatures on living tissues for procedures such as IVF, adopted a bylaw in the 1980s threatening to expel any member who took part in any practice or application of freezing deceased persons in anticipation of their reanimation.

The societys past president Arthur Rowe wrote that believing cryonics could reanimate somebody who has been frozen is like believing you can turn hamburger back into a cow, while another past president said the work of cadaver freezers edged more toward fraud than either faith or science.

The society has since eased off, and while its formal position is that cryonics is an act of speculation or hope, not science, it no longer bans its members from the practice.

Mr. More at Alcor said there is much less hostility from the medical and scientific establishments now than just five years ago, when there was often tension between rapid response teams and hospitals.

It was quite common for us to show up at a hospital, try to explain what were doing and they would say, You want to do what? Not in my hospital you dont! he said.

They wouldnt let us in, so we would have to wait outside and it would slow things down, but that just doesnt happen anymore. Usually the staff have seen one of the documentaries on science channels and they know something about what we do.

Typically the reaction now is: Oh, this is fascinating, Ive never seen this happen.

Peter Tsolakides, 71, a former marketing executive for Exxon Mobil and a founder of the Australian start-up Southern Cryonics, said he is grateful that people in the country tend to have an open mind about new things.

I dont think any public resistance will crop up here, and the state department of health has been really positive and helpful, he said.

An important difference between Yinfeng and most other operators is the Chinese firms greater willingness to preserve people who die without having expressed any interest in being put on ice.

This is seen as an important ethical question in the West, given that it could come as quite a shock for somebody to die, perhaps after coming to peace with their fate, only to wake up blinking at the ceiling lights of a laboratory a few decades or centuries later.

We dont like to take third-party cases, Mr. More said. If someone phones up and says, Uncle Fred is dying, I want to get him cryopreserved, we need to ask a bunch of questions before we even consider accepting that case.

Is there any evidence that Uncle Fred actually was interested in being cryopreserved? Because if not, we dont want to do it. Are there any family members who are really opposed to it? Because we dont want to have to go into a legal battle.

The litigious bent in the United States make its cryonics firms especially twitchy. There have been many lawsuits by relatives of the deceased trying to stop the expensive cryonics procedure.

You have relatives who think, Now youre dead, I can overrule your wishes and just take your money, Mr. More said. Its amazing how often people try to do that.

The relatives of one client failed to inform Alcor that he had died and instead had him embalmed and buried in Europe. When Alcor found out a year later, it confirmed that his contract said he wanted to be cryopreserved no matter how much time had elapsed, so the company got a court order and had the body returned to Arizona.

Mr. Drake said that the primacy that Western society places on an individuals choice in such cases is a big difference with Eastern culture.

In China it has to do with what the family members want, just like with medical treatments, he said. Lets say Grandpa gets cancer in China. Many times they wont even tell Grandpa he has cancer, and the other family members will decide what treatments should be done.

They might then say, Lets have Grandpa cryopreserved, and it has to be a unanimous agreement of the whole family but not including the individual who actually goes through it.

Ms. Udalova said the Russian system is somewhere in the middle. Somebody who dies without leaving written proof of their intentions can still be cryopreserved if two witnesses testify that is what the deceased wanted.

That may help explain an intriguing difference in the gender balance of people who have been preserved.

Men outnumber women by almost three to one among Alcors clients, and the imbalance is even greater among people registered with the Australian start-up. But there is an almost even gender balance among KrioRuss 80 patients.

That is because of a cultural situation here in Russia, Ms. Udalova said from her office in northern Moscow.

Our clients are mostly men, but they often cryopreserve their mothers first, because Russian men are brought up only by their mothers.

When those male clients eventually join their mothers in the firms metal vats, the gender balance will likely tip toward more men, she said.

The Chinese, like the Russian men who want to embark on any new life with their mothers by their side, are also baffled by the tendency of American men to plan a solo journey into the future.

In the States you get some family members signing up together, but you get a lot more individuals signing themselves up and the Chinese dont really get that, Mr. Drake said.

I think in almost all the cases in China so far, youve had a family member signing up their loved one who is near death.

If waking up alone in the future does not appeal, there is a growing trend in the United States of people paying tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars to cryopreserve their pets, with the cost based largely on the animals size.

If you want us to do your horse it is going to be different from your cats brain, Mr. More said. We seem to be having more pets than humans at the moment, and thats fine with dogs but its kind of tricky for cats and anything smaller because of their tiny blood vessels.

If you want to store a whole big dog, thats going to cost about as much as a human because of its size. My wife and I had our dog Oscar cryopreserved. He was a large golden doodle, but we basically just had his brain stored to make it more affordable because Im in neuro anyway.

In Russia, KrioRuss preserved cats and dogs have been joined by five hamsters, two rabbits and a chinchilla.

To smooth the jolt of trying to resume life in the future, most cryonics firms offer to store keepsakes, memory books and digital discs to help a revived patient rebuild memories or simply cope with nostalgia. Alcor uses a salt mine in Kansas for storage and is also working on options for putting money into a personal trust to finance a future life.

A final edge the Chinese cryonicists enjoy is a more accommodating cultural environment, as Western religions tend to be more focused on the concepts of heaven and hell, and the body and brains being merely the repositories of an eternal soul rather than machines that can be switched off and on.

Mr. More, for one, has little patience with religious critics of cryonics. Where in the Bible or the Quran, or the Bhagavad Gita does it say, Thou shalt not do cryonics? It doesnt. In fact in the Bible there are some people living for centuries.

Remember, he added, we are not talking about letting people live forever, just maybe a few hundred years more, and thats nothing compared to eternity.

When Christians complain that they would not like to be dragged back from heaven by having their body revived, Mr. More reminds them that they may be traveling from the other direction.

Are you sure youre not going downstairs? he asks. And if so, dont you want an escape clause? Cryonics might give you a chance to come back and do some good works so you will have a better chance of getting to heaven.

Ms. Udalova in Moscow said some of her clients cover their bases by opting for both cryonics and a church funeral.

Russian priests always agree to do the religious service, she said. You just have dry ice in the coffin in the church.

Read more:

Cryonics During the Pandemic - The New York Times

Virtual and augmented reality. 3D printing. Natural language processing. Deep learning. The smart home. Driverless vehicles. Biometric technology. Genetically modified organisms. Brain-computer interfaces.

These, in descending order, are the top 10 most-invested-in emerging technologies in the United States, as ranked by number of deals. If you want to get a sense of which technologies will be shaping our future in the years to come, this probably isnt a bad starting point.

The figures come from a massive new artificial intelligence forecasting engine built by the French intelligence firm, LAtelier. We make sense of tomorrow, today, claims the website of the small company, which has been doing its smart technological guesswork (with humans instead of A.I.) since 1978.

I call it the technology intelligence engine, said Gio Tarraf, the bearded, yet boyish, 33-year-old who built the new model. I think its a terrible name, but for now itll have to do.

It certainly cant be worse than much of what we have today. Its no secret that most predictions are terrible. A famous 20-year study of experts, comprising 82,361 probability estimates about the future, were almost all wrong. As David Epsteins 2019 article for The Atlantic, The Peculiar Blindness of Experts, notes of the study: When experts declared that future events were impossible or nearly impossible, 15% of them occurred nonetheless. When they declared events to be a sure thing, more than one-quarter of them failed to transpire.

Geoff Hinton, one of the Nobel Prize-winning pioneers of artificial neural networks, once described the future to me as being akin to peering through fog. When youre in fog, you can see short distances quite clearly, he said. When you look a bit further, its fuzzier. But then if you want to see twice as far as that, you cant see anything at all. Thats because fog is exponential. Each unit of distance you look through fog, it will lose a certain fraction of the light.

Technology is no different. We might have a reasonable idea of what the next six months will hold for tech, but this gets sketchier when we predict the year 2022 as a whole. Jump forward five, 10, 15, 25 years and its all but impossible. Venture capitalists have long hunted unicorns, meaning big billion-dollar companies, not just because theyre immensely profitable, but because they offset all the other mistakes they make. You only need one Google or Facebook, or to have guessed right about the potential of smartphones back in, say, 2000, for all the incorrect predictions to fade into the distance.

Tarraf was fed up with incorrect predictions. He wanted a more data-driven approach to forecasting that could help investors, governments, pundits, and anyone else to get a more accurate picture of the shape of tech-yet-to-come. Not only could this potentially help make money for his firm, but it could also, he suggested, illuminate some of the blind spots people have which may lead to bias.

Tarrafs technology intelligence engine uses natural language processing (NLP) to sift through hundreds of millions of documents ranging from academic papers and research grants to startup funding details, social media posts, and news stories in dozens of different languages. The futurist and science fiction writer William Gibson famously opined that the future is already here, its just not evenly distributed. In other words, tomorrows technology has already been invented, but right now its hidden away in research labs, patent applications, and myriad other silos around the world. The technology intelligence engine seeks to unearth and aggregate them.

We have 100 million publications from around the world that have come from dozens of journals, Tarraf told Digital Trends. Weve got over a trillion dollars in grant funding. We have 14 million patents. In the next version, youre going to have over 100 million, with a big focus on Chinese patents. And we have early stage investment data of tech startups from 2015 to today.

The idea of having all these various metrics for assessing the future is that each gives a different perspective and a differing timeline. Startup funding, for example, is typically focused on the next two or three years. Thats because its the speed at which investors want to see a positive cash flow and, possibly, an exit. Not every startup will be a success, of course, but broad trends in funding can show where the areas of interest are.

Research grants, meanwhile, are closer to the five- to 10-year range view of the future. Academic papers, especially theoretical ones, offer the longest view of them all, stretching off into the technological horizon. As Tarraf points out, there was a rush of journal articles about quantum computing published in the 1990s, but the field is only starting to take off (or, at least, to rumble at the launch pad) today.

There are also those technologies that receive an outsize focus in the news media, but are probably a lot more smaller than their large headlines suggest. Dream technology captures a lot of attention, he said. Electronic contact lenses capture a lot of attention. But we dont see them capturing a lot of academics attention. Theyre just very cool [pieces of technology]. We all want to imagine a world where we can control our dreams while wearing these funny contact lenses.

Another aspect of the technology intelligence engine is to look more broadly at technology from around the world. Everyones obsessed with the U.S. or China, said Tarraf. We find that theres innovation happening all around the world.Consider, for instance, India. No ones talking about Indias growth in emerging technology, Tarraf said. Its massive. Its incredible. It has to be celebrated. We should be focusing on the amazing work thats being done by academics there. But they dont get the funding, they dont get the attention. This is what the engine can do. It can take you away from the global conversation we are having, and into the global conversation that, maybe, we should be having.

Based on the technology intelligence engines findings, there is no shortage of fascinating insights. For example, the U.S. dominates in most emerging technologies, although Canada leads in the number of deals related to carbon capture. There have been 2,000 deals on virtual, augmented, and mixed reality tech in the past five years with almost $2 billion invested. During that same time frame, $1.1 billion has been invested in drone technology, while A.I. tech has captured $3 billion of investment dollars.

And what about the hot technologies of tomorrow? Cryonics, aka technology that enables super cold storage, is big. Long considered a niche technology, there has been a big bump in interest in the past two years. Cryonics-related tech was needed to transport and store some of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, underlining its real-world usefulness.

Post-quantum encryption is important, too, referring to new ways of encrypting data for the quantum world. In 2019, nearly $50 million was allocated to the topic in global research funding more than double the previous years total.

And who can forget brain-computer interfaces, which benefited from the second largest growth in investment total in 2020, following satellite constellations. Once again, the U.S. dominates this field in terms of patents, capturing almost half of the nearly 200,000 BCI patents issued since 2015. China comes second, with a comparatively minor 35,000 patents to its name.

Affective computing, meaning computers that understand human emotions, is in demand worldwide although the U.S. trails China and India as researchers in this field. In 2020, China has filed 589 patents on affective computing, compared to 37 filed in the United States. However, the U.S. is leading in the number of investments related to this field.

As comfortable as Gio Tarraf is talking about the future, hes not yet able to share the future of the technology intelligence engine. The version I saw was clearly marked demo, and Tarraf notes that it is very much still a work-in-progress. As to exactly how this will be made available as a public tool (assuming that it will) has yet to be announced. One things for certain, though: Hes predicting it will be big.

I see this as a way to expand your vision of the world, and to reduce your bias and give a fairer view of technologies that are often overlooked, but that could have a significant impact on our lives, he noted.

Read this article:

Heres what a trend-analyzing A.I. thinks will be the next big thing in tech - Digital Trends

This Global Cryonics Technology market report is a robust study of the Cryonics Technology industry that has done a fact based analysis covering multiple dimensions of the Cryonics Technology market that help players across the Cryonics Technology market to holistically analyze the current state of the global Cryonics Technology market and plan ahead of competition. It provides break out of the Cryonics Technology market dominating countries in each region for a more granular view.The report provides consumer intelligenceby sourcing and interpreting information about target market and customers.

In-depth market analysis is carried out to reveal the factors that are influencing the price movement in the global Cryonics Technology market. The detailed analysis provides good knowledge about the Cryonics Technology market to the market participants.This research report focuses on the strategic priorities, technological transformations, and global market presence of the leading organizations. The report studies the changing consumer behavior, technology advances, and top challenges that may impact the enterprise and investors in the coming years. Additionally, the top strategic priorities of the leading players and those essential for the investors and stakeholders are presented in the report.

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This study covers following key players:

PraxairCellulisCryologicsCryothermKrioRusVWRThermo Fisher ScientificCustom Biogenic SystemsOregon CryonicsAlcor Life Extension FoundationOsiris CryonicsSigma-AldrichSouthern Cryonics

Key Manufacturers

The report provides information the main manufacturers in the market and fundamental principles of excellence implemented by them in their business model. The interim findings of the research are helpful to other suppliers, retailers, producers, manufacturers, business managers, and other stakeholders in the Cryonics Technology industry.The overall market indicators of the manufacturers is determined by macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, Interest Rates, Government Regulations and Fiscal Policies.

The manufacturers that are projected at higher growth and its fastest-growing segment are highlighted here. Influential factors such as technological advancements, rising popularity, and increasing disposable income are affecting the retail global Cryonics Technology market dynamics significantly. Significant factors such as application, versatility, convenient products driving growth of the manufacturers are detailed in the report.

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Market segment by Type, the product can be split into

Slow freezingVitrificationUltra-rapidCryonics Technology

Market segment by Application, split into

Animal husbandryFishery scienceMedical sciencePreservation of microbiology cultureConserving plant biodiversity

Regional Analysis

The report provides insights on the key regions operating in the market. The report by providing information of all the crucial regions helps the market players make changes according to the market situation in the region. Leading public and private stakeholders in the Cryonics Technology market based on market capitalization in the current year and their future growth prospects are detailed in the report. Strategic alignments of these market leaders for long-term sustenance are highlighted so as to recommend improvements or reformations in business models to other market players. Implementation of these successful strategies allows the market players to minimize risks, boost productivity at regional and global level.

Highlights of the Report:

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Global Cryonics Technology Market 2021: Size, Application, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies Analysis and Forecasts To 2026 The ERX News - The...

This Cryonics Technology market report provides the best business insight and understanding to help key players stay ahead of the competition. It also detects emerging trends and forecasts future market numbers, trends, and characteristics. This Cryonics Technology market report offers the most effective action strategies for dealing with the current market situation and establishing a marketplace. It also helps to improve and enhance the companys position. This Cryonics Technology market report allows industries to easily assess and compare their results to that of others. This Cryonics Technology market report provides a straightforward view of market tactics, which can assist companies in achieving massive profits. It also offers a good picture of trade restraints, product releases, business penetration in new areas, and technical developments and advancements.

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Industry players are able to go through some prominent industry growth factors in this Cryonics Technology Market Research such as trending developments, the financial status of companies, market scenario, and cost. Profits of few market regions are also given here in order to make beneficial decisions in terms of business expansions. Other leadings elements provided here to grow the market strongly are customer demand and region-wise market size. It gives a clear idea on the growth of key players and qualitative features of business in every region. This Cryonics Technology market research gives a current update on revenue generation, recent developments, financial status, and costing, financial status, and company profiles.

Key global participants in the Cryonics Technology market include:Cryotherm KrioRus Custom Biogenic Systems VWR Sigma-Aldrich Oregon Cryonics Southern Cryonics Alcor Life Extension Foundation Thermo Fisher Scientific Praxair Osiris Cryonics Cryologics Cellulis

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Segmentation on the Basis of Application:Animal husbandry Fishery science Medical science Preservation of microbiology culture Conserving plant biodiversity

Global Cryonics Technology market: Type segmentsSlow freezing Vitrification Ultra-rapid

Table of Content1 Report Overview1.1 Product Definition and Scope1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Cryonics Technology Market2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape3 Segmentation of Cryonics Technology Market by Types4 Segmentation of Cryonics Technology Market by End-Users5 Market Analysis by Major Regions6 Product Commodity of Cryonics Technology Market in Major Countries7 North America Cryonics Technology Landscape Analysis8 Europe Cryonics Technology Landscape Analysis9 Asia Pacific Cryonics Technology Landscape Analysis10 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Cryonics Technology Landscape Analysis 11 Major Players Profile

Furthermore, this study sheds light on a few key points that will drive the global markets financial flow. It also focuses on a number of key sources that can be used in the market to achieve the best results and gains. It also covers some critical approaches for exploring global market opportunities and expanding the company. In this Cryonics Technology market report, a thorough regional study is carried out, with a focus on a few main regions such as Europe, China, North America, Japan, India, and South America. Key players can easily gain a prominent position in the market with the aid of this detailed market research. It also depicts the COVID-19 global effects on various segments and countries.

In-depth Cryonics Technology Market Report: Intended AudienceCryonics Technology manufacturersDownstream vendors and end-usersTraders, distributors, and resellers of Cryonics TechnologyCryonics Technology industry associations and research organizationsProduct managers, Cryonics Technology industry administrator, C-level executives of the industriesMarket Research and consulting firms

It reveals macroeconomic factors as well as parent industry patterns. It also shows market rivalry among the most important companies and market experts. This Cryonics Technology Market report includes significant market aspects such as channel features, end-user market data, and key players. From the year 2021 to 2027, market data is provided at the regional level to show growth, sales, and revenue by region. Through this Cryonics Technology market report, it is possible to research potential shortages as well as problems faced by a number of critical industries.

About Global Market MonitorGlobal Market Monitor is a professional modern consulting company, engaged in three major business categories such as market research services, business advisory, technology consulting.We always maintain the win-win spirit, reliable quality and the vision of keeping pace with The Times, to help enterprises achieve revenue growth, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement, and significantly avoid operational risks, to achieve lean growth. Global Market Monitor has provided professional market research, investment consulting, and competitive intelligence services to thousands of organizations, including start-ups, government agencies, banks, research institutes, industry associations, consulting firms, and investment firms.ContactGlobal Market MonitorOne Pierrepont Plaza, 300 Cadman Plaza W, Brooklyn,NY 11201, USAName: Rebecca HallPhone: + 1 (347) 467 7721Email: info@globalmarketmonitor.comWeb Site: https://www.globalmarketmonitor.com

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Cryonics Technology Market Pegged for Robust Expansion by 2027 Covid-19 Analysis The Courier - The Courier

Making accurate business decisions is always a tough task. However, if the company has acquired proper insights about the market, making those decisions becomes easy. DataIntelo offers the right support any business requires in the form of its meticulous research reports.

DataIntelo has rolled out a novel report on the Global Cryonics Technology Market. The report is filled with imperative insights on the market which will support the clients to make accurate business decisions. This research will help both existing and new entrants for the Cryonics Technology market to figure out and study market essentials, market size, and competition. The report is integrated with data regarding the supply and demand situation, the competitive scenario, and the challenges for market growth, market opportunities, and the threats encountered by key players during the forecast period of 2020-2027.

Some of the major companies that are covered in this report:

PraxairCellulisCryologicsCryothermKrioRusVWRThermo Fisher ScientificCustom Biogenic SystemsOregon CryonicsAlcor Life Extension FoundationOsiris CryonicsSigma-AldrichSouthern Cryonics

*Note: Additional companies can be included on request

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Impact of COVID-19 on Cryonics Technology market

The report has also crucial insights regarding the impact of the ongoing global crisis i.e. COVID-19 on the Cryonics Technology market and explains how the future is going to unfold for the market in the coming years. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of the pandemic on the global economy. The outbreak has directly influenced production and disrupted the demand and supply chain. The report also calculates the financial impact on firms and financial markets. DataIntelo has gathered insights from various delegates of the industry and performed the primary and secondary research to include strategies into the report in order to combat the market challenges during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Industry experts and research analysts have worked extensively to fabricate the research report which will give that extra edge to our clients business in the competitive market. The market research report can be customized as per any requirement. This means that DataIntelo can cover a particular product, application, or can offer a detailed analysis in the report. DataIntelo also offers separate report for a specific region.

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Merits of buying the report:

The market scenario is likely to be fairly competitive. To analyze any market with simplicity the market is fragmented into the following segments:

By Applications:

HospitalResearchOther

By Types:

Slow freezingVitrificationUltra-rapid

By Regions:

Segmenting the market into smaller components helps in analyzing the dynamics of the market with more clarity. Another key component that is integrated into the report is the regional analysis to assess the global presence of the Cryonics Technology market. You can also opt for a yearly subscription to all the updates on the Cryonics Technology market.

Major questions answered in the report:

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Below is the TOC of the report:

Executive Summary

Assumptions and Acronyms Used

Research Methodology

Cryonics Technology Market Overview

Global Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast by Type

Global Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast by Application

Global Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel

Global Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast by Region

North America Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast

Latin America Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast

Europe Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Cryonics Technology Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application

Middle East & Africa Cryonics Technology Market Analysis and Forecast

Competition Landscape

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Cryonics Technology Market 2021 Is Booming Across the Globe by Share, Size, Growth, Segments and Forecast to 2027 | Top Players Analysis- Praxair,...

Russian transhumanist Alexey Turchin has shared a new "roadmap to immortality," which proposes several different plans (with backup plans!) for extending human life through technology. Here's the gist, as he explains it:

Plan A. The most obvious way to reach immortality is to survive until the creation of Friendly AI; in that case if you are young enough and optimistic enough, you can simply do nothing or just fund MIRI. However, if you are older, you have to jump from one method of life extension to the next as they become available. So plan A is a relay race of life extension methods, until the problem of death is solved.

This plan includes actions to defeat aging, to grow and replace diseased organs with new bioengineered ones, to get a nanotech body and in the end to be scanned into a computer. It is an optimized sequence of events, and depends on two things your personal actions (such as regular medical checkups), and collective actions such as civil activism and scientific research funding.

Plan B.However, if Plan A fails, i.e. if you die before the creation of superintelligence, there is Plan B, which is cryonics. Some simple steps can be taken now, such as calling your nearest cryocompany about a contract.

Plan C.Unfortunately, cryonics could also fail, and in that case Plan C is invoked. Of course it is much worse less reliable and less proven. Plan C is so-called digital immortality, where one could be returned to life based on existing recorded information about that person. It is not a particularly good plan, because we are not sure how to solve the identity problem which will arise, and we don't know if the collected amount of information would be enough. But it is still better than nothing.

Plan D.Lastly, if Plan C fails, we have Plan D. It is not a plan in fact, it is just hope or a bet that immortality already exists somehow: perhaps there is quantum immortality, or perhaps future AI will bring us back to life.

The first three plans demand particular actions now: we need to prepare for all of them simultaneously. All of the plans will lead to the same result: our minds will be uploaded into a computer with help of highly developed AI.

Here's a visual summary of his "Immortality Roadmap."

Of course, as Turchin explained to Popular Mechanics [Paywalled], it would take a lot of energy to power a super intelligence of this scale, which is where the Dyson Sphere would come into play. Also, if we're being technical, this super intelligence wouldn't so much be resurrecting you as it would be making a copy of the data that is you. Tomayto, Tomahto.

A Dyson Sphere Could Bring Humans Back From the Dead, Researchers Say [Stav Dimitropoulos / Popular Mechanics]

Immortality Roadmap [Alexey Turchin]

Image: Public Domain via NASA

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Scientist proposes new plan to "resurrect" the dead with a Dyson Sphere, kind of - Boing Boing

The recent report collected for the global Cryonics Technology market report gives information about the end customers, which combines the business theme subject matter experts, makers, retailers to pick the most recent things of market. The new report on the global Cryonics Technology market includes far reaching subtleties containing bits of knowledge archive in regards to the significant driving organizations along with offering the inside and out features about the business strategies utilized by the organizations just as ongoing industry refreshes. The market study contains the significant commitments of key areas such as manufacturing units and operating locations that affect the business improvement.

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Cryonics Technology Market: Premier Players and their Examination

PraxairCellulisCryologicsCryothermKrioRusVWRThermo Fisher ScientificCustom Biogenic SystemsOregon CryonicsAlcor Life Extension FoundationOsiris CryonicsSigma-AldrichSouthern Cryonics

Type Analysis of the Cryonics Technology Market:

Slow freezingVitrificationUltra-rapidCryonics Technology

Application Analysis of the Cryonics Technology Market:

Animal husbandryFishery scienceMedical sciencePreservation of microbiology cultureConserving plant biodiversity

The record prescribes business methodologies to the organizations in the midst of troublesome occasions, for example, the Covid-19 pandemic and guarantees them solid net revenues in coming years, in order to understand its immediate and long term impact on the business space and make ways to ensure strong profits in the long run. The report contains reasonable gauge on the market development and gives affirmed figures relating to significant industry patterns, development rate conjectures, production designs and different subtleties.

The narrative further contains assessment of the business dependent a few segments including applications and delayed consequences of the business. The examination of the market report contains information, for example, thing strategy of the affiliations, their enlargement guides, which are through and through surveyed to understand the improvement of the global Cryonics Technology market. Further it gives more respect to the buyer needs and their moving propensities and the money related/political ordinary change.

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Global Cryonics Technology Market Growth in the Forecast Period of 2020 to 2026 With Top Companies: , Buckeye Partners, Shell Pipeline, NuStar Energy,...

Process where biological matter is preserved by cooling to very low temperatures

Cryo-preservation or cryo-conservation is a process where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs, or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures[1] (typically 80C using solid carbon dioxide or 196C using liquid nitrogen). At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice crystals during freezing. Traditional cryopreservation has relied on coating the material to be frozen with a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants. New methods are being investigated due to the inherent toxicity of many cryoprotectants.[2] Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is done with the intention of conservation of the breed.

Water-bears (Tardigrada), microscopic multicellular organisms, can survive freezing by replacing most of their internal water with the sugar trehalose, preventing it from crystallization that otherwise damages cell membranes. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects. Some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood and other tissues. Urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as "cryoprotectants" to limit the amount of ice that forms and to reduce osmotic shrinkage of cells. Frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if no more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of "freezing frogs" has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, Dr. Kenneth B. Storey.[citation needed]

Freeze tolerance, in which organisms survive the winter by freezing solid and ceasing life functions, is known in a few vertebrates: five species of frogs (Rana sylvatica, Pseudacris triseriata, Hyla crucifer, Hyla versicolor, Hyla chrysoscelis), one of salamanders (Salamandrella keyserlingii), one of snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and three of turtles (Chrysemys picta, Terrapene carolina, Terrapene ornata).[3] Snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina and wall lizards Podarcis muralis also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of Rana sylvatica one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, which increases in concentration by approximately 19mmol/l when the frogs are cooled slowly.[3]

One early theoretician of cryopreservation was James Lovelock. In 1953, he suggested that damage to red blood cells during freezing was due to osmotic stress,[4] and that increasing the salt concentration in a dehydrating cell might damage it.[5][6] In the mid-1950s, he experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects; other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage.[7] This work led other scientists to attempt the short-term freezing of rats by 1955, which were fully active 4 to 7 days after being revived.[8]

Cryopreservation was applied to humans beginning in 1954 with three pregnancies resulting from the insemination of previously frozen sperm.[9] Fowl sperm was cryopreserved in 1957 by a team of scientists in the UK directed by Christopher Polge.[10] During 1963, Peter Mazur, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the U.S., demonstrated that lethal intracellular freezing could be avoided if cooling was slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. That rate differs between cells of differing size and water permeability: a typical cooling rate around 1C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide, but the rate is not a universal optimum.[11]

The first human body to be frozen with the hope of future revival was James Bedford's, a few hours after his cancer-caused death in 1967.[12] Bedford is the only cryonics patient frozen before 1974 still preserved today.[13]

Storage at very low temperatures is presumed to provide an indefinite longevity to cells, although the actual effective life is rather difficult to prove. Researchers experimenting with dried seeds found that there was noticeable variability of deterioration when samples were kept at different temperatures even ultra-cold temperatures. Temperatures less than the glass transition point (Tg) of polyol's water solutions, around 136C (137K; 213F), seem to be accepted as the range where biological activity very substantially slows, and 196C (77K; 321F), the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, is the preferred temperature for storing important specimens. While refrigerators, freezers and extra-cold freezers are used for many items, generally the ultra-cold of liquid nitrogen is required for successful preservation of the more complex biological structures to virtually stop all biological activity.

Phenomena which can cause damage to cells during cryopreservation mainly occur during the freezing stage, and include solution effects, extracellular ice formation, dehydration, and intracellular ice formation. Many of these effects can be reduced by cryoprotectants.Once the preserved material has become frozen, it is relatively safe from further damage.[14]

The main techniques to prevent cryopreservation damages are a well established combination of controlled rate and slow freezing and a newer flash-freezing process known as vitrification.

Controlled-rate and slow freezing, also known as slow programmable freezing (SPF),[15] is a set of well established techniques developed during the early 1970s which enabled the first human embryo frozen birth Zoe Leyland during 1984. Since then, machines that freeze biological samples using programmable sequences, or controlled rates, have been used all over the world for human, animal and cell biology "freezing down" a sample to better preserve it for eventual thawing, before it is frozen, or cryopreserved, in liquid nitrogen. Such machines are used for freezing oocytes, skin, blood products, embryo, sperm, stem cells and general tissue preservation in hospitals, veterinary practices and research laboratories around the world. As an example, the number of live births from frozen embryos 'slow frozen' is estimated at some 300,000 to 400,000 or 20% of the estimated 3 million in vitro fertilisation (IVF) births.[16]

Lethal intracellular freezing can be avoided if cooling is slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. To minimize the growth of extracellular ice crystals and recrystallization,[17] biomaterials such as alginates, polyvinyl alcohol or chitosan can be used to impede ice crystal growth along with traditional small molecule cryoprotectants.[2] That rate differs between cells of differing size and water permeability: a typical cooling rate of about 1C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide, but the rate is not a universal optimum. The 1C / minute rate can be achieved by using devices such as a rate-controlled freezer or a benchtop portable freezing container.[18]

Several independent studies have provided evidence that frozen embryos stored using slow-freezing techniques may in some ways be 'better' than fresh in IVF. The studies indicate that using frozen embryos and eggs rather than fresh embryos and eggs reduced the risk of stillbirth and premature delivery though the exact reasons are still being explored.

Researchers Greg Fahy and William F. Rall helped to introduce vitrification to reproductive cryopreservation in the mid-1980s.[19] As of 2000, researchers claim vitrification provides the benefits of cryopreservation without damage due to ice crystal formation.[20] The situation became more complex with the development of tissue engineering as both cells and biomaterials need to remain ice-free to preserve high cell viability and functions, integrity of constructs and structure of biomaterials. Vitrification of tissue engineered constructs was first reported by Lilia Kuleshova,[21] who also was the first scientist to achieve vitrification of oocytes, which resulted in live birth in 1999.[22] For clinical cryopreservation, vitrification usually requires the addition of cryoprotectants before cooling. Cryoprotectants are macromolecules added to the freezing medium to protect cells from the detrimental effects of intracellular ice crystal formation or from the solution effects, during the process of freezing and thawing. They permit a higher degree of cell survival during freezing, to lower the freezing point, to protect cell membrane from freeze-related injury. Cryoprotectants have high solubility, low toxicity at high concentrations, low molecular weight and the ability to interact with water via hydrogen bonding.

Instead of crystallizing, the syrupy solution becomes an amorphous iceit vitrifies. Rather than a phase change from liquid to solid by crystallization, the amorphous state is like a "solid liquid", and the transformation is over a small temperature range described as the "glass transition" temperature.

Vitrification of water is promoted by rapid cooling, and can be achieved without cryoprotectants by an extremely rapid decrease of temperature (megakelvins per second). The rate that is required to attain glassy state in pure water was considered to be impossible until 2005.[23]

Two conditions usually required to allow vitrification are an increase of the viscosity and a decrease of the freezing temperature. Many solutes do both, but larger molecules generally have a larger effect, particularly on viscosity. Rapid cooling also promotes vitrification.

For established methods of cryopreservation, the solute must penetrate the cell membrane in order to achieve increased viscosity and decrease freezing temperature inside the cell. Sugars do not readily permeate through the membrane. Those solutes that do, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, a common cryoprotectant, are often toxic in intense concentration. One of the difficult compromises of vitrifying cryopreservation concerns limiting the damage produced by the cryoprotectant itself due to cryoprotectant toxicity. Mixtures of cryoprotectants and the use of ice blockers have enabled the Twenty-First Century Medicine company to vitrify a rabbit kidney to 135C with their proprietary vitrification mixture. Upon rewarming, the kidney was transplanted successfully into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.[24]

Blood can be replaced with inert noble gases and/or metabolically vital gases like oxygen, so that organs can cool more quickly and less antifreeze is needed. Since regions of tissue are separated by gas, small expansions do not accumulate, thereby protecting against shattering.[25] A small company, Arigos Biomedical, "has already recovered pig hearts from the 120 degrees below zero",[26] although the definition of "recovered" is not clear. Pressures of 60 atm can help increase heat exchange rates.[27] Gaseous oxygen perfusion/persufflation can enhance organ preservation relative to static cold storage or hypothermic machine perfusion, since the lower viscosity of gases, may help reach more regions of preserved organs and deliver more oxygen per gram tissue.[28]

Generally, cryopreservation is easier for thin samples and suspended cells, because these can be cooled more quickly and so require lesser doses of toxic cryoprotectants. Therefore, cryopreservation of human livers and hearts for storage and transplant is still impractical.

Nevertheless, suitable combinations of cryoprotectants and regimes of cooling and rinsing during warming often allow the successful cryopreservation of biological materials, particularly cell suspensions or thin tissue samples. Examples include:

Additionally, efforts are underway to preserve humans cryogenically, known as cryonics. For such efforts either the brain within the head or the entire body may experience the above process. Cryonics is in a different category from the aforementioned examples, however: while countless cryopreserved cells, vaccines, tissue and other biological samples have been thawed and used successfully, this has not yet been the case at all for cryopreserved brains or bodies. At issue are the criteria for defining "success".

Proponents of cryonics claim that cryopreservation using present technology, particularly vitrification of the brain, may be sufficient to preserve people in an "information theoretic" sense so that they could be revived and made whole by hypothetical vastly advanced future technology.

Right now scientists are trying to see if transplanting cryopreserved human organs for transplantation is viable, if so this would be a major step forward for the possibility of reviving a cryopreserved human.[30]

Cryopreservation for embryos is used for embryo storage, e.g., when in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in more embryos than is currently needed.

One pregnancy and resulting healthy birth has been reported from an embryo stored for 27 years after the successful pregnancy of an embryo from the same batch three years earlier.[31] Many studies have evaluated the children born from frozen embryos, or frosties. The result has been uniformly positive with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities.[32] A study of more than 11,000 cryopreserved human embryos showed no significant effect of storage time on post-thaw survival for IVF or oocyte donation cycles, or for embryos frozen at the pronuclear or cleavage stages.[33] Additionally, the duration of storage did not have any significant effect on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, implantation, or live birth rate, whether from IVF or oocyte donation cycles.[33] Rather, oocyte age, survival proportion, and number of transferred embryos are predictors of pregnancy outcome.[33]

Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is of interest to women who want to preserve their reproductive function beyond the natural limit, or whose reproductive potential is threatened by cancer therapy,[34] for example in hematologic malignancies or breast cancer.[35] The procedure is to take a part of the ovary and perform slow freezing before storing it in liquid nitrogen whilst therapy is undertaken. Tissue can then be thawed and implanted near the fallopian, either orthotopic (on the natural location) or heterotopic (on the abdominal wall),[35] where it starts to produce new eggs, allowing normal conception to occur.[36] The ovarian tissue may also be transplanted into mice that are immunocompromised (SCID mice) to avoid graft rejection, and tissue can be harvested later when mature follicles have developed.[37]

Human oocyte cryopreservation is a new technology in which a woman's eggs (oocytes) are extracted, frozen and stored. Later, when she is ready to become pregnant, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos.Since 1999, when the birth of the first baby from an embryo derived from vitrified-warmed woman's eggs was reported by Kuleshova and co-workers in the journal of Human Reproduction,[21] this concept has been recognized and widespread. This breakthrough in achieving vitrification of a woman's oocytes made an important advance in our knowledge and practice of the IVF process, as the clinical pregnancy rate is four times higher after oocyte vitrification than after slow freezing.[38] Oocyte vitrification is vital for preserving fertility in young oncology patients and for individuals undergoing IVF who object, for either religious or ethical reasons, to the practice of freezing embryos.

Semen can be used successfully almost indefinitely after cryopreservation. The longest reported successful storage is 22 years.[39] It can be used for sperm donation where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place, or as a means of preserving fertility for men undergoing vasectomy or treatments that may compromise their fertility, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery.

Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue is a developing method to avail reproduction to young boys who need to have gonadotoxic therapy. Animal data are promising, since healthy offspring have been obtained after transplantation of frozen testicular cell suspensions or tissue pieces. However, none of the fertility restoration options from frozen tissue, i.e. cell suspension transplantation, tissue grafting and in vitro maturation (IVM) has proved efficient and safe in humans as yet.[40]

Cryopreservation of whole moss plants, especially Physcomitrella patens, has been developed by Ralf Reski and coworkers[41] and is performed at the International Moss Stock Center. This biobank collects, preserves, and distributes moss mutants and moss ecotypes.[42]

MSCs, when transfused immediately within a few hours post-thawing, may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth (fresh). As a result, cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in in vitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies. Re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved products immediately post-thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[43]

Bacteria and fungi can be kept short-term (months to about a year, depending) refrigerated, however, cell division and metabolism is not completely arrested and thus is not an optimal option for long-term storage (years) or to preserve cultures genetically or phenotypically, as cell divisions can lead to mutations or sub-culturing can cause phenotypic changes. A preferred option, species-dependent, is cryopreservation. Nematode worms are the only multicellular eukaryotes that have been shown to survive cryopreservation.[44]Shatilovich AV, Tchesunov AV, Neretina TV, Grabarnik IP, Gubin SV, Vishnivetskaya TA, Onstott TC, Rivkina EM (May 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological Sciences Sections. 480 (1): 100102. doi:10.1134/S0012496618030079. PMID30009350. S2CID49743808.

Fungi, notably zygomycetes, ascomycetes and higher basidiomycetes, regardless of sporulation, are able to be stored in liquid nitrogen or deep-frozen. Crypreservation is a hallmark method for fungi that do not sporulate (otherwise other preservation methods for spores can be used at lower costs and ease), sporulate but have delicate spores (large or freeze-dry sensitive), are pathogenic (dangerous to keep metabolically active fungus) or are to be used for genetic stocks (ideally to have identical composition as the original deposit). As with many other organisms, cryoprotectants like DMSO or glycerol (e.g. filamentous fungi 10% glycerol or yeast 20% glycerol) are used. Differences between choosing cryoprotectants are species (or class) dependent, but generally for fungi penetrating cryoprotectants like DMSO, glycerol or polyethylene glycol are most effective (other non-penetrating ones include sugars mannitol, sorbitol, dextran, etc.). Freeze-thaw repetition is not recommended as it can decrease viability. Back-up deep-freezers or liquid nitrogen storage sites are recommended. Multiple protocols for freezing are summarized below (each uses screw-cap polypropylene cryotubes):[45]

Many common culturable laboratory strains are deep-frozen to preserve genetically and phenotypically stable, long-term stocks.[46] Sub-culturing and prolonged refrigerated samples may lead to loss of plasmid(s) or mutations. Common final glycerol percentages are 15, 20 and 25. From a fresh culture plate, one single colony of interest is chosen and liquid culture is made. From the liquid culture, the medium is directly mixed with equal amount of glycerol; the colony should be checked for any defects like mutations. All antibiotics should be washed from the culture before long-term storage. Methods vary, but mixing can be done gently by inversion or rapidly by vortex and cooling can vary by either placing the cryotube directly at 50 to 95C, shock-freezing in liquid nitrogen or gradually cooling and then storing at 80C or cooler (liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor). Recovery of bacteria can also vary, namely if beads are stored within the tube then the few beads can be used to plate or the frozen stock can be scraped with a loop and then plated, however, since only little stock is needed the entire tube should never be completely thawed and repeated freeze-thaw should be avoided. 100% recovery is not feasible regardless of methodology.[47][48][49]

The microscopic soil-dwelling nematode roundworms Panagrolaimus detritophagus and Plectus parvus are the only eukaryotic organisms that have been proven to be viable after long-term cryopreservation to date. In this case, the preservation was natural rather than artificial, due to permafrost.

Several animal species, including fish, amphibians and reptiles have been shown to tolerate freezing. These species include at least four species of frogs (Pseudacris crucifer, Hyla versicolor, Pseudacris triseriata, Lithobates sylvaticus) and several species of turtles (Terrapene carolina, hatchling Chrysemys picta), lizards, and snakes are freeze tolerant and have developed adaptations for surviving freezing. While some frogs hibernate underground or in water, body temperatures still drop to 5 to 7C, causing them to freeze. The Wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) can withstand repeated freezing, during which about 65% of its extracellular fluid is converted to ice.[46]

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