Daily Archives: January 21, 2023

Federalist Party | Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts

Posted: January 21, 2023 at 11:58 pm

Federalist Party, early U.S. national political party that advocated a strong central government and held power from 1789 to 1801, during the rise of the countrys political party system. The term federalist was first used in 1787 to describe the supporters of the newly written Constitution, who emphasized the federal character of the proposed union. Between October 1787 and August 1788, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote a series of 85 essays that appeared in various New York newspapers attributed to the pseudonym Publius. The Federalist papers (formally The Federalist), as the combined essays are called, were written to combat Anti-Federalism and to persuade the public of the necessity of the Constitution.The Federalist papers stressed the need for an adequate central government and argued that the republican form of government easily could be adapted to the large expanse of territory and widely divergent interests found in the United States. The essays were immediately recognized as the most powerful defense of the new Constitution.

Parties were generally deplored as inimical to republican government, and Pres. George Washington was able to exercise nonpartisan leadership during the first few years of the new government (begun in 1789). Strong division, however, developed over the fiscal program of the secretary of the treasury, Hamilton, whom Washington supported. Hamilton and other proponents of a strong central government formed the Federalist Party in 1791. Differences with the opposition were intensified by ideological attitudes toward the French Revolution, and by 1795 administration supporters had hardened into a regular party, which succeeded in elevating John Adams to the presidency in the 1796 election.

Over the decade of the 1790s, the Federalists stood for the following economic policies: funding of the old Revolutionary War debt and the assumption of state debts, passage of excise laws, creation of a central bank, maintenance of a tariff system, and favourable treatment of American shipping. In foreign affairs they observed neutrality in the war that broke out between France and Great Britain in 1793; approved the Jay Treaty of 1794, which terminated the difficulties with Britain; and sponsored strong defense and internal-security legislation in the crisis of 179899 (see Alien and Sedition Acts), when French demands almost forced open war. These policies were strongly resisted, especially in the South; the opposition, organized by Madison and Thomas Jefferson beginning in 1791, became the Republican Party (also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans), which later was renamed the Democratic-Republican Party. Eventually this organization became the modern Democratic Party. The name Republican was taken over in the 1850s by a new party that espoused Federalist economic ideas and that survives to the present day under that name.

The Federalists never held power again after 1801. Their failure is attributable to the Republicans political skill and to the Federalists own incapacity or unwillingness to organize politically, their internal divisions (especially between supporters of Adams and Hamilton), and their aversion to compromising principles for the sake of winning elections. Furthermore, New England Federalists adopted a divisive policy of sectionalism, moving dangerously near secession in 1808 and strenuously opposing the War of 1812 (see Hartford Convention). By 1817 the party was practically dead, though the opposing Republicans had adopted the Federalists principles of nationality and had accepted many of their economic ideas.

The accomplishments of the Federalists were great: the party organized the enduring administrative machinery of national government; fixed the practice of a liberal interpretation of the Constitution; established traditions of federal fiscal integrity and credit worthiness; and initiated the important doctrine of neutrality in foreign affairs, allowing the infant nation to develop in peace for more than a century.

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Federalist Party | Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts

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Enes Kanter Freedom issues daring declaration to Turkey over $500k …

Posted: at 11:55 pm

Former NBA star Enes Kanter Freedom discusses the Turkish governments decision to place a $500,000 bounty for his capture on Varney & Co.

The Turkish government issued a $500,000 bounty for former NBA star Enes Kanter Freedom's capture however, Freedom asserted that he has "no regrets," and is going to continuously risk his career, family, and "everything" he has to further his activism efforts.

ENES KANTER FREEDOM SPEAKS OUT ON $500,000 BOUNTY FROM TURKISH GOVERNMENT

"I'm trying to be the voice of all those innocent people out there who don't have a voice. So it is worth it, yes. It might cost me my career, my family, and everything I have. But I know in the end, I am doing God's work. So, yes, it is worth it. And I have no regrets," Freedom said on "Varney & Co.," Thursday.

Boston, MA - November 29: Enes Kanter Freedom leaves the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse in Boston after he was sworn in as a U.S. citizen and legally changed his name to Enes Kanter Freedom on November 29, 2021. (Photo by Suzanne Kreite (Photo by Suzanne Kreiter/The Boston Globe via Getty Images / Getty Images)

Freedom became aware that the Turkish government placed a bounty on his "head" when he was leading a basketball camp in Vatican City. He received a phone call from the FBI telling him to return to America "immediately."

The former professional athlete was warned by "friends" that the bounty could trigger the cartels, mafia, and even serial killers to start coming after him.

Former NBA player Enes Kanter Freedom discusses his role in the ongoing struggle for human rights in Turkey on 'Tucker Carlson Tonight.'

During an interview on "Tucker Carlson Tonight," Wednesday, Freedom shared that he is not the "only one" to have been unfairly targeted by the Turkish government.

"You know, I'm not the only one. There are so many journalists, academics, professors and celebrities on that list," Freedom explained to host Tucker Carlson.

ENES KANTER FREEDOM CALLS OUT NBA FOR COZYING UP TO CCP AMID HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES: 'SHAME ON YOU'

Freedom, however, is using his burdenous circumstances to further exemplify how problematic Turkey's dictatorship truly is and be the "voice" for those who do not have the privilege of having one.

Former NBA player Enes Kanter Freedom on the Chinese State media's COVID data censorship and onsalught against online critics.

After hearing the news, some members of Congress are calling on the Biden administration to finally "speak up," and "take some action." On Wednesday, Freedom bolstered this plea, arguing that it is time that the White House start "prioritiz[ing] human rights."

"Some of the members of the Congress actually reacted to this news and asked the Biden administration to speak up and actually take some actions. Because I remember the first time President Biden before he took to office, actually, the first thing he said was the problem in the Middle East is our doing, and we need to do something about it. And it's been almost two years and he has not done a thing yet. So we have to prioritize human rights," Freedom explained.

BOSTON, MA - SEPTEMBER 27: Enes Kanter #13 of the Boston Celtics poses for a head shot during NBA media day on September 27, 2021 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and (Brian Babineau/NBAE / Getty Images)

"So I'm asking, please Biden administration to take some solid actions and help my friends over there, help my family over there. I haven't seen them almost ten years," Freedom concluded.

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Enes Kanter Freedom issues daring declaration to Turkey over $500k ...

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The Freedom Caucus Was Designed To Disrupt | FiveThirtyEight

Posted: at 11:55 pm

From left, Reps. Dan Bishop, Andy Ogles, Chip Roy and Scott Perry members of the Freedom Caucus were among those who held up this months vote on the House speakership.

J. Scott Applewhite / AP Photo

At the beginning of this month, the House endured the longest contest to elect a speaker in 164 years. Rep. Kevin McCarthy ultimately was elected speaker, but only after he made several concessions to a small but influential faction of dissenting conservative Republicans. Though not every member of the Freedom Caucus a far-right coalition of Republican lawmakers voted against McCarthy, nearly every member who did oppose him was a member of the Freedom Caucus.

That commonality has drawn renewed attention to the Freedom Caucus and its role within Congress. Despite being a minority in the House, the Freedom Caucus has repeatedly punched above its weight and effected genuine change in the chamber. Powerful political factions are as old as American politics, and in most ways, the Freedom Caucus is just a continuation of that tradition. But in a few key ways, its members are doing something different: voting as a bloc, willing to go against their own partys leadership and to gum up the works to make a statement. Those differences have allowed the Freedom Caucus to exercise influence over the better part of the past decade and are why its only just getting started.

Modern congressional caucuses emerged in the last century, though less formal organizations of like-minded members have existed in Congress since the start, according to Ruth Bloch Rubin, a political science professor at the University of Chicago and the author of Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the U.S. Congress. During the Progressive Era in the early 20th century, a group of insurgent Republicans worked alongside Democrats to strip away some of the powers that had been consolidated by the speaker. In the 1960s and 70s, the left-leaning Democratic Study Group worked to push through civil rights legislation (along with, later, the Congressional Black Caucus), against bitter opposition from conservative Southern Democrats.

Typically, such influential intraparty factions emerge only when parties find themselves especially divided, Bloch Rubin said. Its usually because theres enough of a cleavage within the party that these sort of factions have enough members and the distance between one faction and a competitor faction within the same party is enough that it warrants this kind of organizational work, she said.

This was true of the Freedom Caucus. In the 2010 midterms, during former President Barack Obamas first term, a Republican wave elected scores of conservative lawmakers to Congress, giving the party six more seats in the Senate and flipping the House. At that time, there was already a conservative caucus within the House, the Republican Study Committee, and many newly elected Republicans joined. But so did many of the more moderate members, according to former Rep. John Fleming, one of the founding members of the Freedom Caucus.

We noticed that the committee was growing rapidly. And we were seeing faces in there that we had never seen before. We saw people who were not known to be very conservative joining the group, Fleming said, adding that he believed then-House Speaker John Boehner had been encouraging moderate members to join in order to co-opt the committee.

In 1995, just 7 percent of House GOP members were in the RSC. By early 2011, nearly three-quarters were. Fleming said he and some fellow conservatives tried to keep the group tied to its rightward roots, including by electing Rep. Jim Jordan as chairman of the group in 2011. But as the membership swelled, the ideology got a bit diluted. At the same time, many of these same members were growing increasingly frustrated with leadership in the House particularly with Boehner and the status quo. The far-right flank of the party felt Boehner wasnt taking advantage of the GOP majority to get more conservative legislation passed, so they needled him. Boehner retaliated by, according to Fleming, punishing conservative members including by removing them from committee assignments to keep them in line. Boehner did not respond to a request for an interview.

We were irritations for Boehner, and Boehner was an irritation for us, Fleming said.

By Thanksgiving 2014, Fleming and a handful of other members were at their wits end, so they decided to form their own group. In early 2015, the Freedom Caucus was born. It was designed to be very selective about its closed, sometimes secretive membership only ultraconservatives allowed in order to serve as what Fleming calls the conservative anchor of the GOP in the House. Its members would attempt to tow the party toward the right, and once they staked out a position, they wouldnt budge.

While the Freedom Caucus had policy goals in mind, most of its work has focused on disrupting and altering the internal workings of the House. If it could wrest away some of the speakers power, the thinking went, more conservative legislation might have a better shot at passing. One early and consistent way the Freedom Caucus did this was by voting against House rules, slowing down the legislative process and making it harder for bills that the caucus wasnt happy with to come up for a vote. But it also took some bigger swings. While the Freedom Caucus didnt agree to former Rep. Mark Meadowss decision to file a motion to vacate the chair in the summer of 2015 in an effort to oust Boehner, it backed him after the fact, and that consensus was part of what led Boehner to resign as speaker.

Part of what makes the Freedom Caucus a unique intraparty faction is also its greatest strength. If 80 percent of its members agree to a position or action, everyone has to be on board. Thats different from other groups throughout American history, according to Matthew Green, a professor of politics at The Catholic University of America and the author of a book about the Freedom Caucus. It isnt just a group of likeminded members; its also an effective, disruptive voting bloc that stands together. Members are willing to do this because in order to get to that 80 percent threshold, theres a lot of debate and persuading internally, according to former Rep. Ral Labrador, one of the founding members of the Freedom Caucus and now Idahos attorney general. The best debates I ever had in Washington, D.C., were in the Freedom Caucus, Labrador said.

Another difference is the caucuss willingness to buck the speaker and establishment a disposition that can come with political consequences, which is why intraparty factions have historically avoided such sparring.

Thats a big ask. Thats a risky thing to do, Green said. The speaker is powerful, the speaker has powerful friends and youre risking your committee assignments. You could put your fundraising abilities in danger.

These differences are part of how the Freedom Caucus has leveraged its relatively small size (its estimated to have around 40 members currently, though exact membership numbers are not public) to have outsized impact. Perhaps most notably, it aligned behind former President Donald Trump more resolutely than the Republican Party establishment, gaining access and influence through the White House. (To wit: Many former Freedom Caucus members, including Meadows and Fleming, went on to hold positions in Trumps administration.)

Now, with the GOP holding just a narrow majority in the House, the Freedom Caucus can wield its unity and antagonism to even sharper effect. As the vote for speaker demonstrated, a group even half the size of the Freedom Caucus can hold the chamber hostage for days. So when fully unified, just imagine what it might unleash.

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The Freedom Caucus Was Designed To Disrupt | FiveThirtyEight

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