Monthly Archives: July 2022

We have all heard of organ transplantations in medicine, notably in relation to the kidney or liver. But many may not have heard of transplanting the head of one person on to the body of another person who has been declared dead.

The whole-body/head transplantation procedure is under development by a team led by Italian surgeon Sergio Canavero and Chinese surgeon Xiaoping Ren, in a project called the Head Anastomosis Venture (HEAVEN). This project raises a host of philosophical, bioethical, social and political issues not encountered in conventional organ transplantations. This is discussed by M Cherry and R Fan in Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Vol 7, Issue 2, April 2022.

A whole-body/head transplantation involves severing the volunteers spinal chord and removing the head while preserving the blood vessels. The head is then attached to the donor body, whose head has been removed, fusing and stimulating the two spinal chords to create new functional nerve connections. Muscles and blood supply are also connected. The body and head must be cooled during the operation to prevent cellular damage from oxygen deprivation.

Some limited success in animal experiments has been reported using this procedure. A successful grafting of a monkey head on to a monkeys body was reported. Canavero and Ren also carried out a head transplant on a corpse in China in 2021. A full head swap between brain-dead organ donors is the next step. A Russian, Valery Spiridonov, who suffers from a muscle-wasting disease, volunteered to have his head transferred on to a healthy donor body, hoping this would provide a new lease of life. He recently opted out of the programme and the HEAVEN team is now seeking new volunteers.

A key philosophical question is who survives a whole-body/head transplantation, the donor of the head or the donor of the body? It would commonly be assumed, since the brain is the site of our thoughts and memories, that it is the donor of the head who survives. But surely the body plays some part in shaping personality? Also, we dont know how well the head would integrate with the new body or how long the post-transplant individual could maintain the identity of the head. That the question of who survives this procedure is philosophically undecided means that ethical criteria to guide research in this area cannot be drawn up.

Things get more complicated if, say, a mans head is transplanted on to a womans body. Is the new individual a man or a woman? And suppose he/she decides to have children, whose children are they? The male head will have decided to procreate but the children will be genetically related only to the female donor of the body. And, suppose the head donor and the body donor were each married (not to each other) at the time the transplantation was carried out, two individuals can now claim to be married to the post-transplant survivor.

Dr Sergio Canavero claims that modern medicine has solved problems that have traditionally dogged head transplant operations

Whole-body/head transplantations may be seen to offer a pathway to immortality. Say my head is transplanted on to a healthy young body that maintains my head until the body grows old and ineffective, at which time my head is transplanted on to a fresh young body, and this process continues indefinitely. One obvious problem is how to maintain my head in a healthy state over the long term. As we all know, the brain deteriorates with age, just like the rest of the body.

Canavero and Ren propose three reasons why the transplantation would be a good development life extension, cosmetic body swaps and gender reassignment. But swapping your body for cosmetic reasons is a flimsy justification for such a fraught procedure and there is no evidence that whole-body head/transplantation would reverse gender dysphoria.

Surgeons Canavero and Ren arrogantly dismiss bioethical objections to the HEAVEN project as mere opinion and seem to work on the crude utilitarian philosophical basis that if something can be made to work, its ethical. As the old surgeon joke goes: Whats the difference between God and a surgeon? Answer: God doesnt think hes a surgeon. Anyway, if you think whole-body/head transplantations will be widely available anytime soon, you are, I would think, getting ahead of yourself.

William Reville is an emeritus professor of biochemistry at UCC

Go here to read the rest:
Could head transplantation be a path to immortality? - The Irish Times

By Lt. Gen. Dr. Subrata Saha (retd)

New Delhi, Jul 13: The Amarnath shrine, located to the north of Pahalgam in Kashmir, and south of the Zojila Pass, gateway to Ladakh, is believed to be the holy spot where Lord Shiva took Samadhi (deep meditative contemplation leading to higher consciousness), before narrating the story of eternity and immortality to Goddess Parvati, hence the name Amarnath. The remote mountainous cave, tucked away from living beings, is at an altitude of 5,486 metres (13,000 ft).

According to legend, as Lord Shiva undertook the ascent, he progressively detached himself from the world around him. He left his Nandi (Sacred Bull) at Pahalgam (Bail gaon); at Chandanwari, he released the Moon from his Jata (hair); at the banks of Lake Sheshnag, he released the snakes; and at Mahagunas Parvat (Mahaganesh Hill), he chose to leave his son Ganesha behind. Finally, at Panjtarni, he detached himself from the five elements of Nature - Earth, Water, Air, Fire and Sky.

Having foregone all worldly attachments, Lord Shiva took Samadhi at the Amarnath Cave.

There are stories on the discovery of the Holy Cave. A shepherd named Buta Malik of Batkote village near Pahalgam, strayed into the area while grazing his sheep, where a Sadhu gave him a sack of coal. Upon reaching home, he discovered that the sack, in fact, contained gold. Overjoyed with his discovery, Buta Malik rushed back to thank the Sadhu, only to discover the cave at their meeting site. Yet another mythological legend has it that when Kashyap Rishi drained the water out of Kashmir valley, which was a vast lake, the cave and the lingam were discovered by Bhrigu Rishi.

Shri Amarnathji Yatra - mammoth administrative and security exercise

Legends arouse human imagination and the desire to seek blessings of Lord Shiva, driving many to undertake the arduous journey to the holy shrine of Shri Amarnathji. The number of pilgrims vary from 3 to 4 lakhs each year.

The Amarnath Cave can be accessed through two routes. The traditional one is from Pahalgam, touching holy places where Lord Shiva is believed to have detached from various elements of life - Chandanwari, Sheshnag, Mahagunas Parvat, Panjtarni. The Pahalgam route is 33 kms long, with a journey time of five days to and fro. The second route from Baltal is new and shorter, 18 kms from the roadhead, and the Yatra can be done in a day. The two routes meet at Sangam, for the final 3 km trek up to the Holy Cave.

The Amarnath cave is also accessible by helicopter from Neelgrath in the North and Pahalgam in the South to the helipad at Panjtarni, approximately 5 kms from the Holy Cave. This year (in 2022), helicopter services have been introduced from Srinagar to Neelgrath and Pahalgam, enabling pilgrims to finish the Yatra in one day.

Management of the yatra is done by the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) that was constituted by an Act of J&K State Legislature in 2000, with the Governor of J&K as its ex-officio Chairman.

The duration and schedule of the Shri Amarnathji Yatra is decided each year, keeping in view the extent of snow fall in the preceding winter, and the date of Raksha Bandhan, on which the Yatra traditionally concludes.

In earlier times the Yatra would last for around two weeks, with persistent demand to increase the duration. After the constitution of the SASB, this was streamlined to a period to 60 days, which continued up to 2009. Since then, a regular scaling down has taken place with the duration being curtailed to 55 days in 2010, 45 days in 2011 and 39 days in 2012. This year the Amarnath Yatra has resumed after a hiatus, interruption in 2019 due to repeal of Article 370, and Covid in 2020 and 2021. This year the Yatra is scheduled for 43 days - 30 June to 11 August.

The Yatra is a colossal security and administrative exercise involving multiple agencies. The base camps, staging areas, porters, ponies, palanquins, medical facilities, langars (community kitchens), security and communications are put in place every year and dismantled at the end of the Yatra.

Shri Amarnathji Yatra encourages economic activity providing livelihood to many. Every year thousands of Kashmiri locals join the Yatra, offering their services with ponies, palanquins, motor transport, hospitality, and associated logistics. Similarly transport and hospitality services providers in Jammu, and airlines from all over the country benefit from the Yatra.

Terrorist threat to the Yatra is however significant. In 1993, Pakistan-based Harkat-ul-Ansar had announced a ban on the Yatra for two years. In 1998, Harkatul Mujaheedin declared a ban on the Yatra, two days after it began. The Yatra, however, continued under heavy security arrangements. Major terrorist attacks on Yatris in the past, include Pahalgam in 2000, Sheshnag in 2001 and Nunwan Camp in 2002. In 2003 and 2006, terrorists hurled grenades at vehicles carrying pilgrims in Srinagar and Ganderbal respectively. In July 2017, a bus carrying pilgrims was attacked in Anantnag District, killing seven people, and injuring nineteen. In response to a question in the Parliament on July 25, 2017, Minister of Home Affairs stated that from 1990 to 2017, 36 terrorist attacks had been reported on Shri Amarnathji Yatris, in which 53 Yatris were killed and 167 Yatris were injured.

An extensive security grid is deployed for the Yatra every year. The Indian Army, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and J&K Police provide a 3-tier counter terrorist security structure. Additionally, State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Mountain Rescue Teams (MRT) are deployed to deal with natural disasters. The first tier creates a secure envelope with the Forces dominating the mountain heights in and around the area. The second tier does route opening and security to provide safe passage for the yatris. The third tier provides security at camps enroute, including frisking of yatris and their baggage. In addition, yatri convoys moving from Jammu to Nunwan (Pahalgam) and Baltal and back, are accompanied by armed police personnel.

This year The Resistance Front (TRF), a terrorist outfit that came up after August 2019, a proxy of the Lashkar-e-Toiba, has threatened to "spill blood" during the yatra. Notwithstanding the threat, because of the two years gap in the Yatra, higher numbers of pilgrims are expected. Therefore, additional provisions in terms of numbers of security forces and technologies to improve intelligence, surveillance and administration have been incorporated in the scheme of things.

The Challenges of Natural Disasters

Shri Amarnathji Yatra has been affected by natural disasters on numerous occasions. In 1996 heavy rains, snowstorms and avalanches resulted in about 60,000 yatris being stranded at different points. 243 people were reported dead, and hundreds of people were severely affected by exposure to the cold, high altitude problems, and accidents caused by the stampede due to widespread panic among the yatris. In fact, the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) was constituted as a corrective measures post the 1996 disaster.

In 2015, three people died in the multiple mudslides in Kulan, Gagangir and Sonamarg villages. The Srinagar - Leh National Highway, which leads to the Baltal base camp, remained closed for three days. In 2018, five people died and four were injured after a landslide triggered by flash floods hit pilgrims near Brarimarg, on the Baltal route. Almost every year the Yatra is suspended for short durations and sometimes pilgrims are diverted from one route to another to keep the flow going.

On 8 July this year, severe rainfall at the higher reaches of The Cave, triggered high-speed muddy slush that washed away 25 to 30 tents and five 'Langars' from the base camp near the Cave. 16 people have died, and 40 injured, even as some are still missing. 15,000 pilgrims have been evacuated.

Threat of natural disasters are not unique to Amarnath or Kashmir, it is the fragility of the Himalayas, and the associated complex processes like deforestation, soil erosion, global warming, weakening glaciers and severe localised rainfall. Even when there have been no natural disasters, the ice Shiva Lingam had melted well before the close of Yatra due to environmental factors.

Clearly losses due to natural disasters far exceed terrorist attacks on the Yatra. Nonetheless, in Kashmir, terrorist threat and natural disasters are often concomitant and need to be dealt with deftly. In September 2014, even as Kashmir was enduring the worst floods, with South Kashmir and Srinagar fully inundated, Indian Army undertook disaster rescue and relief, while simultaneously eliminating infiltration bids from Pakistan across the line of control.

The Past and the Future meet in the Present - responsibility and sensitivity essential

The long spell of terrorist incident-free Yatra between 2006 and 2017, can be attributed to lessons learnt and year on year strengthening of the security grid. Similar strategies need to be applied to mitigate natural disasters and deal with the aftermath.

Management of the Yatra in terms of duration, number of pilgrims, modes of transportation, siting of base camps and staging areas have to factor the fragile ecology and environment. Well formulated plans must go hand in hand with effective implementation.

The makeshift camps must be replaced by permanent assets sited carefully keeping in mind potential threats, natural disasters, and terrorists.

The number of Yatris must be determined based on the capacities established, and no ad hoc and makeshift arrangements should be permitted.

The stretch between Sangam and the Holy Cave should be a 'restricted zone', with only medical facilities and essential security. Langars and other administrative paraphernalia must remain outside this zone.

Use of helicopters for Yatra has to be controlled keeping in mind ecological factors. Eco-friendly disposal of waste should be high priority.

In 2015, the Army undertook a well-planned extensive plantation drive along the Yatra route in collaboration with the Govt of J&K. The idea was to help nature renew, even as humans sought spiritual blessings and livelihood from its benevolence. Responsibility and sensitivity for the sake of eternity is essential in our actions.

(The author was the Kashmir Corps Commander in 2014-15, former Member, National Security Advisory Board and Deputy Chief of Army Staff)

Continue reading here:
Amarnath Yatrawhere spirituality and endurance overpower terror - Daijiworld.com