Monthly Archives: July 2022

This article originally appeared in the February 1998 issue of Esquire. To read every Esquire story ever published, upgrade to All Access.

Polygamy is not something you try on a whim. You dont come home from work one day, pop open a beer, settle down for your nightly dose of Seinfeld reruns, and think, Boy, my marriage is a bore. Maybe I should give polygamy a whirl. Its true that polygamy, as a concept, sounds downright inviting. Yes, there are lots of women involved, women of all shapes and sizes and personalities, a wonderful variety of women, and yes, theyll fulfill your every need, cook your dinner, do your laundry, sew the buttons on your shirts. And yes, youre allowed to sleep with these women, each of them, one for every night of the week if you want, and whats more, when you wake up in the morning, you wont have to deal with even the tiniest twinge of guilt, because these women, all of them, are your sweethearts, your soul mates, your wives.

Then what, youre asking yourself, could possibly be the problem?

The problem is this: Polygamy is not what you think it is. It has nothing to do with the little fantasy just spelled out for you. A life of polygamy is not a joyride, a guiltless sexual free-for-all. Being a polygamist is not for the easy going or the weak of heart. Its like marine boot camp or working for the mob; if you're not cut out for it, if you don't have that essential thing inside, it will eat you alive. And polygamy doesn't just require simple cojones, either. It requires the devotion of a monk, the diplomatic prowess of Winston Churchill, the doggedness of a field general, the patience of a pine tree.

Put simply: You'd have to be crazy to want to be a polygamist.

Thats whats so strange about Bill. Bill has four wives and thirty-one children. Bill is an ex-Mormon, and he doesnt seem crazy at all. If anything, he seems exceptionally sane, painfully regular, as normal as soup. Hes certainly not the wild-eyed, woolly-bearded zealot you might expect. Approaching middle age, Bill has the unassuming air of an accountant. He wears white shirts, blue ties, and black wing tips. He is Joe Blow incarnate. The only thing exceptional about Bill is his height: He is six foot eight and prone to hitting his head on hanging lamps and potted plants.

Bills wives are not who youd expect, either. Theyre not ruddy-faced women with high collars buttoned up to their chins. These are the women you see every day of your life. They wear jeans and T-shirts; they drive minivans; they have jobs. Julia is a legal secretary; Emily manages part of Bills business; Susan owns a couple of health-food stores; and Stacy stays at home with the younger children. They are also tall, all of them around six feet; if you didnt know better, youd think Bill and his wives had a secret plan to create a race of giants.

Each of Bills wives lives in a different house in the suburbs around Salt Lake City. Theyve lived in different configurations over the yearsall in one place, two in one and two in anotherbut this is the way that seems best nowadays, since there are teenagers in the mix, and one thing everybody seems to agree on is how much teenagers need their space. Bill himself is homeless. He wanders from house to house like a nomad or a beggar, sometimes surprising a certain wife with the suddenness of his presence. In the past, he has used a rigid rotation schedule but now opts for a looser approach. He believes that intuition and nothing else should guide where he stays for the night.

Okay, now: Put yourself in Bills size-14 wing tips for a minute. Youve just finished an exhausting day at work. Its that time of the evening when you think to yourself, Hmmm. Which house am I going to tonight? You get in your car and head off toward Emilys house; you havent seen Emily for several days, and besides, shes having trouble with one of your teenage daughtersshes not sticking to her curfew. But you remember that your son Walt has a soccer game on the other side of town at 5:30. You start to turn around, but then you think of Susan, wife number two, who has come down with the flu and is in need of some comfort and company. Then it hits you that not only did you promise to look at the bad alternator in Stacys Volvo tonight, not only did you tell Emily that youd be home in time to meet with the insurance man to go over all your policies, but that Annie, your six-year-old daughter, is having a birthday tomorrow and youve yet to get her a present.

Sitting there at the intersection cars honking, people flipping you the birddo you feel paralyzed? Do you feel like merging with the rest of the traffic onto T15 and heading for Las Vegas, leaving it all behind?

This is Bills life.

Its not a normal day if Bill doesnt get himself completely confounded in one way or another. When Bill raises his head from the pillow after a night of sleep, he sometimes has to ask himself a couple of questions well-known to any man whos ever picked up a woman in a bar: Where am I? and Who is this person next to me? Every once in a while, hell get up in the middle of the night to use the bathroom and, not really sure which house hes in, will bumble around in the dark, clutching at walls, until he finally ends up trying to locate the toilet in a walk-in closet.

When you live in four separate houses, its tough to keep track of your stuff. Youve misplaced your favorite golf shirt? Start looking, buddy, because youve got four houses, each ten to fifteen miles apart from the next, to choose from. Many times, Bill has awakened on the morning of an important business meeting to find that hes missing his dress shoes or a suit jacket and has to race around town like a crazed cabbie to track down the lost article and get to work on time.

After many years of such shenanigans, Bill has hit upon a simple solution: a suitcase in the trunk of his car. Its like a big emergency kit filled with backup items for every eventuality: a razor, a couple of ties, contact lenses, a wristwatch, a bottle of aftershave. Its a small thing, this suitcase, but for Bill it is a huge source of security and comfort to know it is always there, just in case, backing him up. With a life as chaotic and unpredictable as Bills, you will take security and comfort wherever you can find them.

But these are mere nuisances when you consider some of the other complications Bill has to face. First is Bills legal status. Technically speaking, Bill is a criminal. In Utah, polygamy is a felony and is banned in the states constitution. All it would take is some overzealous DA to get a wild hair and decide to press charges and Bill could end up with five in the state pen.

It wasnt long ago that the state police combined forces with the feds and occasionally carried out raids against different polygamist groups, arrested the men, took the women into custody, and put the children in foster homes. This doesnt happen much anymore, but the threat is always there. Bill has to be circumspect. Hes not afraid to talk about his lifestyle, but then he doesnt exactly advertise it, either. He decided he didnt want his real name in this piece (his wives names are pseudonyms as well) because his business is part of a national chain, and if some of the higher-ups were to get wind of his unorthodox family life, he might find himself kicked out into the cold.

When people do find out about Bills little secret, the first question they always ask is Whats the sex like? Well, Bills answer is bound to disappoint. Bill doesnt have sex for fun. He says that he and his wives believe that sex should happen for one reason and one reason only: procreation. Its written in the Bibledont spill your seed unnecessarily; keep it for when you need it. Its hard to imagine a man in a regular marriage coming right out and admitting to a boring sex life. And womens cycles being what they are, it is the woman who makes decisions about the goings-on in the marriage bed. Its the girls who are in charge of all that, Bill says. Bill is a man of God.

So why does he do it, then? Why have four wivesfour girls, as Bill calls themif its not for the sex? Why be a polygamist if its no fun? If its such a pain in the ass?

The answer is simple: Bill is a polygamist because that is what God wants him to be.

A few early Mormon leaders postulated that heaven was a polygamous state. It was Joseph Smith, the prophet and founder of the Mormon Church, who first instituted polygamy. There were various theological justifications for the practice, one of which was rooted in the doctrine of pre-mortal existence a spirit world where millions of souls await the chance to come to earth and receive a mortal body. Once this finite number is exhausted, once every spirit has a body, Christ will come again and bring with him the Day of Judgment, and who can provide bodies to these waiting spirits better than a man with multiple wives? So what is Bill doing with four wives? Bill is hastening the Second Coming of Christ.

Bill and his fellow fundamentalists see it this way: Polygamy is the cornerstone of Gods great plan for his children, as important to the gospel as the holy sacrament or the Ten Commandments. The Mormon Church has outlawed plural marriage, but Bill and others continue to take multiple wives no matter that they are excommunicated by the church they love, shunned by neighbors, hounded and arrested by national and local authorities. They keep raising many children to the Lord, because it is exactly what the Lord expects of them. Bill is a twin champion of the Lord and fertility.

You might expect, when you go to visit Bill, some kind of compound with a badly lettered sign out front proclaiming, VeNgeanCe bE THINE, an upside-down American flag at half-mast. But this is a nice townhouse in a fancy suburban neighborhood. This is Emilys house, and she is the one who greets you at the door.

Theres wall-to-wall taupe carpeting throughout the house and a framed print of a pretty girl in an Emma-era dress, hanging over the couch in the living room. The house is quietthe children, apparently, asleep or gone somewhere else. Emily stretches out comfortably on the couch. Her feet are bare. She has smiling eyes and a dark spray of hair and is ten years Bills senior. Bill speaks only when he is directly questioned. You talk about the day-to-day struggles of the family, and Bill is polite, but there is a certain inscrutability in his smile, a guardedness. For a while, you feel like a detective questioning a potential witness. He is wary of you, wary of strangers wanting to know too much, like the time he had to face an IRS auditor and explain why two of the children he had listed as dependents showed birth dates only two weeks apart. Bill knows that there is a bigger world out there beyond the closed circles of his family and church group. He knows that it is a world that misunderstands him, despises him, and that you are very much a part of it.

At one time, Bill was part of this world as well. He grew up in a regular, middle-class Mormon family not too far from here. Bill had only passing contact with people who practiced plural marriage, didnt give it much of a thought at all until he went away to college and stayed for a time with a man named Rulon Allred, his seven wives, and their forty-eight children. His stay in the Allred home made a deep impression on him. He remembers Allred, a respected doctor and spiritual leader who was later assassinated by two wives from a rival polygamist group, as the strongest, most kind, most Christ-like man I ever met. After college, Bill married, gave monogamy a shot, but finally came to realize that a union between one man and only one woman was unnatural and counterproductivethat Gods will was for him to be a polygamist. He divorced his first wife, and within a couple of years he had two new ones.

Does it bother him that people pass judgment on him, call him immoral and lecherous for what he does and believes? Doesnt bother me a bit, he says, then pauses for a moment and admits that he finds it interesting that in a world full of divorce, pornography, and loose morals, he, a good Christian man trying to do right by his family, is viewed as a scoundrel and a pervert. Yes, okay. It does bother Bill a little bit. It bothers him that our role modelsour athletes and politicians and entertainersspend so much time divorcing and remarrying that they can hardly do much else, and when they do have a monogamous relationship, it is most likely a sham.

And it is Bill who is the criminal, the barbarian.

You know, Bill says, if it was some kind of sexual thing, I could just go over across the border to Nevada and pay for whatever I needed. It would be a lot cheaper that way.

It is many things, but life as a polygamist is not cheap; its not something youre going to be able to pull off working the swing shift at Burger King. The four mortgage payments arent really what get you. Its the little things that sneak up unexpectedly; its the sudden rash of doctor and dentist bills; its eight birthdays and two wedding anniversaries in the same month; its waking up one August morning and realizing youve got more than two dozen kids who need new school clothes.

Bill works like an animal, makes a considerable sum of money, but if youre a man with four houses, four wives, thirty-one children, and all the expenses that go with them, you can make all the money you want, yet in the end its like trying to keep a bonfire burning bright with all your hard-earned twenties and fiftiesyou can never make enough. Bill beats himself up over the fact that some of his wives have to work to help keep the family afloat. He believes that he should be able to shoulder the whole burden himself.

While Bill tells you about his money problems, Emily looks at him, concern on her face, maybe even a little pity. Now, wait a second here, you think. Pity for Bill? If you understand polygamy correctly, shouldnt all the pity be reserved for the wives? They are the ones who are oppressed, subjugated, and forced into positions of servitude, right?

Before she met Bill, Emily was part of a monogamous relationship that she remembers as a bore and a downer and a complete drag. At thirty-five, she met and married Bill. She is his third wife. She says that her life as one of four has all the security of marriage and all the freedom of being single. As a plural wife, she believes that her identity is not so tied up in the man she has chosen to marry, that she is much freer to be her own person. But when things get difficult, when she really needs a partner, somebody to stand by her and give her support, Bill will always be there.

Bill doesnt know much about feminism, doesnt know much about womens liberation and power; he just wants to see his wives happy. Right now, everything in the family is fairly tranquil, but there have been times when it seemed it would all fall apart, the whole family structure would come crashing down around his knees like a demolished skyscraper. It used to be that Bill didnt really know how to deal with family problems, the jealousy among wives, the conflicts among children of different mothers, the competition for his attention, so he mostly tried to ignore it all. Now he realizes that he is not merely the head of the family but also a judge, a counselor, a referee, an arbiter of justice. Its as if he were the prime minister of a small, unstable country, mediating disputes, keeping his eye on trouble spots, putting down rebellions from within.

A key thing to remember about Bill, who is married to four women and is the father of thirty-one children, is that heshow to put it?available. What this means is that he is always on the market. He has not only the pressures of married life to deal with but the stresses of a swinging bachelor as well. Maybe a certain widow will take a shine to him, maybe a woman at his church group will catch his eye, and the next thing you know its a date to the movies, half a dozen roses, and a goodnight kiss at the door, after which he drives home and goes to bed with one of his wives. Give him a couple of months and he could be a newlywed once again, suddenly faced with the daunting prospect of helping this new bride feel comfortable in this mob of a family while trying to negotiate the concerns of his other wives, these women who have loved him for years and must now get used to the idea that there is one more of them, another woman who certainly means less time with Bill. One false step by Bill and the whole thing could fly apart.

Its true that the wives in a polygamous family normally have to approve their husbands choice of a new mate and that often theyre the ones who actually choose another woman for their husband to marry, but that doesnt change the fact that a plural wife is still going to feel abandoned and betrayed. Emily admits that jealousy is no doubt the biggest obstacle a plural wife has to face, but a little bit of jealousy helps you stay in love, she says. It keeps you from getting bored.

Bored? Bill doesnt know what the word means.

Bill is, in all respects, big. And thats not only because hes six eight and thick in the joints. Its because everything about him and his life is amplified, outsize. He is excruciatingly normal and yet bigger than life. It isnt merely his many houses, many wives, many children; its also the magnitude of his responsibilities, the sheer number of worries and entanglements each of his days contains, the enormously heavy weight that sits on his shoulders.

But is Billbig as he isman enough to love four women at the same time? Forget the financial stress of having thirty-five mouths to feed and living on the wrong side of the law and having trouble finding the bathroom in the middle of the night; its this love thing that would have to be the ultimate complication of Bills life. Regular guys cant seem to love even one woman without twisting themselves into knots, always wondering if theyre saying the right things, being the kind of man they should be. So how could he ever hope to simultaneously give four different women the love they require? Is Bills heartalong with everything else oversize as well?

Bill furrows his brow as if he were considering an equation from a textbook on quantum mechanics. I dont know. Its hard to explain, he says and scratches his head.

Bill, when it comes to matters of love, has to be something of a split personality. Essentially, Bill has to be four different Bills; for each of his wives, he has to be a different kind of husband, has to figure out who each woman really is, what the necessities of her heart are, and has to somehow become the man that she needs him to be. Hell never claim to be entirely successful at this, but he really works at it, just as he does at everything else, tries his best to be a soul mate, a lover, a confidant, while still maintaining a sense of fairness with everyone.

You have to have a unique bond with each wife, he says. He pauses. Its just that it cant be too unique.

You ask Bill whom he leans on and confides in, whom he talks to. Sometimes, I feel like an island, he says. I know it sounds crazy for a man with a family as big as mine to say this, but I feel lonely a lot of the time.

Bill sighs and sinks back in his chair as if he were hoping to become part of it. He has to be at work early in the morning. He has to get out there and make a bunch of money. The tilt of his head, the slump of his shoulders, his nearly bloodshot eyesall testaments to the bone-wearying rigor of this life hes chosen for himself. And still, theres a certain regality to the way he holds himselflike a king whos spent, worn down by the demands of his kingdom, but who knows hes a king just the same. Bill can face the bewildering hassles of his life knowing that he has done his part to provide mortal bodies to heavenly spirits waiting to get themselves born, knowing that he has helped to bring about the Second Coming of the Savior, knowing that its all part of the great celestial plan. Because as Bill struggles to build up his own little kingdom on earth, hes building up the kingdom of God.

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What Is Polygamy? A Polygamist Debunks the Allure of Marrying More Than One Partner - Esquire

Alexander the Great was a successful conqueror, but a poor planner. He died without an acceptable heir to inherit the empire, just a soon-to-be-born baby son, and a half-brother not quite up to the task.

And as Game of Thrones fans will know, such circumstances can lead to quite the power struggle, with poisoning plots, dramatic marriages, incest and a whole lot of fighting. We find all this and more in the Hellenistic Age, which is what we call the time period 323 BCE-31 BCE, starting with Alexanders death and ending with Cleopatras famous snake bite.

These circumstances began the career of Demetrius the Besieger, one of the more outrageous rulers of the time. Like many others who fought for a piece of Alexander the Greats empire, Demetrius was never supposed to be king. But he and his father Antigonus the One-Eyed didnt let a lack of royal blood get in the way of ambition. The two of them spent many years fighting, stealing territory, and eliminating rivals.

In 306 BCE, they both claimed the title King. They were trendsetters in this area, and soon self-made kings popped up all over the place, dividing Alexanders empire into smaller kingdoms of their own. But even during this time of royally bad behaviour and a multitude of rival kings, Demetrius still managed to gain a standout reputation.

Demetrius biographer, the ancient author Plutarch, tells us Demetrius had a policy akin to work hard and play harder. He was famous for his ingenuity and extravagance when it came to siege equipment and his skill in this type of warfare earned him the name Besieger.

His repertoire included the use of a monstrosity called the Helepolis (city-taker), a type of mobile tower block estimated to be between 30-40 metres tall, with a base of 21 metres.

This terrifying creation was filled with soldiers, and would screech as it moved slowly towards its target city. This was such an amazing sight that, according to Plutarch, even those under siege had to admit they were impressed.

It can be difficult to tell fact from fiction in history, and the ancient writers certainly tell us some strange stories about Demetrius.

He is said to have manipulated time by changing around the calendar months, all so that he could complete his initiation into the Mysteries (a religious cult) faster than was legal.

He put his own portrait on his coins, and was probably the first living person to do so in the western world. Before this audacious move, the heads side of the coin had normally been reserved for images of gods or honouring important (deceased) individuals.

The Athenians even ended up addressing Demetrius as a living god in a special hymn, calling him the son of Poseidon and Aphrodite.

Demetrius partying earned him an even more notorious reputation.

He had a handful of wives (Demetrius was a polygamous king, and ended up marrying at least five women), but his favourite companion was the courtesan Lamia, whose name refers to a flesh devouring monster.

There are plenty of tales of the two of them cavorting together, sometimes rather sacrilegiously. For example, the Athenians tried to honour Demetrius by allowing him a symbolic marriage to their patron goddess Athena but the Besieger didnt think too much of marrying a statue. Instead, he and Lamia went into the temple and committed various acts said to be rather shocking to the virgin goddess.

Demetrius is even accused of taxing the city 250 talents (about 6,000 kilos of silver or gold), only to turn it over to Lamia and his other mistresses so they could buy beauty products.

All this irreverent behaviour can only take you so far. Kingship, like many careers, requires a certain amount of admin work. Demetrius Macedonian subjects were dismayed by the disinterest of their king, but on one occasion they gained a little hope.

Demetrius actually took their petitions as though he intended to read them. They followed the king along on his walk in great excitement, only to watch in horror as Demetrius then dumped all of the petitions over a bridge, into the river below.

Read more: Pornography, the devil and baboons in fancy dress: what went on at the infamous historical Hellfire Club

He was run out of Macedonia a little while later, ancient evidence of the importance of public relations. This sort of reversal of fortune was something Demetrius was well-versed in, having won and lost many times over throughout his career. So he simply went on with campaigning until he was deserted, broke, and fell into the hands of one of his enemies.

It was a sorry end for such a colourful character, but during his captivity Demetrius applied himself as vigorously to leisure and drinking as he once had to besieging and love affairs. He might not have kept his throne, but he certainly earned his place in history, an outrageous and fascinating individual, and truly a king.

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Siege warfare, polygamy and sacrilege: meet history's most outrageous king, Demetrius the Besieger - The Conversation

By Lisa Vives, Global Information Network

NEW YORK (IDN) A bill before parliament in the Ivory Coast would upend monogamy and restore polygamya marriage that includes one husband and at least two wives. Outraged womens groups call it a return to inequality.

The move mirrors setbacks worldwide, including the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Roe vs Wade. The bill, proposed by Yacouba Sangare of the ruling Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace, would acknowledge a widespread practice across the country and, therefore, he says, one that should be legally permitted.

Men have multiple wives, and communities accept that. Exclusive monogamy doesnt fit with our realities, our customs.

We cant just copy-paste legislation that was put in place in Western countries. We have to give people the option, he maintains.

While polygamy has declined in recent years, it is still widely accepted in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Nigeria, with a 10th of the population living in polygamous households, according to a 2019 study conducted by the Pew Research Center.

In Ivory Coast, 12 per cent of all households are polygamous, according to the same study.

In Kenya, almost 1.5 million Kenyansor 10 per cent of the married populationare in a polygamous marriage, according to the Kenya Population and Housing Census. But women's rights groups call this a gross underestimate as most marriages are customary and not registered.

The prospect of returning to outdated traditions has women's rights advocates seeing a step back in the fight for equality.

We cant legalise polygamy to satisfy a mans libido, legal expert Dsire Okob told the French news service France24.

A man chooses to have more than one wife for personal, egotistical reasons. Legalising polygamy would be a setback for Ivorian women who still face systemic inequalities and discrimination, she said in an interview.

Its an excuse to justify the unjustifiable. This is not for women. This is all about men getting their way, she says.

Most polygamous marriages across Africa fuel poverty, activists say, with husbands neglecting one family over anotherleaving thousands of women and children impoverished and easy prey for exploitation.

Womens rights organisations in Ivory Coast say they will fight the bill and do everything they can to prevent it from becoming part of the law. Former solidarity and womens rights minister Constance Yai has been one of the most vocal critics of Sangares plan.

"All the noise you are hearing is being made by people who are using this law as a pretext to express once again their resentment of women, she said. This is nothing new. The (equality) law merely formalises what we all knew already - gender equality in marriage. Protesting against this law should stop.

The UN Commission on Human Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women consider polygamous marriages discriminate against women and have recommended their prohibition. [IDN-InDepthNews 25 July 2022]

Photo: Demonstrators at an International Women's Day rally in Abidjan on May 8, 2022. Ivorian women's rights groups have denounced a bill legalising polygamy for men. Source: France24

IDN is the flagship agency of the Non-profit International Press Syndicate.

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Ivorian Parliament to Review Polygamy in a Blow for Womens Equality - IDN InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters

ALOR STAR: The Kedah state assembly has passed the amendment to the Islamic Family Law (Kedah Darul Aman) Enactment 2022 Bill 2022 regarding the age limit for marriage and polygamy law.

Speaker Datuk Juhari Bulat said the amendment involved raising the age of marriage for women from 16 to 18 years old as well as the punishment for polygamy without court permission.

"The punishment is imprisonment for one year or a fine of RM3,000 compared to six months imprisonment or a fine of RM1,000 previously.

"If you want to get married, there is any problem, you can apply through the court, if the court finds that the candidate should be allowed even if she is 16 years old, she can marry with the court's permission.

"If there is no permission from the court, she will be fined," he told reporters after the state assembly sitting at Wisma Darul Aman on Monday (July 18).

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Minimum age for women to marry increased to 18 in Kedah, one year jail for polygamy without permission - The Star Online

The latest episode of Mnakwethuhas seen host Musa Mseleku land on the SA Twitter trends list as tweeps slam him for his insensitive approach towards the wives of men he accompanies to request polygamy.

Airing on Mzansi Magic, Mnakwethu is a reality show that gives married men a chance to overcome the fear of introducing polygamy to their wife or wives by having Musa, a popular polygamist and star of his own polygamous-themed reality TV show, attempt to break the ice on their behalf.

The show recently returned with season three, but tweeps are not sure anything has changed in how the show approaches the matter, despite it trending previously, with viewers calling for a better, more respectful approach by Musa and the men he accompanies to ask wives if they can marry again.

Mseleku is the face of heartbreak now. Their approach to polygamy is incredibly selfish and inconsiderate, one viewer tweeted.

Musa is so insensitive. I genuinely can't believe how indifferent he is over the wives' feelings. He gives these men so much authority to bring pain. As long as he delivered the message, it's grand. If he assessed the situations and created a criteria to make these men eligible polygamists instead of making isthembu suitable for every man, he'd be credible. This show makes isintu look like a joke. Isthembu now looks like a horny boy's playground, tweeted another.

Here's a look at other tweets:

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'Mseleku is the face of heartbreak': Tweeps react to 'Mnakwethu' episode - TimesLIVE

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(THE CONVERSATION) Each July 24, the state of Utah celebrates Pioneer Day. There are parades, rodeos, fireworks, a marathon, hikes and historical outfits, plus lots of red, white and blue similar to the Fourth of July and other patriotic events in America.

Pioneer Day, however, commemorates something unique: the day Mormon migrants arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. The label Mormon refers to any church rooted in the teachings of founder Joseph Smith, although the largest of these, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, has rejected the name in recent years.

The first Latter-day Saints to reach Utah had fled Illinois, more than 1,000 miles away. On July 24, 1847, after months on the trail, church president Brigham Young caught sight of the valley and proclaimed, This is the right place.

For Latter-day Saints, the holiday involves church activities like talks, dances, potlucks and sometimes reenacting pioneers experiences by walking along the Mormon Trail with handcarts. In Salt Lake City, there is a large parade called Days of 47 with floats reflecting an annual theme related to pioneers.

As a historian who studies Mormon migration and immigration, I see the pageantry of Pioneer Day as a reflection of the churchs long, complicated relationships with race, nationalism and identity. Each years commemorations emphasize stories of hardship and heroism. However, they remember just one story of migration out of many in the diverse history of the church and the region.

Church on the move

Smith founded the LDS church in upstate New York in 1830. Ever since, its history has been one of movement.

Smith claimed to have received revelations and visions indicating that Latter-day Saints should gather to prepare for Jesus Christs Second Coming. The church taught that God would gather his people in a place called Zion a word found in the Bible, often used to refer to Jerusalem or Israel before Jesus return. By converting people to the LDS church and encouraging them to migrate together, 19th-century Latter-day Saints believed that they were building Zion.

In the faiths first few decades, the LDS church changed headquarters several times, gathering in New York, then Ohio, then Missouri, then Illinois. Each time, their arrival prompted conflict with local communities that did not trust the new church discrimination that sometimes broke into violence. After Smith, the founder, was killed by a local mob in 1844, Young led a large faction of Mormons on the long, difficult journey to Utah.

Western years

When Latter-day Saints arrived by the Salt Lake in 1847, the area was Mexican territory. The United States gained control of the territory the next year as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War and ceded Western lands to the United States.

It would be another half-century before Utah became a U.S. state, however. The territory was technically under U.S. control, but for the time being, Latter-day Saints celebrated their autonomy. As part of the effort to gather church members together, Young established a micro-loan system that financed converts migrations to Utah from both inside and outside the U.S.

Many did not trust the U.S. government, given the churchs previous experiences of discrimination. Nor did many Americans trust the LDS church, partially because of the practice of polygamy which church leaders formally disavowed around the turn of the 20th century.

Some Americans in the 19th century considered Mormon immigrants to be racially nonwhite, although the vast majority were coming from Europe. Anti-immigrant sentiment was rising at the time, and critics sometimes conflated their fears about Mormon, Chinese and Muslim immigrants.

The U.S. federal government tried to stop Mormon immigration in a number of ways, such as forbidding people who supported polygamy from entering the country in 1891. Even so, hundreds of Latter-day Saints immigrated each year.

Overshadowed stories

Migration stories are a source of pride and identity for many Utahans, and Pioneer Day celebrations have a long history. Within two years of the first Latter-day Saints arrival in 1847, they started celebrating the anniversary with cannon salutes, music, bell ringing and speeches.

Later celebrations included reenactments. For the 50th anniversary in 1897, some celebrants reenacted part of the trek along the Mormon Trail and watched a procession of wagons and horse-drawn floats, a tradition that gradually formalized into the Days of 47 parade.

To some, Pioneer Day symbolizes exclusion and forgetting especially the churchs impact on Native Americans. In a 2019 op-ed, documentary filmmaker Angelo Baca and historian Erika Bsumek wrote that Pioneer Day represents a key moment in the history of the colonization of the American West, which caused Utes, Paiutes, Shoshone, Goshute and Navajos to lose their homes, lands, and even, in some cases, their families.

Pioneer Day is also the anniversary of the arrival of Black people, both enslaved and free, whose experiences have often been overlooked in Utah history. However, monuments and written records have helped spark discussion about how to remember their legacy during the holiday.

As Latter-day Saint membership has grown more globally diverse, Pioneer Day celebrations have included more diverse pioneer narratives from the faiths history. In recent years, church programs have also emphasized stories of how pioneers are building up the faith all around the world, not only in Utah.

As Utah and the church continue to become more diverse, Pioneer Day participants will continue to recover histories of migration, displacement and courage that shape their identity in the present through their remembrances of the past.

The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts. The Conversation is wholly responsible for the content.

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Utah's Pioneer Day celebrates Mormons' trek west but there's a lot more to the history of Latter-day Saints and migration - The Edwardsville...

The first wife to Yul Edoochie has revealed how she survived depression after her husband publicly took a second wife.

Recall that Edochie caused controversy online after he embraced polygamy, announcing the birth of his son with his second wife.

The actor and his second wife, Judy Austin worked together on several movies which brought their attention to Nigerians.

His decision was widely criticised, however, the actor cum politician insisted that his first wife stillremains number one.

Speaking on Facebook live, May disclosed that her decision to dwell on pieces of her once happy marriage and support from family and friends saved her from being depressed.

She said: I saw some comments saying Im using my situation to cash out but I dont wish this upon my enemies if at all I have any.

Depression is real and there are different stages, for me rather than dwell in depression I decided to pick up pieces of a beautiful world I had that suddenly shattered.

I decided to pick up the pieces and try to move on than dwell in depression. It has not been easy but Im glad I am able to go out and do stuff.

All the things Im able to do is because of the love from my family and you guys. These things have kept me going.

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How I survived depression after my husband took a second wife May Edochie - Daily Post Nigeria