Daily Archives: April 25, 2022

Youve heard of fermenting yeast to make beer, but what about brewing GM microbes to make bioplastic? Using designer microbes to make stuff in fermentation vats has been described as the next manufacturing revolution, with potential to produce everything from cow-free cheese to sustainable fossil fuel replacements. But is GE-free New Zealand ready for it?

Veronica Stevenson bet her house deposit on a bee.

Before using GM microbes to make stuff was all the talk (Impossible Burger, mRNA vaccines), Stevenson set out to find the genetic recipe for the plastic-like film that lines the nest of a solitary Aussie bee.

All she had to do was work out which bit of the bees DNA linked to the nest material and put that code into a micro-organism, which then makes it in a fermentation vat, or bioreactor.

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Finding the bees was a nightmare. Sequencing the genome was tricky. Gathering funding was challenging (hence investing her house deposit).

Still, she overcame every obstacle.

Weve sequenced the genome. Weve expressed the genome in two microbial systems. So weve proven that we can make it. Which is a massive thing.

But when it came to the trial and error stage of perfecting the process, Stevenson ran into the legacy of New Zealands famously strict genetic engineering rules, which the Productivity Commission this month concluded failed to take into account tech advances, and should be reviewed.

Because the regulatory environment is what it is, theres just no infrastructure, Stevenson says. Just the ability to move through the product from concept to commercial viability.

http://www.flickr.com/us

The Australian native bee, Hylaeus Nubilosis, which lines its nest hole with a natural bioplastic.

In December, Stevensons company Humble Bee announced a six-month partnership with United States biotech company Gingko Bioworks.

Their automated system can test 3000-5000 gene variants, different microbial hosts and processes to devise the perfect formulation. Its the genetic equivalent of a sophisticated recipe tester, trying out thousands of tweaks to ingredients, quantities, or temperatures.

While New Zealand may never be able to justify a research facility on Gingkos scale, Stevenson is frustrated the country is not doing more to embrace the multibillion-dollar potential of synthetic biology.

In Australia, three or four years ago, they realised this was huge ... and they threw hundreds of millions of dollars at it. They have a centre for research excellence on it. They have a venture capital fund specifically for this space.

And New Zealand is like, its just not on the radar. Which is a real shame. I just feel like were missing out.

LAWRENCE SMITH/Stuff

Nikki Freed and Irina Miller, co-founders of Daisy Lab, aim to create a milk protein in the lab.

While most Kiwis probably eat GM wheat, corn and soy in imported foods, the idea of releasing genetically engineered organisms is likely to remain a hard sell in New Zealand. Stevenson and many scientists argue we should at least have the conversation.

But the beauty of the technology behind Humble Bee is that the end product is not genetically modified.

Known as precision fermentation, the process is a hot topic because it can be used to make anything from fossil-free biofuels to the animal-free milk products that some predict will bring down the dairy industry.

Basically, you isolate the DNA sequence that encodes for something you want to make, insert it into a microbial host, which then produces it in a fermentation vat.

The product is then extracted and purified from the fermentation soup, or from the microbe itself.

The stuff were doing is not scary, says Stevenson. What were going to produce is not going to be released into the wild. Its not going to have an impact, interacting or sharing genes with other things. Its not going to cross-pollinate with something. Its an inert substance.

Its a big vat. You pull out whats expressed from the microbes and you give it to your biofabricators and they can make it into a film or turn it into a yarn. And then that gets incorporated into clothes. Its like synthetic spider silk.

It's not a new process its been used for 40 years to make insulin, as an alternative to extracting it from pig pancreases.

But the field is burgeoning now, because the comparative ease of genome sequencing and DNA synthesis means its suddenly accessible. Pfizer used it to make its Covid vaccines, and Impossible Foods ferments genetically engineered yeast to make the heme that gives its plant-based burger its meaty taste.

As Scions biotechnology research group leader Gareth Lloyd-Jones explains, 20-30 years ago you might get a PhD for cloning one gene.

Whereas now, you could probably in a month design an experiment to clone any gene, and order it, get somebody to synthesise the DNA for you, and deliver that in a form which you can put into the host, and the DNA vector you want to use to produce it.

All the technology around how you make it is cheaper. The amount of options as to what you can produce it in is broader. So everything has become so much bigger in terms of what you could think of doing.

So how is New Zealand placed to get its slice of the pie?

John Selkirk/Stuff

LanzaTech co-founder Sean Simpson says New Zealands restrictive GM regulations are technical masochism, preventing commercialisation of bright ideas.(File photo)

Remember LanzaTech, New Zealands biotech poster child, which in 2014 moved to the United States?

Founder Sean Simpson started out using a microbe that naturally converts carbon dioxide into ethanol in a process called gas fermentation. The idea was to capture carbon from industrial waste and transform it into a fossil fuel replacement a climate change double whammy.

But that was just the beginning. The real prize was to genetically engineer that microbe to make other things acetone or the starting materials for rubber or plastics.

But Simpson knew New Zealands regulations would prevent him doing that at scale. It wasnt the only factor that pushed him offshore, but it was a factor.

If we're going to use agricultural waste, societal waste, industrial waste to deliver sustainable fuels and chemicals, and replace oil, then biology has a significant part to play ... And New Zealand is basically saying, we don't want any part of that. Which is fascinating to me.

Contrary to popular belief, there is no ban on genetic modification here. You can apply under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act (HSNO) to do genetic engineering, but it has to be done in containment. That means inside an approved and regularly audited facility.

That was never going to work for LanzaTechs industrial-scale bioreactors, and scientists say the approval process for GM development outside containment is so difficult it creates an effective moratorium. That closes off opportunities to turn great ideas into businesses, Simpson says.

Its not like we cannot undertake genetic manipulation in New Zealand. We can, and we do. We don't want to do it at a certain scale.

And I can't understand the justification for that. It's technical masochism. We're going to build a little bit of it, but when it gets really exciting, we're going to stop. If this could turn into something, we're not going to do it.

What Veronica has done is remarkable. But imagine the number of people who never even bothered to try and get that far, because of the hurdle that they knew was ahead of them.

Supplied

Kiwi Matt Gibson took his company making animal-free dairy mozzarella to San Francisco, after struggling to get it off the ground in New Zealand.

In Matt Gibsons profile pic, hes proudly sporting a vintage All Blacks jersey. But the New Culture founder is beaming in from San Francisco, where hes developing animal-free dairy mozzarella.

Dairy cheese has a terrible environmental footprint, making it a prime target for sustainability advocates, Gibson says. But the plant-based alternatives are pretty awful.

But what if you could cut out the middle gal the cow and make dairy cheese without the climate guilt?

Milk protein casein gives cheese its character the melt, the stretch, the flavour.

So thats what Gibson makes, using precision fermentation. He genetically engineers microbes to produce casein in fermentation tanks.

The extracted and purified casein is the same as casein from milk, and its not GM. The genetic manipulation occurs only in the process, not the product. Its then combined with plant-based fats and transformed into mozzarella through traditional cheesemaking.

Hes hoping to start selling commercially next year.

We are making animal-free dairy cheese today. Were making a lot of it. It melts, it stretches, it browns. It does everything youd expect dairy mozzarella to do.

But it wont be doing any of those things in New Zealand.

Supplied

New Cultures animal-free mozzarella melts, stretches and browns the same as the cow-made version.

Gibson started New Culture in Auckland in 2018.

He needed a lab for initial experimentation, but universities werent interested (he didnt want to sponsor a PhD student and lose control of the intellectual property). Commercial labs were keen to help, but their GM approvals were too narrow.

I just realised there was no way I could do any work, without having to get my own certification and set up my own lab, and that would cost a lot of money, compared to the United States, where nothing like that is required.

After six months of trying, I realised it was a fruitless endeavour.

So he moved to San Francisco, where he joined the IndieBio accelerator programme.

And now hes making cheese and New York Times headlines far from home.

Ultimately, if New Zealand doesnt embrace this, they are going to be left behind, and the future of dairy is going to be elsewhere, and it will be a shame.

Mike Scott/Stuff

Some predict animal-free dairy made using precision fermentation could spell the death of the dairy industry.

Reports of the dairy industrys imminent death have been greatly exaggerated.

Non-dairy products make up 15 per cent of the US dairy market, and a think tank report suggested animal-free dairy could kill off the cow milk industry by 2035.

That, says Gibson, is fantasy. His back-of-an-envelope calculation estimates just replacing New Zealands dairy output would require pretty much every existing fermentation tank in the world.

Its not going to happen in 10 years.

But its still a major risk for a country that relies so heavily on white gold, Gibson says.

The risk is that the economys biggest or second-biggest industry is going to become obsolete. Theres still going to be some demand for animal-derived dairy, but ultimately its going to become a niche product, and youre going to put a lot of people out of work.

Auckland Universitys 2020 Future of Food report notes international calls to swap from ruminant-based foods to plant-based ones could significantly affect the acceptability of New Zealands pastoral products in some markets.

The Ministry for Primary Industries, however, does not see novel methods for producing protein as a replacement for traditional forms. Any food produced with genetic modification also needs special Food Standards approval in New Zealand.

But the opportunities are much broader than just food. Australias Synthetic Biology Road Map estimates the technology of which precision fermentation is one part could be worth $27 billion a year and 44,000 jobs in Australia by 2040.

Whangarei Leader

Is precision fermentation the technology to win Kiwis over to GM?

But are GE-Free flag-waving Kiwi consumers ready to embrace genetic modification as a process rather than a product?

Humble Bees bioplastic is just one example of the technologys potential environmental wins providing more sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-based products.

That means it has potential to win over the greenies who have traditionally opposed genetic modification.

Theres also a new generation of Kiwis who did not grow up in the shadow of GE-free placards. In 2019, 150 scientists aged under 30 signed an open letter to the Green Party asking them to reconsider their anti-GE stance.

Greenpeace does not oppose laboratory fermentation that does not result in environmental release of viable GM organisms. But they dont want to wait for lab-based food to reduce climate emissions.

Strong anti-GM voice The Sustainability Council would not say whether it opposes precision fermentation in principle, or its use to make casein, saying it has to assess every case separately. Executive director, Simon Terry, says using genetically modified organisms to aid fermentation is less risky for the environment than GM crops.

However, it should not be exempt from regulation, and the benefits should still have to outweigh the risks.

LAWRENCE SMITH/Stuff

It would be cheaper and easier to make animal-free dairy products almost anywhere else in the world, but Daisy Lab co-founder Nikki Freed is confident they can do it within New Zealands tough regulations.

One of the first questions potential investors ask about casein-culturing Kiwi startup Daisy Lab is Why would you be doing this in New Zealand? says co-founder Irina Miller.

Our response has always been well, yes, it is challenging. But its not impossible.

Both Miller and co-founder Nikki Freed are foreigners. They know it would be cheaper and easier to build their company just about anywhere else. But they want to do it here.

Im very interested in sustainability, says Freed, who is also the lead technologist at Auckland Universitys genomics facility. We want to see New Zealand succeed and become a great, green place for our kids to live.

Miller toyed with the idea of making animal-free dairy in 2016/17, while working for Fonterra. She figured someone else would do it. But when no-one did, she started Daisy Lab, in 2020.

LAWRENCE SMITH

Freed and Daisy Lab co-founder Irina Miller have been surprised at the lack of anti-GM feedback to their plans. (File photo)

The environmental gains from switching from cow udders to fermentation tanks could be huge, with one estimate finding it reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 91 to 97 per cent. There are no accurate estimates for New Zealands pasture-based farming.

Microbes still need to eat. Still researching at tiny scale, Daisy Lab is feeding its microbes pretty much pure sugar. But ultimately they hope to use food waste. If precision fermentation took off, farmers could grow sugar beets to feed the countrys army of micro-organisms.

Daisy Labs long-term vision is to tap into the dairy industrys supply chain for powdered milk, which is 80 per cent casein and makes up 95 per cent of all our milk exports. Farmers could be like micro-brewers, growing fermentation feed and making milk protein without the cow.

Freed and Miller have been surprised at the lack of backlash to their plans. Thats partly because people understand they wont actually be eating GMOs. But Freed thinks its also about their motivations.

At the heart of what were trying to do, is make a better planet. Were trying to improve sustainability. Were trying to improve animal welfare...Traditionally, other GMO have gotten a bad rap, because its more about making those seeds farmers have to buy each year. Its profit-driven.

Sarah Brook/Stuff

Synthase Biotech managing director Andy West says New Zealand could be making more high-value enzymes using precision fermentation. (File photo)

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Is this the technology to win Kiwis over to genetic engineering? - Stuff

Albany NY, United States: CRISPR cas systems are commonly used in microbial engineering that includes immunization of cultures, bacterial strain typing, and self-targeted cell killing. Further, CRISPR and cas genes market system is also applied to control metabolic pathways for an improved biochemical synthesis. This technology is also used for the improvement of crop production. These factors further drive growth in the CRISPR and cas genes market.

CRISPR and cas genes system has been a revolutionary initiative in the biomedical research field. The application of this technology in somatic cell genome editing events has targeted to its application. The technologies are commonly used for the treatment of different genetic disorders. But, the ethical issues while using the system from the CRISPR and cas genes market are somewhere curtailing the growth in the industry. Furthermore, the market is also witnessing a lack of proficient professionals, which restrains its growth opportunities.

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The market forecast on CRISPR and cas genes market was estimated US$ 1,451.6 Mn. Now it is predicted to climb US$ 7,234.5 Mn during forecast period from 2018 to 2026. The market is estimated to reach a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.1% from 2018 to 2026.

Multiple Applications and Diverse Dominating Factors in CRISPR and Cas Genes Market

The report from market research on CRISPR and cas genes industry has marked its division on the basis of region, end-user, application, and product type. DNA-free cas and vector-based cas are the two types in which the CRISPR and cas genes market is bifurcated on the basis of product type. Between these two types, the vector-based cas section has dominated the market at international levelin 2017. This expression system is helpful for the researchers who are focusing to enrich Cas9-expressing cells and concentrate on the establishment of a stable cell line. The vector-based cas is available with an analytical that is used to support the creation of durable cell lines. These lines are designed with minimal possible background expression.

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The major advantages of the DNA-free cas segment boost growth in the CRISPR and cas genes market. DNA-free cas components are used for the reduction of potential off-targets. They also find application to trace correlations with human illnesses.

Knockout/activation, functional genomics, disease models, and genome engineering are the classification types in the CRISPR and cas genes market on the basis of application in different verticals. Contract research organizations, government and academic research institutes, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are some of the key end-use industries in the market. Further, as per the market analysis report on CRISPR and cas genes market, the industry is spread in different regions that include Middle East & Africa, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America.

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The industry players from market have adopted inorganic and organic growth strategies for the expansion of product offerings, capturing market share, increasing consumer base, and strengthening geographical reach. Some of the key players in the CRISPR and Cas genes market include Dharmacon, Synthego, GenScript, OriGene Technologies, Inc., Applied StemCell, Inc., Addgene, and Cellecta, Inc.

Genome Engineering to Dominate CRISPR and Cas genes market

On the basis of application, the genome engineering section has dominated in the CRISPR and cas genes market. The genetic materials can be added, detached, and altered with the help of CRISPR technology at any specific location in the genome. Genomic engineering is related to the synthetic assembly of comprehensive chromosomal DNA, and it has been commonly taken from natural genomic sequences.

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The CRISPR and Cas genes market has been dominated by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in terms of end-user. The strategic partnerships and innovations may boost growth in the market.

North America and Europe are the regions that account for the maximum share in the CRISPR and Cas genes market. Rising technological advancements and research activities are driving growth in the market.

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CRISPR and Cas Genes Market is Anticipated to Reach US$ 7,234.5 Mn by 2026, Increase in Incidence of Genetic Disorders to Drive the Market - BioSpace

Forcefield Therapeutics

Forcefield Therapeutics launches today following 5.5m commitment from Syncona

New biotechnology company launched to develop pioneering, best-in-class therapeutics to protect heart function following acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

London UK, 25 April 2022 Forcefield Therapeutics (Forcefield) Ltd, a pioneer of best-in-class therapeutics to protect heart function by arresting the loss of cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction, officially launches today following a 5.5 million commitment from Syncona Ltd, a leading healthcare company focused on founding, building, and funding a portfolio of global leaders in life sciences.

Forcefield is founded on the work of Professor Mauro Giacca, an authority in cardiovascular disease and genetic biology at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kings College London. Professor Giacca and his research team discovered three naturally occurring cardioprotective proteins capable of retaining cardiac tissue damaged by acute myocardial infarction (MI) via a unique combination of actions. This work originated at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ICGEB, Trieste, Italy.

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) can trigger the loss of large numbers of cardiomyocytes, or heart cells, which can lead to a cascade of events leading to heart failure. Up to 25% of cardiomyocytes can be lost during and immediately after MI.

The three identified proteins have the potential to retain heart function, preventing the progression to heart failure. These proteins form the basis of the Companys discovery pipeline and will initially be developed as an easily and acutely administered formulation enabling rapid treatment soon after MI before heart damage becomes irreversible, with potential for wider applications.

The targets were identified through FunSel, a transformational search engine which is agnostic of gene and mechanism of action, based on the physiology of the organ and disease in question, removing the bias built into typical drug discovery, which is disease or single target focused.

Story continues

Richard Francis, Chief Executive Officer of Forcefield Therapeutics, commented: Myocardial infarction remains the most common cause of heart failure worldwide, with 1.7% of the worlds population at risk. Our aim is to revolutionise acute post-MI treatment and prevent the cascade of events that may lead to subsequent heart failure. We believe that Forcefield and the development of Professor Giaccas discoveries will revolutionise patient treatment following acute MI, moving beyond the current approach: slowing the progression of heart failure, and enabling us to prevent irreversible cardiac damage.

Professor Mauro Giacca, Forcefield Therapeutics founder and board member said: Despite decades of research, no current treatment is able to prevent the death of cardiomyocytes or a reduction in lifespan and quality of life following acute MI. By redefining the search for cardioprotective therapies, we have identified proteins that have not been previously linked to cardiac health, but which hold the potential to retain heart function, preventing premature death of heart cells and thus counteracting the deleterious effects of MI.

Chris Hollowood, Chief Investment Officer of Syncona Investment Management Limited, added: The proteins identified through FunSel contain mechanisms which have naturally evolved to repair molecular, cellular, and organ damage and may have potential in other diseases with similar aetiology. Syncona is excited to be able to support Forcefield, which has the potential to create a breakthrough in the treatment of MI.

- ENDS -

Notes to Editors

About Forcefield Therapeutics Ltd.

Forcefield Therapeutics Ltd (Forcefield Tx) is a pioneer of best-in-class therapeutics to retain heart function via protection of cardiomyocytes. Forcefield Tx was founded by scientists, industry experts and investors with a shared purpose to revolutionise treatment following acute myocardial infarction (MI). Forcefields unique approach can both retain and protect heart cells, minimising the impact of MI and preventing the cascade of events that may lead to subsequent heart failure. Forcefield Tx is led by a proven team with a record of success from discovery to commercialisation and is backed by leading FTSE 250 healthcare company, Syncona. For more information please visit: forcefieldtx.com.

Contacts:

Forcefield Therapeutics

Richard Francis, CEOcontact@forcefieldtx.com+44 (0)20 3855 6324

Syncona

investorrelations@synconaltd.com

Consilium Strategic Communications

Amber Fennell, Jessica Hodgson, Genevieve Wilsonforcefield@consilium-comms.com

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Forcefield Therapeutics launches today following 5.5m commitment from Syncona - Yahoo Finance

The U.S. could soon have a new COVID vaccine on the market but this one will be different from the others.

Novavax asked the Food and Drug Administration to authorize its COVID-19 vaccine for adults in late-January and that application remains under review, but the company recently released data surrounding a new trial that could target both flu and COVID at the same time.

So what exactly is Novavax and what should you know about the vaccine? Here's a breakdown.

The Novavax vaccine differs from Pfizer and Moderna's mRNA vaccines in that it relies on an older technology thats been used for years to make shots for diseases like influenza and pertussis. The Maryland-based Novavax drugmaker uses genetic engineering to grow harmless copies of the coronavirus spike protein in insect cells. Scientists then extract and purify the protein and then mix in an immune-boosting chemical.

For certain groups of people particularly young men the mRNA vaccines carry a slightly elevated risk of a heart condition called myocarditis. Novavax's vaccine has not been linked to myocarditis.

But in addition, the company is also in clinical trials of a version of its vaccine that would target both COVID and flu at the same time. The company said its first phase of the trial showed the potential for triggering an antibody response to both viruses, though further study is needed. A second phase of the trial is set to begin "by the end of 2022."

"We continue to evaluate the dynamic public health landscape and believe there may be a need for recurrent boosters to fight both COVID-19 and seasonal influenza," Dr. Gregory M. Glenn, president of research and development for Novavax, said in a statement. "We're encouraged by these data and the potential path forward for a combination COVID-19-influenza vaccine as well as stand-alone vaccines for influenza and COVID-19."

Neither version of the vaccine has been authorized for use in the U.S.

In a statement to NBC Chicago Monday, the company said a meeting could be scheduled "in the near future."

"We continue to have a productive dialogue with the FDA as they review data and we answer inquiries related to clinical and manufacturing data as expected," Novavax said in its statement. "We look forward to scheduling our VRBPAC meeting in the near future as indicated by the FDA."

If cleared for emergency use in the United States, it would provide an alternative to the popular mRNA-based shots from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.

Where is Novavax authorized currently?

The vaccine is already available for use in at least 170 countries.

The European Medicines Agency gave Novavaxs two-dose COVID-19 vaccine for adults the green light inDecember; the shot has also been cleared by Indonesia, Australia and the World Health Organization, among others.

Japans health ministry on Tuesday formally approved Novavax's COVID-19 vaccine, a fourth foreign-developed tool to combat the infections as the country sees signs of a resurgence led by a subvariant of fast-spreading omicron.

According to the company, "serious and severe adverse events were low in number and balanced between vaccine and placebo groups" during clinical trials.

The company notes that the most common reactions were headache, nausea or vomiting, pain at the injection site, fatigues and muscle pain.

Novavax has run into repeated production problems and mainly relies on other factories to make its vaccine. It has delayed delivery of its shots to numerous countries in Europe and despite pledges to make 250 million doses available to COVAX,not a single vaccinehas been shared with the U.N.-backed effort to distribute shots to poorer countries.

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What is Novavax? How This COVID Vaccine Differs From Others, When It Could Be Authorized - NBC Chicago

Chinese scientist He Jiankui presents his work at the II International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong (China), on 16 of November 2018.| Photo: EFE/ Alex Hofford

In November 2020 ) broke the news that the Chinese biophysicist He Jiankui had done genetic editing on human embryos with the CRISPR technique (pronounced crisper). The technique is based on a molecular system of defense of some bacteria against the invasion of viruses that allows cutting and pasting with unprecedented precision any type of DNA, including human. The scientist had implanted two genetically modified human embryos in the uterus of a pregnant woman, and a third in another pregnant woman. Two twin girls were already born. The following year, the third child was born, and a Chinese court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison. He was released this month.

The scientists actions have drawn international condemnation. The sentencing court said he deliberately violated Chinas medical standards and that he unscrupulously applied gene-editing technology in assisted human reproduction medicine. According to the magazine MIT Technology Review, which revealed the CRISPR babies project, He Jiankui answered the phone earlier this month, but stated that it is not convenient to talk about it at the moment. The scientist is described by acquaintances as idealistic, naive and ambitious. He studied at the American universities of Rice and Stanford. After the MIT website leaked in November 2018, He took to YouTube to announce the birth of the twins. Nana e Lulu in English.

The experiments on human embryos that led to the three Genetically modified children were made at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen City. The intention was to introduce a mutation in the CCR5 gene into the embryos, which encodes a protein on the surface of defense cells that HIV uses in its infection. The twins father is HIV positive. About 10% of northern Europeans carry a natural mutation in the gene called delta-32, which confers resistance to some strains of HIV in homozygotes (with copies of the mutation on both chromosomes), and more latency in the progression of AIDS in heterozygotes (with a single copy of the mutation ).

He may not have been able to reproduce the delta-16 perfectly, accidentally causing possible mutations with others unknown functional effects. He also may not have been able to change all copies of CCR5 in girls, who are either genetic mosaics for the artificial mutation (ie, carry it in some tissues of the body but not others) or heterozygotes for it. Information about the three children, however, is still scarce.

For geneticist Fyodor Urnov, who studies genome editing with CRISPR at the University of California at Berkeley, there are no circumstances that justify genetic modification of human embryos, but he supports editing after birth to alleviate some rare genetic diseases. Urnov isnt the only one who thinks its acceptable to use genetic engineering to rid children of congenital genetic diseases.

A Pew Research Center survey showed that the majority of the population in 10 Countries support this specific use of the technology: 20154926 % agree globally, with a maximum of 8010894115001 % in Spain and a less expressive majority of 57% in Japan. In Brazil, 57% approve of this use. However, when the question was whether gene editing would be acceptable to make the baby smarter, a majority of approval was obtained only in India (28%). 70% of respondents globally disapprove of this use, among them 32% of Brazilians. Among the three countries of the Americas included, however (USA, Canada and Brazil), the 27% of Brazilians who approve of increasing intelligence through genetic engineering are the most expressive group with this opinion. The survey is from December 2020.

Ethical Shortcuts

In addition to possibly failing in his goals when editing the embryos, He Jiankui also took shortcuts in ethical procedures. It did not justify the need for this genetic editing in the embryos of these girls. They have an HIV positive father but are out of risk of contracting HIV from him. Today, antiretroviral drugs allow a practically normal life for seropositive people. Those with an undetectable viral load are less likely to transmit the virus than people who do not know their infection status because of a lack of routine testing. Therefore, from a moral and medical point of view, the intervention was unnecessary.

The consent form for parents to sign was created by He Jiankui himself and does not follow the required standards. In addition, it looks more like a business contract, in which there is greater concern with the profits from the childrens image rights than with their health.

Published, concomitantly with the experiment and together with a public relations professional, a bioethics article on gene editing. In the article, He gives advice that he himself violated with this experiment.

Proposals to globally regulate human research like Hes are stalled, especially after the pandemic, which took the spotlight off the issue. The very origin of the new coronavirus also raises questions about the effectiveness of the regulation of medical research.

Also, CRISPR scissors dont look as sharp as you thought, they can cut DNA in the wrong place and introduce mutations. A study published in the journal PNAS indicated that 16% of human embryos treated with the technique had this problem. The new technology remains a hope for genetic ailments such as cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs and Huntingtons diseases (which lead to neurodegeneration in children and adults, respectively, causing premature death), among others.

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CRISPR: Scientist Who Changed Three Babies' Genes Gets Out of Jail in China. The dangers of this technology News Release India - News Release India

On a recent afternoon, a dozen smallholder farmers gathered at Eziokwu village in Anambra State, alongside their colleague, Emmanuel Osondu, who was billed to share his experience after participating in the genetically modified cowpea farming experiment.

Mr Osondu, an indigene of the densely populated farming community of Eziokwu in Ndikelionwu town of the South-east state, was among farmers selected from across Nigerias 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) to participate in the trial phase of the Pod Borer Resistant (PBR) cowpea project.

Last August, the farmers were given cowpea seeds genetically modified (GM) to resist the destructive pod-borer insect pest and improve yield to experiment on their farms.

Mr Osondu said his farm became the centre of attraction a few weeks after he planted the cowpea. As you can see, I planted the beans at a roadside where everybody can see it, the farmer said. He was quick to point out the sharp contrast between the traditional cowpea the farmers are used to and the new variety.

I used to spray insecticides at least five times on the normal cowpea yet the crop will still be eaten by insects before harvest. But this one I sprayed only once, and it did very well. I harvested about two months after planting and the yield was impressive.

They gave me half a cup and I harvested three painter buckets. If I planted the same amount of normal beans, I would have harvested only one painter, the farmer said, adding that the new cowpea variety does not only look good in the eye but is also delicious to eat.

He said many farmers around the area witnessed the high performance of the crop hence the gathering that Sunday afternoon. The rapid growth of the crop amazed everybody, he said.

We saw it with our own eyes. The beans (BT cowpea) did very well. I would like to plant it myself, a bearded young man among the group of farmers said as others took turns to give mostly positive reviews about the Bt cowpea.

Amid the upbeat mood, there was an awkward silence when the farmers were asked what they knew about the new variety of cowpea, where it came from, and how it was engineered.

Because none of the farmers in Eziokwu had grown GM cowpea, it was difficult for them to say anything about it. Any concerns with the new technology had not yet reached them.

Within the past decade, the adoption of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), commonly referred to as GM seeds by crop farmers has been a subject of debate among scientists, environmentalists and even food activists in Nigeria and globally.

The question of what role, if any, GMOs should play in helping to address a range of agriculture, nutrition, and climatic challenges in developing countries like Nigeria has been at the centre of discussions.

Concerns have been raised over the environmental and health impacts of GMOs, as well as their impact on traditional farming methods and issues around seed patents, and farmers being dependent on corporations.

Governments in developing nations are responding to those concerns in a variety of ways with some banning GMOs outright, some embracing the technology, and others attempting to find balance between the concerns and needs of all sides.

According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), at least 33 major food crops have been genetically modified globally. Of these, four (maize, cowpea, cotton and soybean) have been officially approved for commercialization by the Nigerian authorities, with Nigeria listed among the six African countries leading in biotech crop adoption in the continent.

Some experts have argued that planting GM seeds will help to produce enough food for the teeming global population, hence achieving food security at a fast pace. Others have also argued that food productivity can be improved through natural methods.

In Nigeria, the debate around GM food is highly polarised, as it is elsewhere in the world, even in the U.S., where resistance has paralleled a growing demand for organic foods and clear labelling of genetically modified products.

These debates have created two distinctive divides that have come to be commonly known as pro and anti GMO groups.

The National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), an agency established under Nigerias ministry of science and technology to promote, implement, and coordinate biotechnology and GMO development and the Open Forum on Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa (OFAB), an advocacy arm of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) are working to change the publics negative perception and increase positive awareness of GM products.

Considered as pro GMOs, the duo organises meetings and workshops between scientists, farmers, and the media.

In sharp contrast, Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF), Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria and several other civil societies who are at the forefront of criticisms against the technology for safety concerns are regarded as anti GM groups.

NABDA and OFAB would often disregard safety concerns by HOMEF and their allies for lack of scientific proof, insisting that GMOs are scientific, and research based with years of rigorous safety procedures before commercialization.

While the pro GM groups welcome Western support and believe the international partnerships serve the interests of local farmers. Anti-GM groups, however, do not trust the companies or their technology. They are playing God. No patented seed can be compared with natural ones. This is a new form of colonisation. They want to replace our food system and culture, said Nnimmo Bassey, founder of HOMEF, the most active anti-GM group in the country.

The position of HOMEF and others is that genetic engineering is proposed mostly on myths that are readily acceptable because they claim to be scientific. These groups insist that GMOs do not necessarily yield better than natural varieties, and that they erode or diminish biodiversity due to their dominant traits.

They also argue that most of Africas genetic modification projects are closely targeted at staple crops that are of local and international corporations and organisations. Licences for the patented genes that African scientists use to modify cowpea crops, for example, were provided royalty-free by biotech companies such as Monsanto (acquired by Bayer in 2016) inviting questions about whether their goals are purely humanitarian.

In 2013, a report published by the UK Guardian revealed how Monsanto sued hundreds of farmers in the U.S in attempts to protect its patent rights on GM seeds that it produces and sells.

The study outlined what it says is a concerted effort by the multinational company to dominate the seeds industry in the U.S. and prevent farmers from replanting crops they have produced from Monsanto seeds.

The report jointly produced by the Centre for Food Safety and Save Our Seeds Campaign and titled Seed Giants vs US Farmers that tracked lawsuits Monsanto brought against farmers found some `142 infringement suits against 410 farmers and 56 small businesses. In total, the firm had won more than $23 million from its targets, the report said.

While promoters of GMO are working tirelessly to counter these criticisms and reassure safety, over a month-long investigation by PREMIUM TIMES on Bt cowpea farming in Nigeria shows that safety concerns are not the only challenge standing in the way of implementation of the new variety. Poor awareness of GMO among not just lay people but even many informed Nigerians fuels scepticism which is making it difficult for Nigerians to make informed decisions on whether to accept or reject GM cowpea in Nigeria, our findings revealed.

Here in this rural village of Eziokwe, Mr Osondu and other poor farmers have not been following the controversies surrounding GMOs.

All I know is they told us the beans have been treated to perform well, said Mr Osondu who admitted he does not know what it means for a crop to be genetically modified and if there are possibilities of health and environmental implications in planting such crops.

Elsewhere in Alor town of Anambra State, another farmer selected for the PBR cowpea trial project said rodents ate up her BT cowpea before she could harvest them.

I was very happy with how the crop performed but unfortunately rats ate most of them before harvest, Eucharia Obiorah, a mother-of-five who mainly plants vegetables, said adding that the BT cowpea had no negative effect on the other crops within her farm.

After a rigorous selection process, Emmanuel Amaechi is among the two farmers that participated in the PBR cowpea project in Delta State.

Mr Amaechi farms inside the Delta Agricultural and Rural Development settlement located in Ibusa, Oshimili North LGA of the state.

The farmer explained how they were given the BT cowpea after a seminar for them to practise in their farms. He said they were told the new varieties were treated to resist pests and improve yield.

But when probed further on what he knows about GMOs, the farmer said, I dont really know anything about all these things. I cant remember if they thought about it during the training, I honestly dont understand how they were made or where they are from.

Mr Amaechi however insisted he preferred the new variety to the old one. He said the only downside he noticed was that the BT cowpea takes longer time to cook but the test was excellent. Many farmers in my area indicated interest in planting the GM crop.

Juliet Elumere, another farmer selected for the PBR project in Delta State seemed enchanted by the performance of the BT cowpea.

I was given half a cup of the cowpea, but I harvested 48 cups, Juliet explained. The seed grew very fast and looked healthy. Just as I thought, it was sweet. I prefer it to the normal one.

The farmer said she made several delicacies from the Bt Cowpea including Akara and moi moi (bean cakes) and they all turned out delicious.

One thing is common in experiences gathered from these farmers: they are open to new approaches that would minimise pests, allowing them to grow enough cowpea to feed their families with a surplus to sell even though they know little or nothing about the Bt cowpea.

Like Mr Osondu and his co-farmers in the South-eastern region, crop farmers in Southwestern part of the country who planted the beans were enthusiastic to share their Bt cowpea farming experience with our reporter.

Whenever we are given seeds like that, we are told it is an improved variety and we are usually trained on how to plant it so as to get the right results, Idowu kazeem, a cowpea farmer in Akindin village of Olaoluwa Local Government Area of Osun state said.

Mr Kazeem is one of several farmers selected for the trial phase of the Bt Cowpea by the Osun State Agricultural Development Programme (OSSADEP) in September last year. He farms crops such as Cassava, maize, beans among others to make ends meet.

I planted the beans on September 4 last year and the beans produced very well, he said in Yoruba language, adding that he observed the beans from the first stage of germination until it got to its flowering, pod bearing and harvesting stages respectively.

The farmers alleged that a major motivation and excitement for them while growing the new variety of beans lies on the fact that they sprayed plots planted with pesticide only twice unlike the indigenous variety of beans they are used to which they would have to spray more than five times before they can harvest something significant from their farms.

With this new variety given to us, I sprayed the farm only twice before harvesting, in fact, I am thinking if we dont spray the new variety at all, one will still have a good harvest, Mr Kazeem said.

After harvest, the farmer said he observed that Bt Cowpea bore more pods than the previous beans he had been planting.

The Bt Cowpea seeds are bigger, and the pods are longer than the old variety I have been cultivating, he added, noting that he observed about 60- 50 per cent increase in yield during harvest when compared to the previous type of variety he is used to.

While the farmer believed that the beans are good for consumption, he said it does not come out well whenever it is used for bean cake (Moi-Moi).

The peels are difficult to remove, and it makes the moi-moi turn black, Mr Kazeem said.

Sulaiman Adijat, a cassava, and beans farmer at Ileoluwa-Iwara settlement, just like Mr Kazeem, narrated a similar experience about the seeds performance she got from OSSADEP.

The seeds sprouted well Mrs Adijat said, explaining that it bore more pods than the type of beans she used to grow before, making other farmers ask where she got the seeds from?

Some farmers even stole from the ones planted, she said.

However, she bemoaned the beans inability to turn brownish quickly when cooked.

Ahmad Sulaiman, another farmer at Olaoluwa Amere settlement said he was also given the seeds to plant which he did.

He said the seeds given to him were fast to germinate, and that he harvested the beans within two months.

With this, Mr Sulaiman explained that a farmer can grow the Bt Cowpea three times annually if they want to because it does not give much stress like the conventional variety they have been planting all these years.

Ogungbenro Ebenezer, a seasoned crop farmer at Iwo farm settlement in Osun state, explained that he was given the Bt cowpea seeds by OSSADEP for trial on September 7 last year.

He said the seeds were planted the day he was given, and that the first germination was observed on the third day unlike the conventional beans that would sprout after five days.

He said weed control was minimal because of the spacing adopted, ( 5m x 5m rectangular). This he said made weed control to be very effective and that he sprayed his farm with pesticide just once before harvest, which implies the degree of pest invasion was minimal.

At 35 days, Mr Ebenezer said he observed the first flowering of the beans and that at exactly two months, it was harvested.

Unlike the conventional beans whose pods do not mature uniformly, Mr Ebenezer said the Bt cowpea beans matured all at once and they were all harvested at the same day.

At germination, I observed about 98- 99 per cent germination, the seeds were so viable, the farmer who himself is a graduate of agriculture from the Federal University of Abeokuta said.

Due to the spacing method adopted on the 200g of seeds he was given, he explained that the cost of weeding was minimal, insect pest control on the farm too was minimal, and it made the use of insecticides more efficient and effective.

Bamigbola Kehinde, OSSADEPs agric extension deputy director in Iwo, who coordinated and monitored the farmers that planted the Bt cowpea seeds in the state, said during the monitoring and evaluation phase of the crop, they noticed that it was quite different from the varieties their farmers have been planting in the area of insect infestation.

If we dont spray the old varieties we have been planting 3-4 times, we may not be able to achieve a reasonable yield, but with the PBRC variety, even with no spraying, we achieved a good yield, the OSSADEP official said.

In the past two weeks, our researchers put questions on social media platforms including WhatsApp and Facebook asking Nigerians if they have been following the GMO debates; what they know about Bt Cowpea and whether GMO crops should be generally accepted as a solution to the countrys farming challenges.

Respondents are mainly civil servants and corporate workers who can be classified as the literate public.

About 70 per cent of over 200 respondents admitted they basically have no knowledge of what GMOs are all about. I dont even know what genetically modified crops are. I will have to google it, said Tega Okene, a loan company staff in Abuja.

As a medical practitioner, I know nothing about this subject. Oh God! exclaimed Bissallah Ekele, the Chief Medical Director, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada.

About 20 per cent who said they have basic information on the technology preferred natural crops and farming solutions. Their reasons differ but can be linked to rising safety concerns.

No (GMOs should not be accepted). I think its horrible and can be harmful to our biodiversity in the long run, Jessica Oduh, a journalist said. On the reason for her answer, she said, Monsanto is horrid. I have read several reports linking the companys products to health and environmental hazards.

Miss Oduhs reservations for Monsanto are not unfounded. The American agro-chemical and biotechnology company (acquired by German company Bayer in 2016) has over the years been engaged in controversial high-profile lawsuits over its products health and environmental effects.

Chinenye Nwabueze, a lecturer and media expert, believes several allegations and safety concerns about GMOs should not be treated with levity in Nigeria. Theres a sharp increase in the price of wheat and some other foodstuffs across the globe because of the Ukraine and Russia war. Both countries, which are the largest producers, stopped exporting. So, ask yourself, why cant they use GMO versions to solve the problem, he said.

The lecturer hinged his argument on the strong hostility GMOs are facing in many parts of Europe where the technology is perceived as very unfavourable due to a general lack of confidence and health concerns about the product.

Only 10 per cent of the respondents think GMOs should be accepted in Nigeria citing its usefulness in solving the countrys food crisis. Nigeria should accept GMO because it can prove food production although a lot of awareness and sensitization is needed to allay fears of safety concerns and instil confidence among about the crop, said Osita Onyeji, a Lagos-based banker.

Despite their irreconcilable difference, pro and anti GMO groups acknowledged the poor awareness of the technology among Nigerians and inadequate shelf labelling of GM in groceries has been argued to be an infringement on peoples right to know what they buy and consume.

Rose Gidado, director of OFAB agreed that there is still very little awareness on GMOs, attributing the situation to the fact that some of the farmers growing the crops are not lettered and funding challenges her organisation is facing.

Most of them (farmers) didnt go to school, we just give them the seeds and tell them that the seeds have been improved, she explained, adding that when you tell them GMO, theyve never heard about it, so I dont know how you expect us to go about it.

Usually, she said, when you give improved seeds to farmers you dont have to feed them with all the information, let them be the one to give you the feedback.

What we just need to do is to teach them those agronomic practices, even if you improve the seeds, if good agronomic practices are not put into use it will not work, Mrs Gidado said.

She said good farm management practices are critical that is why farmers are educated on how, when and at what stage to do what and what to achieve the best results.

However, she said the awareness level on GMOs among Nigerians is still very low because it is capital intensive.

Being a government agency there is paucity of funds. When we go to a media house, especially television, to sponsor a programme they will say N30 million and without the media we cannot go anywhere, but we are doing our best, she said.

HOMEF on its part says it agrees on the need for Nigerians to have knowledge of GMOs to make informed choices. For many years now, we have tried to sensitise the public of the safety concerns of GMOs and possible dangers of its introduction into our Environment and country, Mariann Bassey- Orovwuje, the Coordinator for Food Sovereignty Program for Friends of the Earth Nigeria and Africa and the Chair of the Agroecology and Land Working Group of the Alliance for Food Sovereignty in Africa (AFSA, said.

Whenever we carry out such awareness and sensitization workshops and visits to communities, we still hear people say they do not know what GMOs are. When it comes to BT Cowpea, I can categorically confirm that the awareness level is quite low. The terminology used BT Cowpea alone is misleading. Most people dont know it is the same thing as Beans.

For Mr Bassey of HOMEF, the fact that farmers do not know what they are given to plant and GMO promoters admitting to not providing sufficient information to Nigerians should be enough reason not to allow GMOs into the country.

Even if they go around the country and tell everybody about GM foods, when it gets to the market it will still mix up with organic products because it is almost impossible to label GMOs in Nigeria, he said.

We are in a situation where we are ambushed to eat what we know nothing about. It is the fundamental right of a consumer to know what he or she is consuming.

Edwin Kwaku, leader of Food Sovereignty Ghana (FSG), an anti-GMO group leading Ghanas battle against approval of GMOs said the poor awareness on GMOs is deliberate.

A lot of media has been compromised Nigerians are tough people everywhere in the world and if they really know the dangers of GMOs and why it should be rejected, they will kick against it, he said.

Nigerias Biosafety Management Agency NBMA has been inundated with accusations of handing a free pass to western companies bringing in GMOs into the country despite safety concerns and poor awareness of the technology in the country.

The NBMA Act is defective, according to Mr. Bassey, because its governing board is filled with GMO promoters such as NABDA and the Biotechnology Society of Nigeria.

The speed with which Nigeria is permitting GMOs is highly suspicious and offers no assurance that the government is concerned about safety and the preservation of our biodiversity, he said.

In 2016, NBMA allowed the first set of GMOs into Nigeria by issuing two permits for commercial release of GM cotton, and the confined field trial of GM maize to Monsanto.

The NBMA approved the glyphosate herbicide resistant maize despite safety concerns including the International Agency for Research on Cancer report that linked the active ingredient glyphosate to cancer.

But Monsanto had argued theres overwhelming weight of evidence against IARCs classification of glyphosate as a carcinogen.

Nigerias foremost investigative newspaper, PREMIUM TIMES in its Editorial of August 29, 2016, titled, The Growing Menace of the Monsanto-induced Pro-GMO Lobby in Nigeria, raised concerned about what it described as a determined march by Monsanto to impose GMOs into agricultural production in Nigeria.

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INVESTIGATION: In Nigerian communities, farmers growing GM crops know too little to make informed decisions - Premium Times

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The global recombinant vector vaccines market can be segmented based on type of vector, disease type, and region. In terms of type of vector, the market can be bifurcated into recombinant viral vector vaccines and recombinant bacterial vector vaccines. The recombinant viral vector vaccines segment holds the maximum share of the market. Based on disease type, the market can be segmented into vector vaccines used to treat various viral and bacterial infections. Recombinant vector vaccines are being developed to treat cancer.

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Geographically, the global recombinant vector vaccines market can be segmented into Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held a major share in 2016, owing to rise in technology advancements in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Increasing awareness, government initiatives, and availability of vector vaccines are expected to boost the growth of the market in Asia Pacific. The recombinant vector vaccines market in Europe is anticipated to grow during the forecast period owing to technological developments and increasing prevalence of infectious diseases.

Key players in the global recombinant vector vaccines market include Sanofi, Pfizer, Inc., Novartis AG, Neuron Biotech, Merck and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc, CSL Limited, Biological E, and Bharat Biotech.

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Recombinant Vector Vaccines Market: The recombinant viral vector vaccines segment holds the maximum share of the market - BioSpace