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Monthly Archives: August 2021
Are ‘Antifa’ and the ‘Alt-Right’ Equally Violent?
Posted: August 2, 2021 at 1:53 am
In the hours and days following the deadly Unite the Right rally on 12 August 2017, President Donald Trump laid the blame for the violence that took the lives of three people in Charlottesville, Virginia on many sides.
The claim that white supremacists and counter-demonstrators carry equal responsibility for the weekend melee in Charlottesville has been widely rejected both Democrat and Republican lawmakers have repudiated the views espoused by rally attendees who were seen using racist and anti-Semitic epithets and carrying Nazi symbols. But the presidents comments have drawn attention to far left demonstrators known as antifa (short for anti-fascist), who have been showing up to counter white supremacist rallies, sometimes violently).
However, videos of a car ramming into a group of pedestrians protesting the rally doesnt show any antifa in the crowd that was hit. Instead, Heather Heyer, the 32-year-old woman who was killed, was a Charlottesville local and many of the people in the area appeared to be regular demonstrators. Nevertheless on the day she was killed, President Trump said:
We condemn in the strongest possible terms this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence, on many sides. On many sides.
Two days later, under pressure to condemn white supremacist violence, President Trump revisited the issue, but blamed the alt-left, a made-up term probably meant to refer to antifa. He said:
Okay, what about the alt-left that came charging at [indiscernible] excuse me what about the alt-left that came charging at the, as you say, the alt-right? Do they have any semblance of guilt?
Even though the people who died amid the unrest have not been linked to antifa (the other two victims were police officers), questions have since been raised about the violence at the weekend rally and further potential for violence at upcomingevents by both the alt-right (a term that encompasses different strands of white supremacist factions) and the antifa activists who come out to meet them. Experts tell us that statistically, historically, and in terms of philosophy the alt-right poses a bigger threat and greater evil, but the violence at political demonstrations has been ratcheting up in recent months.
Brian Levin, criminal justice professor at California State University at San Bernardino who is an expert on hate groups, said ideology aside, street violence is generally increasing at political demonstrations, as extremist groups are egged on by each others words and actions:
To be sure, there is a violent subsection of antifa which is getting much publicity and much more prominent to say theyre not is just false. By the same token there isnt a moral equivalency in philosophy, but there is an escalating arms race with regard to extremists on different sides, of which I think alt-right are now at the forefront.
But, he pointed out, antifa isnt as organized as the alt-right, and doesnt have the access to the channels of publicity and governmental influence that the alt-right does:
The alt-right is far more organized and has greater access to the political mainstream than their less-organized cohorts on the hard left who do not enjoy or do not have the same structure or access into the political mainstream. Both are anti-establishments and socio-political entities that can radicalize constituents to violence but the alt-right just as an organism is far larger, more sophisticated and more able to participate in the political mainstream, particularly through messaging.
Marilyn Mayo, senior research fellow for the Anti-Defamation Leagues Center on Extremism, said that statistics show that radical leftists have been dramatically less likely to kill people than their counterparts on the opposite side of the political spectrum.Over the past decade, extremists of every stripe have killed 372 Americans. 74 percent of those killings were committed by right wing extremists. Only 2 percent of those deaths were at the hands of left wing extremists. Mayo told us:
I dont want to give moral equivalence to the two sides because one side is fighting against white supremacy. On the Antifa side, theyve never murdered anyone but there have been many murders done by white supremacists, so we have to be concerned about that movement.
But, she said:
You have an escalation of rhetoric and you have people who are willing to fight it out in the streets. With this political polarization in the country right now, you have people who come dressed for battle, and when they confront each other it can lead to violence.
This is kind of a watershed moments because we saw one of the largest and most violent white supremacist rallies in over a decade. It brought together a lot of strains under one umbrella and the fact these groups were able to unite shows they feel the moment is very ripe to get their message out and be in the streets. Theyre not afraid to be out and open in their views. When you have people who have so much hate and bigotry, shouting things like Jews will not replace us, it shows that they are rearing for action. And theres always the potential for violence when you have hate groups going out into the streets.
John Sepulvado, a reporter who has been covering far-right groups for Bay Area public radio station KQED, told us the violence at recent alt-right demonstrations has been used to recruit, and when antifa shows up to fight them it can play into their game plan. Theyre turning the traditional desire for objectivity by the media on its head, he told us.
Citing a lyric from rapper Jay Zs song Takeover that says, A wise man told me dont argue with fools, cause people from a distance cant tell who is who, Sepulvado told us the pattern of inciting violence at rallies from the alt-right has gone this way:
Announce an event thats going to piss everyone who has common sense off, something so outrageous its going to piss 99 percent of the population off, then when someone gets on Twitter [and threatens them], send out a press release saying, we cant practice our free speech rights because of leftist violence. Then show up anyway. They have canceled so many rallies that they showed up at anyway and still rallied. The threat of leftist violence means they need to wear body armor and bring weapons. If its an open carry state theyll have [firearms]. If its not an open carry state theyll bring firecrackers and sticks.
And then when someone pushes them or spits on them, theyll use that as an excuse to strike out. Then the leftists will strike out, and the media wont know whos who.
The important distinction, he said, is that the leftists arent organizing the protests. Theyre just responding to them. Sepulvado added:
You know [the alt-right] is guiltiest when they say, look at them, were not the only ones. Theyre not arguing whether the [car attack] was actually committed, theyre just trying to bring everyone down in the muck with them. This is like a bottom feeding monster trying to convince the world that dolphins are ugly creatures.
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Why Are Jews Leading The Alt-Right & ‘White’ Nationalist …
Posted: at 1:53 am
Vladimir Lenin, Jewish Communist revolutionary in Russia
Anybody who has been paying attention over the past five years can see the hidden hand at work in the so-called Alt-Right and White Nationalist movements.
While the media drones on about white supremacists and antisemitism, the truth is that Jews are actually the ones leading these movements, and there is a clear agenda at work.
This is nothing new.
In 1970, Frank Collin (real name Cohn) was a Jew who founded the National Socialist Party of America (NSPA), which would go on to be one of the largest neo-nazi parties at that time. Collin/Cohn would regularly lead neo-nazi marches around Chicago, which ultimately culminated in the Skokie Affair.
Frank Collin/Cohn was eventually found guilty of child molestation and sexually abusing young boys at the NSPA headquarters in Chicago. Predictably, he went to jail and the whole NSPA movement fizzled out.
Just like in the 1970s, today we see the exact same dynamic at work: Jews leading the Alt Right and so-called White Nationalist movements.
It is no secret that the webmaster of the Daily Stormer is/has been Andrew Escher Auernheimer (aka Weev), an Ashkenazi Jew on both sides of his family.
Auernheimer has admitted to being a Jew many times over the years. He has also been outed by his own jewish family. Speaking to Newsweek, his mother Alyse said,
He doesnt like us, she said, adding that her son comes from a large, mixed-race family with Native American heritage, and that he most certainly has Jewish lineage on both sides of his family.
In October 2010, Auernheimer admitted his genetic ties to the Jew Theodore Herzl, the founder of the Zionist movement on his official reddit account (still active), which was also verified in one of his court cases:
Well, my line is related to Theodore Herzl, so I have blood ties to Zionist thought.
Like Frank Collin/Cohn, Auernheimer has also served time in jail for illicit activities and crimes.
Below you see the Jew Andrew Escher Auernheimer (right), who looks uncannily like the gay jewish pedophile Allen Ginsberg (left):
Heres another article exposing Weev from Occidental Dissent (archived), detailing how Weev at the Daily Stormer is tied in with Chabad Lubavitch Jews in New York, including Jared Kushner (from the Trump Administration).
Heres Auernheimer promoting violence on a show with Christopher Cantwell, another Alt Right clown and admitted FBI informant.
Hunter Wallace at Occidental Dissent has an excellent overview exposing Weev and his promotion of violence over the years (archived version).
Weevs (and Daily Stormers) subversive and dishonest agenda:
Breitbart is a jewish operation to the core and it has been that way from the beginning.
In an article from August 2016, Breitbarts jewish CEO Lary Solov stated:
They say that we are anti-Semitic, though our company was founded by Jews, is largely staffed by Jews, and has an entire section (Breitbart Jerusalem) dedicated to reporting on and defending the Jewish state of Israel.
As one of the largest of the so-called alternative media websites, Breitbart attempts to be edgy by reporting stories that may be popular with racially aware Whites, while at the same time controlling the narrative and obscuring the hidden Jewish Hand behind the power structure.
In 2015, the Jew Larry Solov wrote an article explaining how Breitbart was born in Israel:
A lot of people dont realize this but Breitbart News Network really got its start in Jerusalem. It was the summer of 2007, and Andrew had been invited to tour Israel as part of a media junket. I agreed to tag along as his lawyer and best friend. What neither of us knew at the time was that the trip would change our lives and give us the inspiration for Breitbart News Network.
One of its co-founders was Steve Bannon, Donald Trumps Chief Strategist, who described Breitbart as THE platform for the alt-right. Yes, this is the same Steven Bannon who was recently outed for his close associations with Mossad operative and pedophile, Jeffrey Epstein.
Ben Shapiro, another Jew who plays the part of an edgy conservative when hes not studying The Talmud, which is the jewish blueprint for subverting White Christian society, also spent a few years training at Breitbart as a political commentator.
Its no secret that Ezra Levant, the loudmouth behind Rebel Media, is jewish.
Like Breitbart, Levant plays the role of conservative without ever going near the topics of race or the jewish hand at work in various arenas.
Weve discussed Ezra Levant before in his relation to Tommy Robinson. Levant appears to be one of Tommys handlers, while also being his money manager who collects donations for his legal defense, but well discuss Tommy more below.
Levants job is to keep all discussion about Muslims focused on Islam, rather than the jewish enablers.
The Gatestone Institute seems to be the largest among the kosher-approved anti-Islam websites.
The goal of these websites is simple: lead the opposition by criticizing Islam, but dont go anywhere near the topic of who is enabling, funding, and supporting Muslim immigration into the West. Because if you go there, then that would be antisemitic, of course.
These are what we call the Kosher Crusaders. They will appear to oppose Islam, but theyll never let you know the root cause of the problem.
The Gatestone Institute is right out of the jewish playbook for creating a fake opposition movement:
One of the major publishers of online content friendly to the far-right party is an American website financed in large part and lead by Jewish philanthropist Nina Rosenwald.
Rosenwalds site, the Gatestone Institute, publishes a steady flow of inflammatory content about the German election, focused on stoking fears about immigrants and Muslims. In one of the most recent posts, the website warns of the construction of mosques in Germany and claims that Christianity is becoming extinct.
Here is Rosenwald with Alan Dershowitz, a self-described Hillary Clinton supporter who also seems deeply connected with many other personalities on the alt right and the Trump administration through their mutual connections to Jeffrey Epstein.
Sites like Gatestone also keep Christians blind to the enemy within while ensuring they never see the bigger picture.
We learn from Wikipedia that John Bolton, the neocon Jew who has a penchant for getting America into wars against Muslims for the sole benefit of Israel, is also actively involved in the Gatestone Institute.
Bolton has been involved with numerous conservative organizations, including the anti-Muslim Gatestone Institute, where he served as the organization Chairman until March 2018, and as a Director of the Project for the New American Century, which favored going to war with Iraq.
Next up from the Kosher Crusaders is Robert Spencer, a close associate of fellow jewish conservative kingpin David Horowitz whose Freedom Center funds Spencers website Jihad Watch, a fairly large site that gets quite a bit of traffic. But the m.o. is the same: criticize Islam, never discuss Jews, and support Israel!
There are many other Kosher Crusaders we could discuss, such as Pamella Geller, but you get the point.
Lauren Simonsen goes by the name Lauren Southern as part of her act. Also part of her act is the bad blonde aryan dye job to make herself more appealing to young, naive White men, despite her attraction to Black men, like the conservative one she dated in high school:
In various contexts she has admitted her jewish ancestry.
For example:
Lauren Southern Simonsen previously worked for the Jew Ezra Levant at Rebel Media.
She has made videos criticizing third world immigration into the West, and like her fellow tribe members in the Alt Right, shell never let you know the source of the problem.
In 2018, she went on a world tour with Stephan Molyneux, another Jew who pretends to be a white nationalist.
Hundreds Mistakenly Protest Jewish Woman for White Supremacist in Australia
Mike Cernovich is another jewish Alt Right figure who has been heavily promoted in the media. Recently, Cernovich has gone into overdrive trying to convince people that Jeffrey Epstein was not connected to the Israeli Mossad.
Here he is with his mentor Alan Dershowitz, who just so happens to have been Jeffrey Epsteins attorney and alleged frequent visitor a Epsteins teenage rape parties:
Here we have Cernovich attempting to speak for his fellow white people on Twitter.
Same story, different talking head.
Mike Enoch Peinovich is the Jew behind TheRightStuff, an antisemetic website which hosts various white nationalist podcasts which have been featured at Andrew Anglins Daily Stormer.
When he first came to public attention, he tried to hide the fact that his wife was jewish, but eventually admitted it, after which he allegedly divorced her to maintain his street cred among nationalists, but all of this was a way to distract his followers from the fact that he himself, not just his wife, is jewish.
Enoch has a habit of wearing dark sunglasses in public to create a tough and fashy image, but when he takes them off, he looks nebbishly jewish:
Mike Enoch Peinovich has, in fact, admitted to being jewish on at least three separate occasions, as you can hear in this video:
Update: Mike Enoch Peinovich is now actively blocking anyone on Twitter who points out that he is a Jew. For Peinovich, the truth is gay ops and needs to be shut down.
Milo Yiannopoulos is a gay jewish antisemite whom we have covered before on this site:
Yiannopoulos is a poster child of the fake Right whose sole purpose is to subvert and discredit any legitimate opposition to the jewish-dominated liberal agenda.
Not only is Yiannopoulos a flaming homosexual who has a penchant for Black men, hes also an admitted crypto-Jew who loves to troll both liberals and conservatives. Hes a political clown who does nothing but distract White people from the real problems that we face.
Yiannopoulos just so happens to be another jewish antisemite who got his start at Breitbart (there seems to be a pattern here). As Wikipedia points out:
In October 2015, the Breitbart News Network placed Yiannopoulos in charge of its new Breitbart Tech section. The site has six full-time staff, including an eSports specialist, and was edited by Yiannopoulos until his resignation on 21 February 2017.
Wikipedia also points out how Yiannopoulos promotes pedophilia:
In the interview in a January 2016 episode of the podcast Drunken Peasants, Yiannopoulos stated that sexual relationships between 13-year-old boys and adult men and women can happen perfectly consensually, because some 13-year-olds are, in his view, sexually and emotionally mature enough to consent to sex with adults; he spoke favourably both of gay 13-year-old boys having sex with adult men and straight 13-year-old boys having sex with adult women. He used his own experience as an example, saying he was mature enough to be capable of giving consent at a young age.
And most recently, documents released in a lawsuit involving the United The Right rally in Charlottesville reveal that Yiannopoulos is, in fact, an FBI informant who has a vault of materials to discredit and doxx figures in the Alt-Right.
Paul Gottfried is often called the Jewish Godfather of the Alt Right.
Heres an excerpt from Gottfrieds Wikipedia page:
Gottfried is also the first person to use the term alternative right, when referring specifically to developments within American right-wing politics, in 2008. Richard B. Spencer co-created the term with Gottfried while working together at Takis Magazine and helped it to gain wide currency through media attention surrounding conferences organized by his think tank, the National Policy Institute.
Here you can see Gottfried with Richard Spencer and Pat Buchanan:
The pro-homosexual conservative Richard Spencer is also quite the character, with deep family ties to the CIA and various mainstream political figures. Many also claim he is jewish.
Heres Spencer hanging out with his wife and former First Lady Laura Bush:
Stefan Molyneux is a jewish actor who plays the role of a white nationalist and antisemite who points out facts about Jews. Molyneux has been caught in numerous lies over the years and has flip-flopped on many issues.
He is jewish on both sides of his family.
Mothers side:
Fathers side:
Molyneux is an actor who makes a lot of money conning his audience:
Molyneux will occasionally discuss facts about Jews, particularly on Twitter, while feeding his audience various lies and controlling the narrative.
https://www.bitchute.com/embed/DyZL57ekQHcm/
See the article here:
Why Are Jews Leading The Alt-Right & 'White' Nationalist ...
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Anti-Semitism at the Deadly Charlottesville Protests – The …
Posted: at 1:53 am
The Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville was ostensibly about protecting a statue of Robert E. Lee. It was about asserting the legitimacy of white culture and white supremacy, and defending the legacy of the Confederacy.
So why did the demonstrators chant anti-Semitic lines like Jews will not replace us?
The demonstration was suffused with anti-black racism, but also with anti-Semitism. Marchers displayed swastikas on banners and shouted slogans like blood and soil, a phrase drawn from Nazi ideology. This city is run by Jewish communists and criminal niggers, one demonstrator told Vice News Elspeth Reeve during their march. As Jews prayed at a local synagogue, Congregation Beth Israel, men dressed in fatigues carrying semi-automatic rifles stood across the street, according to the temples president. Nazi websites posted a call to burn their building. As a precautionary measure, congregants had removed their Torah scrolls and exited through the back of the building when they were done praying.
This is an agenda about celebrating the enslavement of Africans and their descendants, and celebrating those that then fought to preserve that terrible machine of white supremacy and human enslavement, said Jonathan Greenblatt, the head of the Anti-Defamation League, or ADL. And yet, somehow, theyre all wearing shirts that talk about Adolf Hitler.
For these demonstrators, though, the connection between African Americans and Jews is clear. In the minds of white supremacists like David Duke, there is a straight line from anti-blackness to anti-Judaism. That logic is powerful and important. The durability of anti-Semitic tropes, and the ease with which they slide into all displays of bigotry, is a chilling reminder that the hatreds of our time rhyme with history and are easily channeled through timeless anti-Semitic canards.
The University of Chicago historian David Nirenberg has spent his career studying anti-Jewish movements and beliefs. Recently, he spoke to a group of students about anti-Semitism on college campuses. At the end of the talk, I said, I wouldnt rush from all this material to thinking that this anti-Semitism is as dangerous as its early 20th-century predecessor, he told me. Seeing the images of the Virginia protest, I must admit, I kind of felt otherwise. It certainly made me feel that books and ideas that I had treated as very marginal in our society are not as marginal as I might have hoped.
Anti-Semitism often functions as a readily available language for all manner of bigotrya Rosetta Stone that can translate animus toward one group into a universal hate for many groups. Ever since St. Paul, Christianity and all the religions born from itIslam, the secular philosophies of Europe, etc.learned to think about their world in terms of overcoming the dangers of Judaism, said Nirenberg. We have these really basic building blocks for thinking about the world and whats wrong with it by thinking about Judaism.
In the world sketched by white supremacists, Jews hover malevolently in the background, pulling strings, controlling events, acting as an all-powerful force backing and enabling the other targets of their hate. Thats clear in statements made by people like Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan leader who proudly marched with other white supremacists in Charlottesville. Jewish Zionists, he complained to a gathered crowd, control the media and American political system.
The extreme right considers many people their threat. But it always, always, always comes back to the Jews.
Anti-black and anti-Jewish sentiment have long been intertwined in America. When the Jewish factory worker Leo Frank was wrongfully convicted of murder and lynched in 1915, two new groups simultaneously emerged: the ADL, which fights against bigotry and anti-Semitism, and the second Ku Klux Klan, which began by celebrating Franks death. Later in the 20th century, Nazis became a natural model for white-supremacist movements in the United States, said Marjorie Feld, a professor of history at Babson College. The logic of white supremacy was similar: Hatreds became universalized through common archetypes. Jews were seen by white supremacists as capitalists undermining local businesses. Black Americans fleeing the South in the Great Migration were seen as taking away crucial labor. Catholics were seen as immigrants stealing American jobs.
After the Holocaust, neo-Nazi movements were largely consigned to the countrys political fringe, although they never fully left the American landscape. In 1978, for example, a Nazi group pushed to demonstrate in Skokie, Illinois, deliberately selecting an area densely populated by Holocaust survivors. The proposed march caused a national uproar, and the American Civil Liberties Union famously defended the groups First Amendment rights in court. Eventually, they ended up demonstrating in Chicago.
The Charlottesville demonstration differed from the planned Skokie march in two important respects, Nirenberg said. First of all, theres a political context for the Unite the Right demonstration. It fits into debates over free speech and college campuses as the front lines of cultural battle, he said. The Skokie march was also widely and vigorously condemned by political leaders. That strong, clear commitment to certain values of inclusion from our political leaders is not present in the same way, Nirenberg said.
On Monday, President Donald Trump held a press conference about the violence in Charlottesville. Racism is evil, he said. Those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the KKK, neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans. This statement came two days after his initial comments on the protests, in which he condemned the hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides. The suggested equivalence between the white-supremacist demonstrators and their counter-protesters shocked politicians and public figures in both parties, who quickly criticized Trumps unwillingness to condemn neo-Nazis and the KKK. Its very clear that the people marching in Charlottesville felt very supported by the shape of the public statements made by President Trump, said Nirenberg. On Tuesday, the president held another press conference in which he reiterated his previous claims, saying, What about the alt-left that came charging with clubs in their hands? Do they have any problem? I think they do.
Greenblatt argued that the backlash against Trumps comments is not about politicsits about recognizing a pattern of anti-Semitism. There was the Holocaust Remembrance Day statement that didnt mention Jews; the conspiratorial meme of Hillary Clinton and a Star of David that Trump retweeted during the campaign; the infamous Nazi salute and shouts of Hail Trump! at an alt-right conference following the election. In the past several days, a number of groups have renewed their calls for Trump to fire Steve Bannon, his chief strategist, in part based on Bannons role in heading Breitbart, which he called a platform for the alt-right.
To people like Greenblatt, these are all signs that, at best, the White House does not take anti-Semitism seriously enough. At worst, the Trump administration indulges bigotry so as not to alienate some supporters. Heck, theres Jewish grandchildren running around the White House, Greenblatt said. But make no mistake, the extreme right considers many people their threat, but it always, always, always comes back to the Jews.
You just cant say this as a historian, but I feel like were at this critical juncture.
As Nirenberg pointed out, the violence in Charlottesville was part of a broader political context. The fringe right is reacting to other political movements with nostalgia, Feld saida yearning for people, including minorities like Jews and blacks, to know their place.
It makes sense to me that just as were seeing people of all backgrounds be brave enough to insist that these monuments about slavery be toppled, Feld said, these people would come out and say we would want to return to the way things were.
The identity politics of the intersectional left are radically different from the generalized bigotry of the far-right fever swamps. And yet, they are in relationship: Universalized movements that aim to fight oppression against all peoples in all of their identities necessarily invite backlash from those who feel that theyre losing their place in society. It would really reduce and impoverish debate to see this example as primarily an anti-Jewish rally [or] as entirely an anti-African American rally. Its all those things, said Nirenberg. To the extent that we separate those and claim, No, its only about my identity, we fail to understand basic aspects of identity politics in the present.
Of course there are neo-Nazis in our time. There are those who hate Jews in every time. Its a hatred that easily flickers between the universal and the particular, melding with the similarly particular hatreds of blacks and immigrants and other minority groups. You just cant say this as a historian, but I feel like were at this critical juncture, Feld said. I dont feel like the world is unsafe for Jews. I really dont. But I do feel like all social groups need to pay careful attention and speak out against whats happening.
Like Nirenberg, Feld was trained to look at the images coming out of Charlottesville and see not a freak occurrence, but the echoes of history.
God, she said. Its fucking scary.
Originally posted here:
Anti-Semitism at the Deadly Charlottesville Protests - The ...
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Turning Point USA – Anti-Defamation League
Posted: at 1:53 am
Turning Point USA (TPUSA) is an Illinois-based right-wing student organization founded by Charlie Kirk, 25, who now serves as executive director, and William Montgomery, the groups treasurer. Kirk was 18 when he met Montgomery, who was then in his late 60s, after Kirk gave a speech at Benedictine University in Illinois in 2012.[3]
The organizations stated mission is to identify educate, train, and organize students to promote the principles of freedom, free markets, and limited government. TPUSA claims to have representation at more than 1,300 high schools and college campuses nationwide. It also runs the controversial Professor Watchlist, which seeks to expose professors who allegedly discriminate against conservative students and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom. The group has raised millions of dollars from conservative donors since its founding.[4]In the groups six-year history, TPUSAs leadership and activists have made multiple racist or bigoted comments and have been linked to a variety of extremists.
Kirk and Candace Owens, 29, are the public face of TPUSA. They often appear at public events together. Owens became communications director and director of urban outreach after she emerged as a right-wing activist during Gamergate, a debate over journalistic ethics in videogame review which devolved into vicious harassment campaign against people (mostly women) who spoke out against misogyny and sexism in the videogaming community.[5]
Owens, who is black, is no stranger to controversial statements; she frequently claims that Democrats have brainwashed black people.[6]
Looking beyond American campuses, TPUSA is expanding its activities abroad. Owens made her December 2018 comments about Hitler during an event to help establish a British version of the group, Turning Point UK.[7]
TPUSA and Right-Wing Extremists
TPUSA has received considerable support from conservatives and pro-Trump organizations. Right-wing extremists reactions to the group have been varied, but generally positive. TPUSA has generated support from anti-Muslim bigots and alt lite activists, and from some corners of the white supremacist alt right. However, other white supremacists have criticized TPUSA for distancing itself from controversial stances on racism, and for the groups connections to non-white right-wing activists.
In 2018, white supremacist James Dunphy (possibly a pseudonym) wrote an article for the racist website Counter-Currents neatly capturing the prevailing mixed feelings about TPUSA. Dunphy criticized Kirks compliance with political correctness but praised him for doing wonderful things with TPUSA, saying that group members have openly supported building Trumps wall, deporting illegal immigrants, ending affirmative action, defunding sanctuary cities, and stopping unassimilable Muslims from immigrating to Europe. Dunphy also claimed that despite having many differences with white nationalists, TPUSA will nevertheless benefit them because the number of people who will migrate from its platform to a white nationalist one will be far larger than those who do the reverse.[8]
White supremacists do occasionally show up at TPUSA events, sometimes to hear the speakers and other times to linger outside in the hopes of confronting left-wing activists. Charlie Kirk has spoken out against such incidents, which can attract significant negative publicity. When white supremacists appeared outside an event at Colorado State University in early 2018, Kirk told attendees, its not who we are, its not what we believe, its not what Turning Point believes.[9]
However, in spite of such statements and attempts by TPUSA to manage some of its scandals, the controversies keep bubbling up, with most falling into one or more of these categories:
Controversies
The past three years have seen many controversial and problematic incidents connected to TPUSA.
Note: in the list that follows, several individuals are described as associated with the alt lite. The alt lite is a spin-off movement from the white supremacist alt right. Its adherents typically eschew the explicit white supremacy of the alt right but otherwise share its extremism and its prejudices, including against Muslims, immigrants, LGBTQ people (especially transgender people), and women.
May 2019: Left-wing website "It's Going Down" posted a cellphonevideo of Riley Gisar,the presidentof the TPUSA chapter at theUniversity of Nevada,Las Vegas,shouting "white power." The video also shows thewoman standing next to Gisar and the person shooting the video making racist comments andshouting,"white power." Gisar and the womanalso make the okay handgesture, which has been used as a trolling technique by people falsely claimingthe gesture represents the letters wp, for white power. However, more recently, a number of peoplehaveused the gesture as a sincere expression of white supremacy. It is unclear when the video was recorded; TPUSA responded by announcing that Gisar had beenpermanentlyremoved from the organization.
February 2019: Video surfaced of the organizations communications director, Candace Owens, appearing to defend both Adolf Hitler and nationalism. If Hitler just wanted to make Germany great and have things run wellokay, fine. The problem is that hehad dreams outside of Germany [and] wanted to globalize, she said. Her comments, made at a December 2018 event in London, sparked widespread criticism.[1]Owens later clarified her statement, saying it was an attempt to separate the term nationalist from its associations with Hitler, adding, "He wasn't a nationalistHe was a homicidal, psychotic maniac."[2]
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Astronomers propose ‘SatHub’ to address growing threat of satellite megaconstellations – Space.com
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Some astronomers suggest setting up a "SatHub" to address the growing threat that satellite megaconstellations pose to the night sky but funding and support are necessary to make it happen.
The primary goal of the international SatHub project would be implementing and adapting plans for observations as new satellites go up, team members said. A secondary goal would be training, outreach and analysis concerning low Earth orbit satellites for the greater community.
SatHub was one of the key recommendations emerging from a recent workshop, called Satellite Constellations 2 (SATCON2), to figure out how astronomers can best perform observations in the face of swiftly growing satellite numbers. (Some satellite companies also participated in workshop discussions.)
Related: Astronomers ask UN committee to protect night skies from megaconstellations
"That may include a proposal to the International Astronomical Union," SATCON2 co-chair Connie Walker said during a preliminary press conference on July 16, referring to the SatHub idea. The IAU is one of the largest organizations representing astronomers and astronomy interests around the world.
"They have a call that just went out recently on such a center, so stay tuned for more on that," added Walker, a scientist at the National Science Foundation's NOIRLab.
Proposals are due to the IAU on Sept. 10, and deliberations will likely continue until at least the end of 2021, representatives added in the workshop. They did not give a timeline for when SatHub could be available, but this would likely depend in large part on funding.
Ideally, companies that send satellites to space should put money toward the center, said Meredith Rawls, a research scientist at the University of Washington who was also the observations working group chair for SATCON2.
"The idea here is to have a one-stop shop for all of your different needs pertaining to low Earth orbit satellite constellation observations," Rawls said during the press conference. "We really would like to get out ahead of this and avoid reinventing the wheel by having lots of individual siloed groups addressing the problem, and instead have a single landing place for all of these different observations and related analyses to land."
SATCON2 had three objectives, according to a press release from NOIRLab and the American Astronomical Society (AAS), which jointly organized the workshop: to figure out what is required to implement the previous recommendations from 2020's SATCON1; to have astronomers and satellite operators work together for policy frameworks and strategies; and to increase the diversity of all stakeholders.
SATCON1 participants produced a report last year warning that the impacts on astronomy of satellite megaconstellations in low Earth orbit "are estimated to range from negligible to extreme." All-sky survey telescopes that depend on lengthy light exposures free from interference will feel the biggest effects, the report concluded.
Report: Satellite megaconstellations could have 'extreme' impact on astronomy
Key recommendations from 2020 included limiting satellite altitudes in low Earth orbit to 370 miles (600 kilometers); reducing satellite brightness; developing image-processing software to minimize satellite trails; and making orbital information about satellites widely available so astronomers can point away from them.
This year, SATCON2 astronomers pointed to challenges in keeping up with the growing pace of satellite launches. Among the conclusions was that substantial development will be needed in software solutions, said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who was co-chair of the SATCON2 algorithms working group.
"We've tried to identify what existing software is relevant to the software problems, but we find that a lot of it is specialized to particular instruments or particular observatories, and it's going to need some work to be generalized," he warned during the press conference. "Also, there are big gaps where the software just doesn't exist. We do need a significant software development effort, and that's going to require substantial resources and funding."
Since satellites are always launching and software takes time to be developed, "we're going to need these resources as soon as possible," McDowell added. And the money will not only be needed for software, he added: Spectroscopic observations in particular are likely to be highly affected, so some observatories will likely need to spend money on hardware such as auxiliary spotting cameras.
The problem also goes beyond technical issues. Other commonly cited problems of constellations include space junk and crowding in terms of radio interference between satellites. These issues were not addressed in the workshop, but there were discussions concerning the impact on Indigenous peoples, as lack of access to the sky is seen as a cultural loss, said James Lowenthal, an astronomy professor at Smith College at Northampton, Massachusetts, who was the co-chair of the SATCON2 community engagement working group. (That said, he warned, not all Indigenous groups want the same thing.)
"The sky belongs to everyone," Lowenthal said. "People are impacted by changes in the sky. Megaconstellations are a global issue because space is a global commons. The sky is part of the environment and ecosystems depend on the night sky, and on each other, echoing the intersectional, interdependent nature of the many strands of this complex issue."
Lowenthal suggested that, when coming with policy solutions, stakeholders should look to lessons learned from past global commons agreements such as the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, which led to some restrictions on CFCs. But not all such agreements were that successful, he said.
"Telephones, trains, planes, cars, fossil fuels, the internet itself all of these technologies burst upon the scene, were disruptive, produced profound change in society, to be followed by some modicum of regulation and lawmaking. Some were more successful than others at protecting public interests," Lowenthal said.
One way of mitigating the megaconstellation issue might be for those involved in satellite constellations to anticipate impacts long before satellites launch, said Richard Green of the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory, director of the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory and chair of the SATCON2 policy working group.
Related: Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0
The policy working group "wanted to encourage operators to consider effects on astronomy, early in their development of their constellations," Green said. Acknowledging that SpaceX creates satellites in-house, most other companies contract for construction, he added. "They can adjust designs early, but it's very hard to change once they're in production."
Among other measures, the policy working group urged individual countries who are responsible for their launching entities, under the United Nations' 1967 Outer Space Treaty recognized in international space law frameworks to grant licenses to satellite operators only after the environmental impact of satellites has been assessed and minimized.
Despite the Outer Space Treaty's age, Green noted, it remains a useful tool for policy discussions. "It is a very flexible backbone that provides the principles under which nations can operate together, to define how some new phenomenon like satellite constellations fits under the expectations of a spacefaring nation," he said.
Constellations are not a new concept in space exploration, but they have been proliferating in recent years due to the ability to launch fleets of small but capable satellites on a single rocket. The most cited concern is the SpaceX Starlink constellation, which has an estimated 1,630 operational satellites as of July 2021, according to calculations from McDowell, and is growing fast.
"We started the SATCOM workshops after the launch in May 2019 of the first tranche of Starlink satellites," SATCOM2 co-chair Jeff Hall, an astronomer at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, said during the press conference.
"That led to the idea we should all get together, in a community sense, and see what might be done about some of the impacts on astronomy. We know these satellites are perhaps up to a billion times brighter than the faintest objects astronomers study and have a significant impact on ground-based observatories, which require pristine dark skies to perform their research."
SpaceX eventually hopes to have as many as 42,000 Starlink satellites providing broadband service, and more companies are looking to grow their own fleets, including Amazon's Project Kuiper (which has yet to launch any craft) and OneWeb, which has already lofted 254 operational satellites.
Lowenthal praised some satellite companies for being "significantly and substantially involved in the planning of this workshop," along with promising to "commit resources" to reduce the effects of satellite constellations.
That said, he pointed to challenges. There are no firm regulations yet forcing companies to adjust their satellites to help astronomy observations, he said. Further, the competition has already been tough and resulted in bankruptcies. While Lowenthal did not name any particulars, one commonly cited example is OneWeb's recent Chapter 11 proceedings and subsequent ownership change.
"Even the business model is on shaky ground," he said. "We've already seen bankruptcies, and having a completely unregulated atmosphere is not necessarily the best for them, either. I think there's broad agreement that regulation is going to happen. Of course it's a slow process, but that's what we're launching with this workshop."
More than 350 astronomers, satellite operators, space policy specialists and advocates for dark skies skies with a minimum of light pollution and satellite interference attended SATCON2 from 40 countries, representatives said. A final report will be available around the end of September.
Follow Elizabeth Howell on Twitter @howellspace. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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Opinion | The Silent Pulse of the Universe: What Jocelyn Bell Burnell Discovered – The New York Times
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Growing up in a Quaker household, Jocelyn Bell Burnell was raised to believe that she had as much right to an education as anyone else. But as a girl in the 1940s in Northern Ireland, her enthusiasm for the sciences was met with hostility from teachers and male students. Undeterred, she went on to study radio astronomy at Glasgow University, where she was the only woman in many of her classes.
In 1967, Burnell made a discovery that altered our perception of the universe. As a Ph.D. student at Cambridge University assisting the astronomer Anthony Hewish, she discovered pulsars compact, spinning celestial objects that give off beams of radiation, like cosmic lighthouses. (A visualization of some early pulsar data is immortalized as the album art for Joy Divisions Unknown Pleasures.)
But as the short documentary above shows, the world wasnt yet ready to accept that a breakthrough in astrophysics could have come from a young woman.
Ben Proudfoot is a filmmaker and the founder and C.E.O. of Breakwater Studios. He co-directed the Oscar-nominated Op-Doc A Concerto Is a Conversation.
The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here's our email: letters@nytimes.com.
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Hercules, the mighty strongman of the summer sky – Space.com
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A staple of mythology, the hero Hercules has a strange celestial story.
One of the best-known star patterns, Hercules stands high over our heads in the Northern Hemisphere at nightfall this week.
Like many of our oldest constellations, Hercules can be traced to the beginnings of recorded history about 5,000 years ago in the Middle East, specifically Mesopotamia (the region that today we call Iraq), although we refer to the ancient hero by his Latin name. Hercules has long represented a man of extraordinary strength and he appears in various forms in the legends of many peoples throughout the region, including the tale of Sampson in the Bible.
Related: Best night sky events (stargazing maps)
Depending on what astronomy guide book you are consulting, there are several variations on how Hercules is traced out. Initially, you might expect this mighty strongman to be a bright and conspicuous constellation, something along the lines of Orion the Hunter with his distinctive three-star belt.
But this is not so.
In his book "Find the Constellations" (Houghton Mifflin Co., 2008), author H.A. Rey perhaps said it best when he noted that "Hercules was ... famous for his strength, but as a constellation he is rather weak, without bright stars."
Mesopotamian skywatchers in 3000 BC saw Hercules standing upright high in the northern sky during the summer. Hercules' brightest star is third-magnitude Ras Algethi, which is Arabic for "Head of the Kneeler." And indeed, in the sky Hercules was portrayed posturing on one knee, with Ras Algethi, a red supergiant star, marking his head.
But over the past 5,000 years, the wobbling of the Earth's axis (called "precession") has caused the position of the stars to shift in such a manner so that today Hercules appears to be performing acrobatics, with his head passing well south of the zenith. In other words, Hercules is now standing on his head!
Rey reimagined this group of stars according to its current orientation as "a man swinging a club," he writes, "Hercules' favorite weapon." In Rey's version, a keystone-shaped quadrilateral which the ancients envisioned as his waist and hips ends up as Hercules' head. Meanwhile, the star Ras Algethi that the ancients considered the hero's head marks Hercules' left foot. Different strokes for different folks.
Meanwhile, in his book "Introducing the Constellations" (Viking Press, 1937), astronomer Robert H. Baker traced out Hercules as "a figure of six stars that outlines a butterfly with outstretched wings." This figure also somewhat resembles the letter "H," which of course is also the initial for Hercules.
Hercules was known in Greek culture as Heracles, and the extensive legends surrounding him are among the best known of Greek mythology. We call him Hercules in keeping with the tradition of using Latin names for the constellations.
Many Greek gods, heroes, heroines, and other legendary personalities were adopted by the Romans, who identified them with characters of their own. Thus, Zeus became Jupiter; Hera, Juno; Ares, Mars; and so forth. When astronomical bodies are given mythological names in modern times, the Latin version has generally been preferred.
The great Roman author, statesman and philosopher Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC-AD 65) relates in verse some of the leading Hercules legends in "Hercules Furens" ("Mad Hercules"), including a diatribe by Juno against Hercules her husband's (Jupiter's) demigod son by another woman, the mortal Alcmene.
There is actually a connection between Hercules and two other constellations, the nine-headed serpentine water monster known as the Lernean Hydra, and a much smaller creeping sea creature.
A jealous Juno summoned a crab (Cancer) to fatally bite Hercules. Her crustacean arrived just at that moment that Hercules was busy slaying the multiheaded Hydra, one of his 12 assigned superhuman "labors."
But Cancer's bite was no more than a mere annoyance to our hero, who abruptly crushed the attacker under his heel. Infuriated with the crab's less-than-heroic fate, Juno banished this hapless creature to the heavens as one of the most inconspicuous of the traditional constellations.
As for the Hydra, each time Hercules lopped off one head, two others grew in its place. But Hercules emerged victorious by having his nephew, Iolaus, burn the stump of each severed neck, preventing new heads from sprouting. Interestingly, in our current evening sky, as Hercules stands triumphantly at the top of the heavens, the tail of the constellation Hydra can be seen slithering below the southwest horizon and hurrying out of sight.
The object that always draws the most attention in Hercules and is regarded as a showpiece for Northern Hemisphere observers is M13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. It is within the Keystone, about two-thirds of the way from the butterfly's head along the western edge of the northern wing. With a total light equivalent of about a sixth-magnitude star, it can be seen with the unaided eye in a very dark sky, as it was by Edmond Halley, who discovered this cluster in 1714.
At a distance of roughly 22,000 light years, M13 is among the nearest globulars; scientists believe that this great swarm contains at least several hundred thousand stars. Binoculars will show it as a pale, colorless glow with a diameter as much as half that of the moon. But through telescopes it becomes a sight to behold. Small telescopes of 4 to 6-inches will reveal the outer stars, while larger telescopes of 8 or more inches reveal the entrancing beauty of a great ball of stars.
The Hercules cluster is a celebrated object, often shown to those who might pay an evening summertime visit to an observatory. Next week (Aug. 5 to Aug. 8) will be the 85th annual Stellafane Convention which is held just outside of Springfield, Vermont. Weather permitting, assiduous amateur astronomers will set up their equipment under dark New England skies or congregate at the McGregor Observatory for views through the 13-inch Schupmann telescope or at the 12-inch Porter Turret Telescope.
An oft-told story about M13 stars deep-sky authority Walter Scott Houston (1912-1993), who had a regular column in Sky & Telescope magazine for nearly half a centuryand was known to one and all as "Scotty."
One evening he noticed a long line of people patiently waiting their turn to get a look through the Porter scope. "What are you folks looking at?" he asked as he poked his head through the observatory door. From out of the darkness, several people quietly murmured: M13.
"M13?" replied Scotty, with a tinge of skepticism. "So many people have looked at it, you would think it'd be worn out by now!"
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York'sHayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy forNatural History magazine, theFarmers' Almanacand other publications. Follow uson Twitter@Spacedotcomand onFacebook.
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Indian astronomers part of Nasa team detect radiation from death of a star over 5 billion years ago – India Today
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Part of an astronomy team, Indian astronomers have detected a very short, powerful burst of high-energy radiation that lasted for about a second. The event had been travelling for nearly half the present age of the universe before it hit Earth. The universe is nearly 14 billion years old.
The burst was first detected by Nasas Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope last year. Analysis of the data showed that the shortest Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) was caused by the death of a massive star. These bursts are considered one of the most powerful events in the universe and can travel across billions of light-years.
Named GRB 200826A, after the date it occurred, researchers released the details of the event in two papers published in Nature Astronomy. While the first paper led by Bin-bin Zhang at Nanjing University in China explores the gamma-ray data. The second, led by Toms Ahumada, a doctoral student at the University of Maryland, describes the GRBs fading multiwavelength afterglow and the emerging light of the supernova explosion that followed.
Dr Shashi Bhushan Pandey from Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) was part of the study, apart from scientists from other Indian institutions. They showed for the first time that a dying star can produce short bursts too. Such a discovery has helped to resolve the long-standing issues related to gamma-ray bursts. Also, this study triggers to re-analyse all such known events to constrain number densities better, Dr Pandey said.
The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune (IUCAA), National Centre for Radio Astrophysics - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune (NCRA) and IIT Mumbai also participated in the study, the Ministry of Science & Technology said in a statement.
While the burst was detected for barely a second, astronomers estimate that it emitted 14 million times the energy released by the entire Milky Way galaxy over the same amount of time, making it one of the most energetic short-duration GRBs ever seen.
When a star much more massive than the Sun runs out of fuel, its core suddenly collapses and forms a black hole. As matter swirls toward the black hole, some of it escapes in the form of two powerful jets that rush outward at almost the speed of light in opposite directions.
Astronomers only detect a GRB when one of these jets happens to point almost directly toward Earth. When a star much more massive than the Sun runs out of fuel, its core suddenly collapses and forms a black hole. As matter swirls toward the black hole, some of it escapes in the form of two powerful jets that rush outward at almost the speed of light in opposite directions. Astronomers only detect a GRB when one of these jets happens to point almost directly toward Earth.
According to the Ministry of Science & Technology, "GRB 200826A was a sharp blast of high-energy emission lasting just 0.65 seconds. After travelling for aeons through the expanding universe, the signal had stretched out to about one-second-long when it was detected by Fermis Gamma-ray Burst Monitor."
The new discovery could help astronomers in understanding the nature of these bursts that are linked to supernovas. The detection of such GRB remains rare compared to exploding stars.
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Why does the Milky Way have spiral arms? New Gaia data are helping solve the puzzle – Space.com
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New data from the star-mapping Gaia satellite are helping scientists unlock the mystery of our Milky Way galaxy's spiral arms.
Recently published studies exploring the Early Data Release 3 (EDR3), a batch of observations made available to the scientific community last December, reveal the spiral structure of our galaxy with a greater precision and detail than was possible before.
Since the 1950s, astronomers have known that our galaxy, the Milky Way, looks like a spiral, with several dense streams of stars and dust emanating from the galactic center, winding through the galactic disc and dissolving around its edges. However, scientists have struggled to understand how many of these streams there are and what created them.
"The problem with our galaxy is that we are inside its disc and therefore it's very difficult to understand the structure as a whole," Eleonora Zari, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, and author of one of the new papers, told Space.com. "It's like being in a forest and looking around. At some point, the trees are in front of each other. Plus the forest is a bit foggy, so you really cant see what the whole forest looks like."
Related: See a virtual Milky Way map from Europe's Gaia spacecraft
The European Space Agency's (ESA) Gaia mission has been mapping the Milky Way since 2014, measuring the precise positions and distances from Earth of nearly two billion stars. The first two batches of data acquired by the spacecraft, which were released to the scientific community in 2016 and 2018, have revolutionized the study of our galaxy. In addition to the fixed positions, the spacecraft also measures how fast stars move in three-dimensional space, allowing astronomers to model the evolution of the Milky Way in the past as well as into the future.
The latest data release, EDR3, improves the accuracy of the previous data sets. And it's this precision that is enabling astronomers to disentangle the spiral arms from the rest of the stars in the galactic disc with better precision.
"We derive the distance of the stars from a measure called the parallax," Zari said. "And this parallax measurement is 20% better with the latest release. That means that stars that previously we may have seen as part of the same structure now clearly belong to different structures."
Parallax is a star's apparent movement against the background of more distant stars as Earth revolves around the sun. By measuring the change in the angle between the star and Earth from two opposite points in the planets orbit, astronomers can calculate the distance of the star using simple trigonometry.
In one new paper, Zari and her colleagues looked at concentrations of hot bright blue stars, called the OBA-type stars, in the Milky Way's disc. In areas where they could see a higher-than-average concentration of these stars, they could assume the existence of a spiral arm. They then compared their analysis with previously developed models of the galaxy.
"The position of the spiral arms is different and also the strength of the spiral arms, how bright they are, is different," Zari said.
The Milky Way is known to have two main spiral arms, the Perseus arm and the Scutum-Centaurus arm. Our galaxy also possesses two less pronounced arms, or spurs, called the Sagittarius and the Local Arm (which passes close to the sun).
But in Zari's study, the difference between the arms doesn't seem so obvious.
"The Perseus arm seems less bright, and instead the Local arm is more prominent," she said. "Aso the other two arms Sagittarius and Scutum Centaurus at least in my study, they seem to have about the same brightness."
Zari's colleague Eloisa Poggio looked at concentrations of 600,000 young stars to determine the precise position of the spiral arms. Young stars are especially valuable when studying the spiral arms, Poggio explained, because spiral arms, with their dense concentration of dust and gas, are believed to be where the majority of stars form.
"We calculated, for each position in the disc, whether that region was more or less populated with respect to the average," Poggio told Space.com. "Using that approach, we were able to construct a map of the spiral arms in the region that Gaia maps, that is about 16,000 light-years around the sun."
When the researchers compared their galaxy map to previous models, they found that the Perseus arm, one of the two dominant arms, lies further away from the center of the galaxy in the studied region. The short Local arm appeared much longer than the previous models expected.
Astronomers are also still speculating about the origin of those arms and their longevity. Some earlier theories proposed that the shape of the arms is somehow fixed and spins around the galactic center over a long period of time while individual stars, orbiting at their own velocities, move in and out of this shape.
This so-called density wave theory, however, is being disputed by the latest findings enabled by the Gaia mission. Many scientists now think that the spiral arms might not be fixed at all. Instead, they might form temporarily, as a result of the rotation of the galactic disc, and later dissolve and reform again in a different configuration.
To find which theory is correct, Alfred Castro, of the University of Leiden, in the Netherlands, looked at so-called open clusters, groups of thousands of young stars born from the same cloud of gas and dust. Due to their young age, these stars are still close to their birth place, that is within the spiral arms. If the newer theories were correct, the amount of younger open clusters in the spiral arms would be higher than the amount of older open clusters, Castro speculated. And that's exactly what the data showed.
"I saw in the data that the spiral structure appears to contain the younger population of stars but disappears if you look at the older stars," Castro told Space.com. "We see that the rotation rate of the shape is more or less similar to the rotation rate of the stars and varies with the radius to the galactic center. The shape and the stars can't be decoupled, and that means we don't have a global shape, which would be the spiral arms, and then the stars moving in and out of them as the density wave theory suggests."
According to Castro's analysis, the spiral arms may exist for about 80 to 100 million years, a small fraction of time in the 13-billion-year life of our galaxy.
In the future, Poggio hopes, scientists might be able to find out why those spiral arms in the Milky Way exist in the first place. While some theories expect this swirl of stellar streams may have been born after another, smaller galaxy crashed into the Milky Way, others believe it came to existence naturally as a result of the rotation of the galactic disc.
"We expect that we would see different signatures in the motion of the stars if the spiral arms were caused by an external impact," Poggio said. "Future Gaia data releases will give us more information about the motion of stars in a greater portion of the galactic disc, and we hope we might be able to find something there."
The next batch of Gaia data, the full Data Release 3, is expected to be made available to scientists worldwide in about mid-2022. Gaia, one of the most productive missions in history (measured by the number of scientific papers it produces), will continue scanning the sky until 2025. The vast catalogues of stellar positions, motions and velocities it creates will keep astronomers busy for decades to come.
The papers by Poggio, Castro and Zari were published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics in July.
Follow Tereza Pultarova on Twitter @TerezaPultarova. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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This Sonoma Luxury Resorts $95,000 Astronomy Experience Is (Almost) Out of This World – Robb Report
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While not all of us have access to a rocketship like Branson and Bezos, we can still appreciate space from right here on Earththough it helps if you can also tap into some of those visionaries pocket change. Sonomas newest luxury resort, Montage Healdsburg, has just unveiled a new astrotourism experience to immerse guests in the wonders of the night sky that will set you back $95,000, for up to six guests, and its full of plenty of big-ticket touches.
To get to and from wine country, the group will receive a private flight from (and back to) anywhere in the US, via Jet Edge, plus airport transfers in wine country.Once at the upscale resort, which debuted in January, youll be whisked away to a 4,600-square-foot, three-bedroom hideaway thats perched on a high knoll overlooking Mount St. Helena and the vineyards of the Alexander Valley.
While in this beautiful settingwhich will be your home for two nightsyoull be treated to a private dinner on a terrace with epic views of the Mayacamas mountain range to help you really unplug. Naturally, the feast will showcase the very best local produce and an array of exclusive wines from nearby vineyards, because even astronomy buffs can appreciate the fruits of our planet.
Guests will be flown to the resort from anywhere in the US aboard a luxe private jet.JetEdge
One of the highlights of the stay will be a private tour of the Robert Ferguson Observatory. Located in Sugarloaf Ridge State Park in Santa Rosa, this is the largest observatory on the West Coast and is nestled amid a ring of hills that block out the light pollution from nearby cities, making for optimal stargazing. The observatory is equipped with several high-tech telescopes that afford views of planets, constellations and galaxies lightyears away.
Whats more, each group will enjoy a two-hour photography session with Rachid Dahnoun. The award-winning astrophotographer, who has shot the cover of National Geographics Night Sky of North America guide,specializes in nighttime photography and will snap a one-of-a-kind picture of you and your guests to encapsulate the experience.
Guests will be treated to a private dinner on an epic terrace.Christian Horan
While the two-nightSkys the Limit package does command a rather astronomical price tag, it has been organized to the nth degree and promises to impart some unforgettable memories. Who knows, you may even spot the next billionaires voyage to space.
Check out more photos of the resort below:
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
Christian Horan
The rest is here:
This Sonoma Luxury Resorts $95,000 Astronomy Experience Is (Almost) Out of This World - Robb Report
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