Monthly Archives: June 2017

Why The Chart Setup For CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) Should Interest You – NY Stock News

Posted: June 1, 2017 at 10:42 pm


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Why The Chart Setup For CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) Should Interest You
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CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) is looking very interesting as a trading opportunity right now. The technical setup offers the best window into what traders can expect whether they are bullish on the play or bearish. We're therefore exploring these ...
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RNA Specialist Arcturus Therapeutics Gets $3M R&D Grant for CF … – Xconomy

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Xconomy San Diego

San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics said today Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics has agreed to provide $3 million to fund research and development of a new messenger RNA drug that could be broadly used to treat cystic fibrosis patients.

The four-year-old startup has previously raised $37 million in research grants and other non-dilutive funding, and another $13 million from investors, according to Arcturus spokeswoman Neda Safarzadeh.

Arcturus describes itself as an RNA medicines company with proprietary technology for developing so-called antisense drugs that are intended to prevent specific gene mutations from producing disease-causing proteins. Arcturus says its technology can be used to make all types of drugs that target RNA in this aberrant protein-making process, including messenger RNA, small interfering RNA, antisense RNA, microRNA, and gene editing therapeutics.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene that makes a key protein responsible for moving ions across the membranes of certain cells, which is important in mucus production. However, these abnormal proteins cause the body to produce mucus thats thicker and stickier than normal. The buildup of this heavy mucus in the lungs and other organs results in a variety of health issuesespecially difficulties breathing and lung infections.

There is no cure, but the field has been rapidly advancing, and Arcturus faces some strong competition.

The Vertex Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: VRTX) drug ivacaftor (Kalydeco) was approved to treat CF patients that have certain genetic mutations. Earlier this month, the FDA expanded the drugs approval to cover 33 mutations.

Arcturus said its two-year agreement with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation will enable the company to accelerate the development of its mRNA drug for treating more than 1,700 genetic variations associated with cystic fibrosis. Arcturus plans to apply its nanoparticle delivery technology to get its mRNA drug into a patients pulmonary system.

Bruce V. Bigelow is the editor of Xconomy San Diego. You can e-mail him at bbigelow@xconomy.com or call (619) 669-8788

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RNA Specialist Arcturus Therapeutics Gets $3M R&D Grant for CF ... - Xconomy

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Earnings Clues on JetBlue Airways Corporation (JBLU), CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) Analyst’s Predictions – StockNewsJournal

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Earnings Clues on JetBlue Airways Corporation (JBLU), CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) Analyst's Predictions
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CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (NYSE:CF), maintained return on investment for the last twelve months at -1.91, higher than what Reuters data shows regarding industry's average. The average of this ratio is 11.56 for the industry and sector's best figure ...

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Earnings Clues on JetBlue Airways Corporation (JBLU), CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF) Analyst's Predictions - StockNewsJournal

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Selected Quotes from Church Documents: On Human Cloning

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Papal Teaching

No one can fail to see the dramatic and distressing consequences of this pragmatism that conceives of truth and justice as malleable qualities that human beings themselves can shape. One relevant example among others is man's attempt to control the sources of life through experiments in human cloning. Here, we can see for ourselves the theme the Meeting [for Friendship Among Peoples] refers to: the violence with which people seek to appropriate the true and the just, reducing them to values which can arbitrarily be disposed of without recognizing any kind of limit, apart from those fixed and continuously surpassed by their technological operability.

...Christ taught another way: it is that of respect for human beings; the priority of every method of research must be to know the truth about human beings, in order to serve them and not to manipulate them according to a project sometimes arrogantly seen as better even than the plan of the Creator.

Pope John Paul II, Message for the 25th Meeting for Friendship Among Peoples (August 2004), nos. 2, 3

I am speaking of a tragic spiral of death which includes murder, suicide, abortion, euthanasia.... To this list we must add irresponsible practices of genetic engineering, such as the cloning and use of human embryos for research, which are justified by an illegitimate appeal to freedom, to cultural progress, to the advancement of mankind. When the weakest and most vulnerable members of society are subjected to such atrocities, the very idea of the human family, built on the value of the person, on trust, respect and mutual support, is dangerously eroded. A civilization based on love and peace must oppose these experiments, which are unworthy of man.

Pope John Paul II, Message for the Celebration of the World Day of Peace (2001), no. 19

In any event, methods that fail to respect the dignity and value of the person must always be avoided. I am thinking in particular of attempts at human cloning with a view to obtaining organs for transplants: these techniques, insofar as they involve the manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable, even when their proposed goal is good in itself. Science itself points to other forms of therapeutic intervention which would not involve cloning or the use of embryonic cells, but rather would make use of stem cells taken from adults. This is the direction that research must follow if it wishes to respect the dignity of each and every human being, even at the embryonic stage.

Pope John Paul II, Address to the 18th International Congress of the Transplantation Society (2000), no. 8

[T]he distinction that is sometimes drawn between reproductive and therapeutic cloning seems specious. Both involve the same technical cloning process and differ only in goal. Both forms of cloning involve disrespect for the dignity of the human being. In fact, from an ethical and anthropological standpoint, so-called therapeutic cloning, creating human embryos with the intention of destroying them, even if undertaken with the goal of possibly helping sick patients in the future, seems very clearly incompatible with respect for the dignity of the human being, making one human life nothing more than the instrument of another. Further, given the fact that cloned embryos would be indistinguishable from embryos created by in vitro fertilization and could readily be implanted into wombs and brought to birth, we believe it would be practically impossible to enforce an instrument that allowed one type of cloning while banning the other.

Archbihop Celestino Migliore to the United Nations on the International Convention Against the Cloning of Human Beings (October 21, 2004)

Mr. Chairman, the science may be complex, but the issue for us is simple and straightforward. The matter of human cloning that involves the creation of human embryos is the story of the beginning of human life.... If reproductive cloning of human beings contravenes the law of nature a principle with which all delegations appear to agree so does the cloning of the same human embryo that is slated for research purposes. A cloned embryo, which is not destined for implantation into a womb but is created for the sole purpose of extraction of stem cells and other materials, is destined for pre-programmed destruction...

If the United Nations were to ban reproductive cloning without banning cloning for research, this would, for the first time, involve this body in legitimizing something extraordinary: the creation of human beings for the express purpose of destroying them. If human rights are to mean anything, at any time, anywhere in the world, then surely no one can have the right to do such a thing. Human rights flow from the recognition that human beings have an intrinsic dignity that is based on the fact that they are human. Human embryos are human, even if they are cloned. If the rest of us are to have the rights that flow from the recognition of this dignity, then we must act to ban cloning in all its forms.

Archbishop Celestino Migliore to the United Nations on the International Convention Against the Cloning of Human Beings (2003)

The Holy See looks upon the distinction between "reproductive" and so-called "therapeutic" (or "experimental") cloning to be unacceptable. This distinction masks the reality of the creation of a human being for the purpose of destroying him or her to produce embryonic stem cell lines or to conduct other experimentation. Human embryonic cloning must be prohibited in all cases regardless of the aims that are pursued. The Holy See supports research on stem cells of post-natal origin since this approach - as has been demonstrated by the most recent scientific studies - is a sound, promising, and ethical way to achieve tissue transplantation and cell therapy that could benefit humanity....

Cloning a human embryo, while intentionally planning its demise, would institutionalize the deliberate, systemic destruction of nascent human life in the name of unknown "good" of potential therapy or scientific discovery.... Since embryonic cloning generates a new human life geared not for a future of human flourishing but for a future destined to servitude and certain destruction, it is a process that cannot be justified on the grounds that it may be able to assist other human beings.

Intervention by the Holy See Delegation to the United Nations, at the Special Committee of the 57th General Assembly on Human Embryonic Cloning (2002)

The act of cloning is a predetermined act which forces the image and likeness of the donor and is actually a form of imposing dominion over another human being which denies the human dignity of the child and makes him or her a slave to the will of others. The child would be seen as an object and a product of one's fancy rather than as a unique human being, equal in dignity to those who "created" him or her. The practice of cloning would usurp the role of creator and would thus be seen as an offence before God....

There remains, however the fact that reproductive cloning is only part of the overall issue. Therapeutic cloning, the production of human embryos as suppliers of specialized stem cells, embryos to be used in the treatment of certain illnesses and then destroyed, must be addressed and prohibited. This exploitation of human beings, sought by certain scientific and industrial circles, and pushed forward by underlying economic interests, retains all its ethical repugnance as an even more serious offence against human dignity and the right to life, since it involves human beings (embryos) who are created in order to be destroyed.

Archbishop Renato Martino to the United Nations, on an International Convention Against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings (2001)

Since 1988, two great global divides have grown deeper: the first is the ever more tragic phenomenon of poverty and social discrimination ..., and the other, more recent and less widely condemned, concerns the unborn child ... as the subject of experimentation and technological intervention (through techniques of artificial procreation, the use of "superfluous embryos," so-called therapeutic cloning, etc.). Here there is a risk of a new form of racism, for the development of these techniques could lead to the creation of a "sub-category of human beings," destined basically for the convenience of certain others. This would be a new and terrible form of slavery. Regrettably, it cannot be denied that the temptation of eugenics is still latent, especially if powerful commercial interests exploit it. Governments and the scientific community must be very vigilant in this domain.

Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Contribution to the World Conference Against Racism held in Durban, South Africa (2001), no. 21

In the cloning process the basic relationships of the human person are perverted: filiation, consanguinity, kinship, parenthood.... In vitro fertilization has already led to the confusion of parentage, but cloning will mean the radical rupture of these bonds....

The "human cloning" project represents the terrible aberration to which value-free science is driven and is a sign of the profound malaise of our civilization, which looks to science, technology and the "quality of life" as surrogates for the meaning of life and its salvation....

Halting the human cloning project is a moral duty which must also be translated into cultural, social and legislative terms.

Pontifical Academy for Life, "Reflections on Cloning" (1997), no. 3

[A]ttempts or hypotheses for obtaining a human being without any connection with sexuality through "twin fission," cloning or parthenogenesis are to be considered contrary to the moral law, since they are in opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union.

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation (Donum vitae) (1987), I

Revising the name given to the killing reduces its perceived gravity. This is the ecology of law, moral reasoning and language in action. Bad law and defective moral reasoning produce the evasive language to justify evil.... The same sanitized marketing is now deployed on behalf of...fetal experimentation and human cloning. Each reduces the human person to a problem or an object. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Living the Gospel of Life: A Challenge to American Catholics" (1998), II, 11

Human cloning does not treat any disease but turns human reproduction into a manufacturing process, by which human beings are mass-produced to preset specifications. The cloning procedure is so dehumanizing that some scientists want to treat the resulting human beings as subhuman, creating them solely so they can destroy them for their cells and tissues....

While cloning may never produce any clinical benefit, its attack on human dignity has already begun.

Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, President of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, on reports that a biotechnology firm has cloned human embryos (2001)

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International grifter gets 5 years in prison for Denver credit card cloning scam – The Denver Post

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A 27-year-old Romanian with a crime record trailing through Europe and the Middle East was sentenced to five years in prison Wednesday for his role in a credit card cloning scam in Denver.

A jury convicted Laurentiu Urziceanu on Jan. 19 of 22 felony counts including possession of a fraud device, bank fraud and aggravated identity theft. He was acquitted of one count of bulk cash smuggling.

Urziceanu and an accomplice cloned credit cards of customers at two Denver banks using sophisticated electronic devices, cameras and computers, said Tim Neff, a prosecutor inthe U.S. Attorneys Office in Denver.

Initially afraid that he would be returned to Romania upon his arrest in Chicago, Urziceanu sought political asylum by claiming that he was a gypsy who was the target of persecution in his homeland. His temporary stay in the U.S. will be behind bars.

Urziceanus arrest happened because of an observant Denver Greyhound bus teller, Neff said at Urziceanus sentencing hearing in U.S. District Court in Denver. The teller apparently believed Urziceanu might be a terrorist.

On Jan. 25, 2016, when Urziceanu tried to send fraud devices in a package through Greyhound, the teller noticed he seemed unusually hurried and his claim that the package contained a toy and sweaters was dubious. A bomb squad was calledand when they examined the contents of the box, they discovered seven pin-hole cameras and credit card skimming devices that wereplaced inside ATMs to steal credit card numbers.

Special Agent David Lauber of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security resealed the package and sent it to Chicago. When Urziceanu, using the alias Brazovics Balazs Peter, of Italy, retrieved the package, federal agents arrested him following a chase through the crowded streets of downtown Chicago, Neff said. At the time, had a forged Hungarian drivers license in his possession.

The tiny pin cameras were used to record bank pin numbers from more than 100 bank customers.

Urziceanu and his accomplice had allegedly stolen credit card information from 19 Wells Fargo Bank customers, court records indicate. They cloned credit cards and used them to withdraw $6,600 from bank accounts. The pair was in Denver only three days before going to Chicago, Neff said.

At one point, Urziceanu went to a Boulder post office on Jan. 25, 2016, and mailed a box of money to his girlfriends mother, Domnica Iovan, in Chieti, Italy.

While in Chicago, he had sent another box containing $22,000 in cash hidden in a speaker box to a family member named Ionescu Ecaterina in Rome, Italy.

Urziceanu entered the country on foot illegally near Rio Grande City, Texas, on Jan. 7, 2015, court records indicate. Neff said the international griftercame to America with larceny in his heart. Urziceanu was arrested in Texas on an immigration hold, but paid a $15,000 bond and fled the state, court records say.

The Rome Crime Squad arrested Urziceanu on April 28, 2011, outside the S. Paolo IMI Bank in Rome after he wascaught installing equipment that taped transmissions in an ATM. That July he was sentenced to from one to six months in prison.

Neff said Urziceanu was later arrested in Israel in a similar case but was not convicted of that crime.

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Backups and cloning remove the risks of cyber attacks and computer crashes – The Australian Financial Review

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Whether it be cyber attack or a good old crash, having a backup of your crucial systems and files in hugely important.

If there's an upside to data devouring malware like WannaCry, it's the way it concentrates our minds on back up strategies.

Predictably, after a few hundred thousand computers were held to ransom by hackers last month, attention has turned to safety nets, and rock solid back up is an essential element of a solution.

Cloud-based file storage services like Dropbox and OneDrive are great for protecting data files, not just because they keep a copy in cyberspace but also because they allow you to replicate data on multiple machines.

Our own data lives in Dropbox, with copies synchronised on a USB hard drive directly attached to our office desktop, and a networked Drobo file server in the same building, and an external drive at home that's only powered up once a day. That's deliberate.

Any data visible to the internet is at some risk, so we like to have an offline copy.

But there's more to tech life than data files, as a recent hard drive failure on our iMac reminded us. Faced with a defunct machine, you just want it to work again. That's where drive cloning software is a godsend.

Broadly, there are two approaches to recovering from a hashed up hard drive. Some solutions back up to a special kind of file that isn't itself a duplicate of the drive, but can be used to generate one.

That's a standard back up and restore approach, and most products that work like that also let you peer into the back up file and fish out copies of individual files and folders. But they don't get your machine back on the road in a hurry. For that, you need a cloner.

On a Mac, our cloner of choice is Carbon Copy. We love the clean, intuitive interface that presents a list of all the drives that are within sight, letting you choose what gets backed up to where and how.

Of course, back up tasks can be automated, so you could decide to run an update every day and make an entire fresh copy once a week, as hard drive space allows.

A full Carbon Copy clone of a two terabyte hard drive might take a few hours, but updates after that rarely require more thanminutes as the software intelligently identifies the files that have changed and only copies those.

One trap for cloning software is that it risks overwriting good data with bad. If a file on the source drive is damaged, it will be replicated in its defective state to the back up drive. Carbon Copy insures against that with a Safety Net feature, a kind of trash can that holds old versions rather than deleting them.

Best of all, the program can turn most external USB drives into a bootable replacement for your main hard drive. It starts up and runs more slowly than an internal drive, but if you absolutely, definitely need to have your Mac running right away, it's ideal.

Windows users have plenty of choices for cloning, but we've never strayed from Casper, an inexpensive offering that has displayed bulletproof reliability for nearly fifteen years.

Casper's name is a play on Norton Ghost, once the big name in desktop backup solutions. It's the friendly Ghost, get it?

Well, like Carbon Copy on the Mac, Casper is delightfully approachable. Many cloners share a common failing. They are unclear about which drive holds all your data and which is blank. It's nerve wracking to be less than certain that you're not about to overwrite good data with empty space.

Casper's friendly interface makes it crystal clear which way the data needs to flow.

Casper doesn't only clone. It can also create disk images that update incrementally, allowing drive restoration to a selected point in time. But again, we mainly rely on it to ensure that a bootable replacement hard drive is on hand at all times.

One advantage of cloning is that you can easily test your safety net. As good as disk images can be, almost nobody carries out trial restores to check that they actually work. But regularly we set our Mac to boot up from a Carbon Copy external drive and we spend a few minutes running applications to get comfort that we aren't just imagining we're insured against drive failure or data corruption.

It's nice to know that the safety net will hold.

Peter Moon is a technology lawyer with Cooper Mills.peter.moon@coopermills.com.au

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B.o.B Talks Conspiracy Theories About 9/11, Snapchat, Cloning, Chemtrails, The Illuminati & More (VIDEO) – AllHipHop (blog)

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(AllHipHop News)In early 2016, B.o.B became one of the most prominent faces of the so-called Flat Earth movement when the southern rapper used his Twitter feed to question the idea our world is round.

His support for the flat Earth concept even led to a back-and-forth with famed astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson.

Bobby Ray recently spoke with HotNewHipHop about other conspiracy theories such as Snapchat secretly gathering peoples facial scans, human cloning, UFOs,geoengineering, chemtrails, fluoride, the Illuminati, and 9/11.

I feel like [9/11] is an inside job. The evidence that has surfaced over the years I feel like there wasan insurance policy taken out on the building for terrorist attacks, ironically, said B.o.B. Its just a lot of differentthings that dont add up, so I definitely feel like its an inside job.

It was some of the conspiratorial reactions to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that first introduced a teenage Bobby to theories about false flag operations and secret societies.

Besides being a vocal contrarian, B.o.B is also the creator of music projects such asThe Adventures of Bobby Ray,Strange Clouds,Underground Luxury, Psycadelik Thoughtz,andEther.

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How an Icon of Evolution Lost Its Flight – The Atlantic

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In 1835, the Galapagos Islands shaped the thoughts of a young British naturalist named Charles Darwin, and helped inspire his world-shaking theory of evolution. For that reason, the islands have become something of a Mecca for biologists, who travel there to see the same odd creatures that enthused Darwin.

I like seeing wildlife in general, but some of these creatures have become iconic in evolutionary biology, says Leonid Kruglyak from the University of California, Los Angeles, who visited the Galapagos in 2012. The famous finches, with their well-adapted and variously shaped beaks, are especially famous, but Kruglyak found them underwhelming. He was more drawn to the flightless cormorants.

There are around 40 species of these birds in the world, and all but one of them can fly. The sole exception lives on the Galapagos, and can be seen on the coasts of the Isabela and Fernandina islands, drying its shriveled and tatty wings in the sun. Compared to other cormorants, this one is about 60 percent bigger. Its wings are smaller and its feathers shorter. Its breast muscles, which would normally power a flapping stroke, are smaller, and the part of the breastbone that anchors those muscles is stubbier.

Kruglyak wanted to know why this bird couldnt take to the skies. Specifically, as a geneticist, he wanted to know what genetic changes had grounded it. When he got back to his lab, he reached out to a research team that had collected blood samples from 223 flightless cormorantsalmost a quarter of the total endangered population. He and his own team used these samples to sequence the cormorants genome, then compared its DNA to that of three other cormorant species, looking for mutations that are unique to the flightless one, and that are likely to alter its genes in important ways.

They found a long list of affected genes. Many of these, when mutated in humans, distort the growth of limbs, resulting in extra fingers, missing digits, and other similar conditions. Some of them are also responsible for a group of rare inherited disorders called ciliopathies, where ciliasmall hair-like structures on the surface of cellsdont develop correctly. Cells use cilia to exchange signals and coordinate their growth. If these hairs dont form correctly, many body parts dont develop in the usual way. In particular, some people with ciliopathies grow up with short limbs and small ribcagesa striking parallel with the stunted wings and small breastbone of the flightless cormorant.

All of this is circumstantial. It suggests, but doesnt confirm, that the cormorants flightless wings might result of a kind of benign ciliopathy. To make a stronger case, Alejandro Burga, a member of Kruglyaks team, focused his attention on a couple of genes. One of themIFT122controls the development of cilia across the animal kingdom. The Galapagos cormorant has a single mutation in a part of the gene that is always the same in other species.

The ideal experiment would be to alter the same gene in another species of cormorant, to see if they develop shorter wings. But cormorants arent exactly easy to work with in a lab, so Burga turned to a more amenable animal: the tiny roundworm, C. elegans. He used the gene-editing technique called CRISPR to change the worms version of IFT122 to match the cormorants. And sure enough, its cilia stopped working correctly.

Burga also focused on another gene called CUX1, which controls the activity of many other cilia-building genes. Its especially active in the cartilage-making cells that lay the foundations for our skeletons. And here too, the cormorant has an unusual changeits missing a 12-letter stretch of DNA thats present in almost all other back-boned animals. And when Burga deleted this same stretch from the mouse version of CUX1, the cartilage-making cells divide more slowly.

All of these experiments paint a consistent picture. By building up mutations in several genes, the ancestors of the Galapagos cormorant changed the workings of its cilia and so altered the growth of the cells that form its skeleton. The result: shorter wings, smaller breastbones, and the loss of flight.

Still, there are plenty of missing details. As Kimberly Cooper, from the University of California, San Diego, notes in a piece that was published Kruglyaks results, cilia play important roles all over the body, and humans with ciliopathies have problems with their kidneys, vision, and nervous system. How has the Galapagos cormorant escaped this fate? Do its mutations specifically affect the cilia in its limbs? Or has it evolved safeguards in other organs? Or maybe theyre just weaker mutations, that tweak the function of the genes but dont disrupt them to the same extent as in human ciliopathies, says Kruglyak.

Id love to see similar studies in other lineages of flightless birds, because I imagine there are many different pathways to the loss of flight, says Natalie Wright from the University of Montana, who studies the evolution of flightlessness. She notes that cormorants dive for their food, and shorter wings make them less buoyant and more streamlined underwater. Most species can only shrink their wings so far without disrupting their ability to fly. But when cormorants landed on the Galapagos, they found a paradise with year-round food and zero predators. They didnt need to flee or migrate, so they could fully adapt to a diving life by shrinking their wings.

But other island birds that have become flightless, like rails, pigeons, parrots, owls, and songbirds, arent divers, and wouldnt benefit from shorter wings. Wright suspects that they lost their flight for reasons of efficiency: It takes less energy to grow small flight muscles. Perhaps different genes are involved, she suggests.

A decade ago, it would have seemed implausible to ever test if Wright is right. But Kruglyaks work show just how powerful genetics has become, and how quickly todays scientists can uncover the evolutionary secrets of intriguing animals. In five years, I went from seeing this unusual creature in the wild to doing its genome to getting a lot of good clues about what happened [to its wings], he says.

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Lesbians survived evolution because men found them attractive, claims study – RT

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Men are attracted to bisexual and gay women and still want to produce offspring with them, claims a new study, which has put forward an explanation for how lesbianism survived and flourished through evolution. The theory has attracted fierce rebuttals.

A team led by Cypriot Menelaos Apostolou from the University of Nicosia interviewed 1,509 heterosexuals both men and women to find out how they would feel about their partner sleeping with the same sex.

It was found that heterosexual women did not desire partners who experienced same-sex attractions, but a considerable proportion of heterosexual men desired partners who experienced same-sex attractions. In addition, it was found that men were more sexually excited than women by the same-sex infidelity of their partners, and they desired more than women, their opposite-sex partners to have sex with same-sex individuals, concluded the study published in Science Direct, as quoted by Pink News.

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More precisely, 34.3 percent of males and only 7.8 percent of women would prefer a partner who is attracted predominantly to members of the opposite-sex but occasionally of the same-sex.

One explanation is that in evolutionary terms, women were not reproductive rivals to straight men.

A woman, driven by her sexual desires, may seek sexual contact outside of her long-term intimate relationship. When this woman has sex with another woman she does not have sex with another man which translates into same-sex contact reducing the risk of cuckoldry,said the study.

Another explanation, put forward by previous studies on the subject, is that a man would welcome the addition of a new woman into his partners social circle as a chance to spread his seed further without repercussion a polyamorous relationship in which everyone benefits.

It is, however, notable that only about 15 percent of those surveyed desired to see bisexual tendencies in their long-term partner.

Conversely, in a mirror scenario women would not presumably benefit from the father of their child being distracted by another suitor, even if male, nor would they desire confusion about the identity of the progenitor of their offspring.

The study has been greeted with hostility from published media, and Twitter, where many accused Apostolou of trying to downplay the existence of lesbianism, or failing to provide robust evidence.

"The paper totally ignores a lot of other possible hypotheses and makes claims that are really not supported by the evidence they provide," Diana Fleischman, a psychologist at the University of Portsmouth, told the International Business Times.

Beyond the online outrage, there are several questions not addressed by the study. While bisexuals are potentially attractive, what about strictly lesbian women, with no interest in reproducing with men how did they survive? Or homosexual and bisexual men, who, as the study suggests, hold no premium as partners for women looking to reproduce? Also, how transferable are the modern-day attitudes towards lesbians to prehistoric times and relationship models?

I believe also that there are additional factors that need to be taken into consideration if same-sex attraction in women is to be understood, admitted Apostolou to Pink News. The publication of my theory gives the opportunity for a fruitful academic dialogue, where another scholar may attempt to refute, alter, or expand it and replicate my findings.

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Lesbians survived evolution because men found them attractive, claims study - RT

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Ethiopia’s ‘Dikika Baby’ offers clues to human evolution | The … – The Columbian

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A A

The fossilized piece of a cheek bone was spotted in a chunk of sandstone sticking out of the dirt in the scorching badlands of northeastern Ethiopia.

Zeresenay Alemseged knew almost immediately that he had stumbled upon something momentous.

The cheekbone led to a jaw, portions of a skull and eventually collar bones, shoulder blades, ribs and perhaps most important the most complete spinal column of any early human relative ever found.

Nearly 17 years later, the 3.3-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as the Dikika Baby remains one of the most important discoveries in archaeology, one that is filling in the timeline of human evolution.

When you put all the bones together, you have over 60 percent of a skeleton of a child dating back to 3.3 million years ago, which is more complete than the famous australopithecine fossil known as Lucy,' Alemseged, a 47-year-old professor of organismal biology and anatomy at the University of Chicago, told The Washington Post. We never had the chance to recover the face of Lucy, but the Dikika child is an almost complete skeleton, which gives you an impression of how children looked 3.3 million years ago.

The fossil, also called Selam peace in the Ethiopian Amharic language has revealed numerous insights into our early human relatives. But Alemseged said one of the most startling findings comes from the toddlers spine, which had an adaptation for walking upright that had not been seen in such an old skeleton.

The result, he said, is a creature whose upper body was apelike, but whose pelvis, legs and feet had humanlike adaptations.

If you had a time machine and saw a group of these early human relatives, what you would have said right away is, What is that chimpanzee doing walking on two legs? Alemseged said.

The findings, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show for the first time the spinal column was humanlike in its numbering and segmentation. Though scientists know that even older species were bipedal, researchers said Selams fossilized vertebrae is the only hard evidence of bipedal adaptations in an ancient hominid spine.

Yes, there were other bipedal species before, but what is making this unique is the preservation of the spine, which simply is unprecedented, Alemseged said. Not only is it exquisitely preserved, but it also tells us that the human-type of segmentation emerged at least 3.3 million years ago. Could there have been other species with a similar structure, yes, but we dont know for sure.

Human beings share many of the same spinal structures as other primates, but the human spine which has more vertebrae in the lower back, for example is adapted for walking and running on two feet.

Among the larger questions researchers are trying to answer include: When did our ancestors evolve the ability to be bipedal? When did we become more bipedal than arboreal, or tree-dwelling? And when did our ancestors abandon an arboreal lifestyle to become the runners and walkers that eventually populated Africa and then the world?

One of the barriers to those questions is that complete sets of vertebrae are rarely preserved.

Though he has been studying Selam for nearly two decades, Alemseged thinks the fossil has more secrets to share.

I dont think she will stop surprising us as the analysis continues, he said. Science and tech is evolving so much that Im sure in a few years well be able to extract even more information that were not able to extract today.

For many years we have known of fragmentary remains of early fossil species that suggest that the shift from rib-bearing, or thoracic, vertebrae to lumbar, or lower back, vertebrae was positioned higher in the spinal column than in living humans, but we have not been able to determine how many vertebrae our early ancestors had, said Carol Ward, a curators distinguished professor of pathology and anatomical sciences in the University of Missouri School of Medicine, and lead author on the study. Selam has provided us the first glimpse into how our early ancestors spines were organized.

Unpacking the intricacies of Selams spinal structure would not have been possible without the assistance of cutting-edge technology, researchers said.

After 13 years of using dental tools to painstakingly remove portions of the fossil from sandstone which risked destroying the fossil Alemseged packed up Selam in his suitcase and took the fossil from Ethiopia to the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, in 2010. Alemseged and the research team spent nearly two weeks there using high-resolution imaging technology to visualize the bones.

The fossil had undergone a medical CT scan in 2002 in Nairobi, Alemseged said, but that scanner was unable to distinguish objects with the same density, meaning that penetrating bones encased in sandstone was impossible. Once in France, that was no longer a problem, and the results, he said, were mind-blowing.

We were able to separate, virtually, the different elements of the vertebrae and were able to do it, of course, without any damage to the fossil, Alemseged said. We are now able to see this very detailed anatomy of the vertebrae of this exceptionally preserved fossil.

The scans revealed that the child possessed the thoracic-to-lumbar joint transition found in other fossil human relatives, but they also showed that Selam had a smaller number of vertebrae and ribs than most apes have.

For researchers, the skeleton is a window into the transition between rib-bearing vertebrae and lower back vertebrae, which allowed our early human ancestors to extend at the waist and begin moving upright, eventually becoming highly efficient walkers and runners.

Though he has been studying Selam for nearly two decades, Alemseged thinks the fossil has more secrets to share with the modern world.

I dont think she will stop surprising us as the analysis continues, he said. Science and tech is evolving so much that Im sure in a few years well be able to extract even more information that were not able to extract today.

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Ethiopia's 'Dikika Baby' offers clues to human evolution | The ... - The Columbian

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