Monthly Archives: May 2017

Consider three hair-pulling problems: 1 percent of the worlds energy is used every year just to produce fertilizer; solar panels arent powerful enough to provide all the power for most homes; investing in stocks often feels like a game of Russian roulette.

Those seemingly disparate issues can be solved by the same tool, according to some scientists: quantum computing. Quantum computers use superconducting particles to perform tasks and have long been seen as a luxury for the top academic echelonfar removed from the common individual. But thats quickly changing.

IBM had been dabbling with commercial possibilities when last year it released Quantum Experience, a cloud-based quantum computing service researchers could use to run experiments without having to buy a quantum system. In early March, IBM took that program further and announced IBM Q, the first cloud quantum computing system for commercial use. Companies will be able to buy time on IBMs quantum computers in New York state, though IBM has not set a release date or price, and it is expected to be financially prohibitive for smaller companies at first.

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Jarrod McClean, a computing sciences fellow at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, says the announcement is exciting because quantum computing wasnt expected to hit commercial markets for decades. Last year, some experts estimated commercial experimentation could be five to 40 years away, yet here we are, and the potential applications could disrupt the way pharmaceutical companies make medicine, the way logistics companies schedule trains and the way hedge fund managers gain an edge in the stock market. Were seeing more application areas start to develop all the time, now that people are looking at quantum, McClean says.

Quantum computing is as different from traditional computing as an abacus is from a MacBook. Classical computing was [invented] in the 1940s. This is like [that creation], but even beyond it, says Scott Crowder, IBM Systems vice president and chief technology officer of quantum computing, technical strategy and transformation. Take everything you know about how a class of computers works and forget it.

Quantum computers are made up of parts called qubits, also known as quantum bits. On some problems, they leverage the strange physics of quantum mechanics to work faster than chips on a traditional computer. (Just as a plane cannot exactly compare to a race car, a classical computer will still be able to do some things better than quantum, and vice versa. Theyre just different.)

Explaining how qubits work requires jumping into quantum mechanics, which doesnt follow the same rules of physics were used to in our everyday lives. Quantum entanglement and quantum superposition are particularly important; they defy common sense but take place only in environments that are incredibly tiny.

IBM Quantum Computing Scientists Hanhee Paik, left, and Sarah Sheldon, right, examine the hardware inside an open dilution fridge at the IBM Q Lab at IBM's T. J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown, New York. IBM Q quantum systems and services will be delivered via the IBM Cloud platform and will be designed to tackle problems that are too complex and exponential in nature for classical computing systems to handle. One of the first and most promising applications for quantum computing will be in the area of chemistry and could lead to the discovery of new medicines and materials. Connie Zhou/IBM

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Quantum superposition is important because it allows the qubit to do two things at once. Technically, it allows the qubit to be two things at once. While traditional computers put bits in 0 and 1 configurations to calculate steps, a qubit can be a 0 and a 1 at the same time. Quantum entanglement, another purely quantum property, takes the possibilities a step further by intertwining the characteristics of two different qubits, allowing for even more calculations. Calculations that would take longer than a humans life span to work out on a classic computer can be completed in a matter of days or hours.

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Eventually, quantum computing could outperform the worlds fastest supercomputerand then all computers ever made, combined. We arent there yet, but at 50 qubits, universal quantum computing would reach that inflection point and be able to solve problems existing computers cant handle, says Jerry Chow, a member of IBMs experimental quantum computing department. He added that IBM plans to build and distribute a 50-qubit system in the next few years. Google aims to complete a 49-qubit system by the end of 2017.

Some experts arent convinced IBMs move into the commercial market is significant. Yoshihisa Yamamoto, a Stanford University physics professor, says, I expect the IBM quantum computer has a long way to go before it is commercialized to change our everyday life.

Caltech assistant professor of computing and mathematical sciences Thomas Vidick says IBMs commercialization of quantum computing feels a bit premature and estimates it will still be 10 to 20 years before commercial applications are mainstream. The point is that quantum hardware hasn't reached maturity yet, he explains. These are large machines, but they are hard to control. There is a big overhead in the transformation that maps the problem you want to solve to a problem that the machine can solve, one that fits its architecture.

Despite the skepticism, many researchers are pumped. While the current systems arent likely to solve a computational problem that regular computers cant already solve, preparing the software layer in advance will help us hit the ground running when systems large enough to be useful become available, says Michele Mosca, co-founder of the Institute for Quantum Computing at Ontarios University of Waterloo. Everyday life will start to get affected once larger-scale quantum computers are built and they are used to solve important design and optimization problems.

A company called D-Wave Systems already sells 2,000-qubit systems, but its systems are different from IBMs and other forms of universal quantum computers, so many experts dont consider their development to have reached that quantum finish line. D-Wave Systemss computers are a type of quantum computer called quantum annealers, and they are limited because they can be used only on optimization problems. There is a roaring scientific debate about whether quantum annealers could eventually outpace traditional supercomputers, but regardless, this type of quantum computer is really good at one niche problem and cant expand beyond that right now.

What problems could be so complicated they would require a quantum computer? Take fertilizer production, McClean says. The power-hungry process to make mass-produced fertilizer accounts for 1 percent to 2 percent of the worlds energy use per year. But theres a type of cyanobacteria that uses an enzyme to do nitrogen fixation at room temperature, which means it uses energy far more efficiently than industrial methods. Its been too challenging for classical systems to date, McClean says, but he notes that quantum computers would probably be able to reveal the enzymes secrets so researchers could re-create the process synthetically. Its such an interesting problem from a point of view of how nature is able to do this particular type of catalysis, he adds.

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Pharmaceutical science could also benefit. One of the limitations to developing better, cheaper drugs is problems that arise when dealing with electronic structures, McClean says. Except with the simplest structures, like hydrogen-based molecules, understanding atomic and subatomic motion requires running computer simulations. But even that breaks down with more complex molecules. You dont even ask those questions on a classical computer because you know youre going to get it wrong, Crowder says.

The ability to predict how molecules react with other drugs, and the efficacy of certain catalysts in drug development, could drastically speed up the pace of pharmaceutical development and, ideally, lower prices, McClean says.

Finance is also plagued by complicated problems with multiple moving parts, says Marcos Lpez de Prado, a research fellow in the Computational Research Department at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Creating a dynamic investment portfolio that can adjust to the markets with artificial intelligence, or running simulations with multiple variables, would be ideal, but current computers aren't advanced enough to make this method possible. The problem is that a portfolio that is optimal today may not be optimal tomorrow, Lpez de Prado says, and the rebalance between the two can be so costly as to defeat its purpose.

Quantum computing could figure out the optimal way to rebalance portfolios day by day (or minute by minute) since that will require a computing power beyond the current potential of digital computers, says Lpez de Prado, who is also a senior managing director at Guggenheim Partners. Instead of listening to gurus or watching TV shows with Wall Street connections, we could finally get the tools needed to replace guesswork with science.

While business applications within quantum computing are mostly hopeful theories, theres one area where experts agree quantum could be valuable: optimization. Using quantum computing to create a program that thinks through how to make business operations faster, smarter and cheaper could revolutionize countless industries, Lpez de Prado says.

For example, quantum computers could be used to organize delivery truck routes so holiday gifts arrive faster during the rush before Christmas. They could take thousands of self-driving cars and organize them on the highway so all the drivers get to their destination via the fastest route. They could create automated translating software so international businesses dont have to bother with delays caused from translating emails. Optimization is just a generic hammer they can use on all these nails, McClean says.

One day, quantum might even be used for nationwide problems, like optimizing the entire U.S. economy or organizing a national power grid.

Just as computers presented a huge advantage to the handful of companies that could afford them when they first came on the commercial market, its possible that a few companies might gain a tactical advantage by using quantum computing now. For example, if only a few investors use quantum computing to balance portfolios, the rest of the market will probably lose money. But what happens when quantum computing goes mainstream? asks Lpez de Prado. That tactical disadvantage disappears. Instead, everyone will be able to make better investment decisions. People will rely on science rather than stories.

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By Scott Totzke, Network World | May 23, 2017 9:00 AM PT

Opinions expressed by ICN authors are their own.

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Imagine you wake up one morning, assuming everything is as you left it the night before. But overnight, attackers with a quantum computer capable of breaking current cryptography standards have targeted millions of people and stolen their personal data.

Experts have estimated that a commercial quantum computer capable of breaking the cryptography we rely on today will be available by 2026. In fact, IEEE Spectrum reported last year that a quantum computer is close to cracking RSA encryption.

To many people, a nine-year timeline doesnt sound alarming, and the consequences of not updating our security technology with quantum-safe solutions may not be clear. Heres why the work to upgrade to quantum-safe security needs to start now to keep our data safe once quantum computers arrive.

On any given day, you might engage in any of the following common activities as a typical technology user, and if attackers with a quantum computer break the cryptography these transactions rely on, your sensitive data could be leaked, leading to serious consequences for you and the institutions responsible for safeguarding that data:

1. Sending email: You log in to your laptop and send a few personal emails. Your messages can now be read by the attackers and posted publicly for anyone to read.

2. Checking an online bank account: You log in to your bank account and transfer money. Your financial data is now accessible by the attackers who can use it to drain your accounts.

3. Updating your social media accounts: You log in to Facebook and post a personal update about your upcoming vacation and some pictures of your family, assuming you are sharing only with your friends. All photos and personal information are now publicly visible and can be modified by people other than you.

4. Updating software on a smartphone: You get a software update to your smartphone and accept it, not realizing that the authentication process that assures the update comes from a trusted source (i.e. Google or Apple) is now broken. Malware can now be pushed to your smartphone in the guise of a trusted update, giving the attackers further access to any login credentials for apps you have stored, as well as your data.

5. Driving your connected car: You get into your car to drive to work. Your cars computer accepts software updates automatically. Those updates could now come from the attackers, without your knowledge, allowing a third party to take control of the embedded systems in your car and override your navigation, cut power to your vehicle, and more.

Many other daily transactions we take for granted could immediately become vulnerable. For example, using a formerly secure IoT-connected device, such as a thermostat, home security system, or baby monitor; transferring funds to a pre-loaded payment for a public transportation system; or using a VPN to log in to a corporate network. Many public safety risks that are also introduced when public transport vehicles, safety systems, and physical access systems can be compromised.

We already see rapidly increasing numbers of data breaches as more connected devices make more attack surfaces available. As companies and governments work continually to protect against cybersecurity attacks through advances in technology, the advent of quantum computing could create a free for all for cybercriminals.

But there is a solution in the form of quantum-safe cryptography. The key will be updating quantum-vulnerable solutions in time, and that means understanding now which systems will be affected by quantum risk and planning a migration to potential quantum-safe security solutions that includes appropriate testing and piloting.

The transition can begin with hybrid solutions that allow for agile cryptography implementations designed to augment the classical cryptography we use today.

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Quantum computing has always sparked the imagination of technology enthusiasts and scientists. Until now, the process to gain access to a supercomputer remains quite expensive. IBM hopes to change all that by launching the Q service, which provides quantum computing as a service. An intriguing development that will potentially spur a new race to build the worlds fastest supercomputer.

On paper, it sounds rather crazy to think anyone in the world could get access to a supercomputer. Most consumers and small businesses do not have any use for this technology whatsoever. Computers and even smartphones are more than powerful enough for consumers looking to complete basic tasks. However, IBM Q is not necessarily designed for the average person on the street.

More specifically, IBM Q is a commercially available universal quantum computer for both businesses and scientists. It is widely believed quantum computing would provide solutions to important problems otherwise too complex to solve through traditional means. It is quite an intriguing project that can currently be accessed free of charge upon providing academic credentials. Do keep in mind users will be somewhat limited as to what they can do during the early stages of IBM Q availability, though.

Under the hood, IBM Q makes use of two universal quantum computing processors. The project provides 16 qubits of computing power for public use and 17 qubits of computing power for commercial use. This first processor can be accessed through the IBM Cloud service at no additional cost, which is a nice gesture. The commercial processor, on the other hand, is twice as powerful as the free version. It is unclear how much access to this resource will cost, though.

Even though this is a major breakthrough in the world of quantum computing, this hardware will not solve every problem in the world. It will also pose no threat to the Bitcoin ecosystem whatsoever, as the computing resources made available both free of charge and in exchange for a payment are not powerful enough to threaten Bitcoins cryptography. Should the available resources be increased in quantity and capacity, that could change in the future. Even then, it seems highly unlikely someone would deliberately try to break Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

It is quite impressive to see how far we have come in the world of quantum computing. Access to such powerful resources seemed to be strictly off-limits for multiple decades. Yet here we are in the year 2017, a time during which quantum computing as a service became an official service. It is a bit unclear who will use IBM Q the free tier, that is but it is a more than welcome development regardless.

The bigger question is whether or not IBM Q offers an intuitive graphical user interface for people to enjoy. Having access to more powerful computing resources is one thing, but if it is difficult to make sense of it all, IBM Q will only be half as appealing. It will be interesting to see how the general public responds to this development. Rest assured this will generate a buzz of excitement in academic circles, though.

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