Daily Archives: May 18, 2017

Bigger is better: Quantum volume expresses computer’s limit – Ars Technica

Posted: May 18, 2017 at 3:05 pm

Enlarge / IBM's new 16-qubit quantum computer.

The race to build the first useful quantum computer continues apace. And, like all races, there are decisions to be made, including the technology each competitor mustchoose. But, in science, no one knows the race course, where the finish line is, or even if the race has any sort of prize (financial or intellectual) along the way.

On the other hand, the competitors can take a hand in the outcome by choosing the criteria by which success is judged. And, in this rather cynical spirit, we come to IBM's introduction (PDF) of "quantum volume" as a single numerical benchmark for quantum computers. In the world of quantum computing, it seems that everyone is choosing their own benchmark. But, on closer inspection, the idea of quantum volume has merit.

Many researchers benchmark using gate speedhow fast a quantum gate can perform an operationor gate fidelity, which is how reliable a gate operation is. But these single-dimensional characteristics do not really capture the full performance of a quantum processor. For analogy, it would be like comparing CPUs by clock speed or cache size, but ignoring any of the other bazillion features that impact computational performance.

The uselessness of these various individual comparisons were highlighted when researchers compared a slow, but high-fidelity quantum computer to a fast, but low-fidelity quantum computer, and came to the conclusion that the result was pretty much a draw.

It gets even worse when you consider that, unlike classical computers, you need a certain number of qubits to even carry out a calculation of a certain computational size. So, maybe, IBM researchers thought, a benchmark needs to somehow encompass the idea of what a quantum computer is capable of calculating, but not necessarily how fast it will perform a calculation.

The IBM staff are building on a concept called circuit depth. Circuit depth starts with the idea that, because quantum gates can always introduce an error, there is a maximum number of operations that can be performed before it is unreasonable to expect the qubit state to be correct. Circuit depth is that number, multiplied by the number of qubits. If used honestly, this provides a reasonable idea of what a quantum computer can do.

The problem with depth is that you can keep the total number of qubits constant (and small), while reducing the error rate to very close to zero. That gives you a huge depth, but, only computations that fit within the number of qubits can be calculated. A two-qubit quantum computer with enormous depth is still useless.

Thegoal, then, is to express computational capability, which must include the number of qubits and the circuit depth. Given an algorithm and problem size, there is a minimum number of qubits required to perform the computation. And, depending on how the qubits are connected to each other, a certain number of operations have to be performed to carry out the algorithm. The researchers express this by comparing the maximum number of qubits involved in a computation to the circuit depth and take the square of the smaller number. So, the maximum possible quantum volume is just the number of qubits squared.

To give you an idea, a 30-qubit system with no gate errors has a quantum volume of 900 (no units for this). To achieve the same quantum volume with imperfect gates, the error rate has to be below 0.1 percent. But, once this is achieved, all computations require 30 or fewerqubits can be performed on that quantum computer.

That seems simple enough, but figuring out the depth takes a bit of work because it depends on how the qubits are interconnected. So, the benchmark indirectly takes into account architecture.

The idea is that the minimum number of operations required to complete an algorithm occurs when every qubit is directly connected to every other qubit. But, in most cases, direct connections like that arenot possible, so additional gates or qubits have to be added to connect qubits that are distant from each other. But each gate operation comes with the chance of introducing an error, so the depth changes.

The researchers calculated the error rate that would be required to obtain a certain quantum volume. The idea is that many computations can be broken up into a series of two-qubit computations. Then, for a given qubit arrangement (the connections between qubits), you can figure out how many operations it takes to perform a two-qubit operation between every qubit. From that you can figure out the required depth, and the minimum error rate.

And, actually, the results are not too badif you like to make fully interconnected qubit systems. Then you end up with error rates that, depending on the number of qubits, are around 1 per 1,000. But, the penalty for reduced interconnections is severe, with circuits like the latest IBM processor requiring at least a factor of ten better error rates than a fully connected quantum computer. That is if you believe the calculation. Unfortunately, if you compare the calculated error rate, the number of qubits and the quantum volume, the results are inconsistent. We've reached out to IBM and will update when they respond. Unfortunately, when you read the scale wrong, you get inconsistent results. Once you correct for reader error, it all works out fine.

To put it in perspective, gate fidelities in IBM's 5 qubit quantum computer are, at best, 99 percent. So, one operation per 100 goes wrong. And that quantum computer is not fully interconnected. And, indeed, if you perform the calculation, the quantum volume is 25, which requires an error rate on the order of one percent, which approximately agrees with the observed capabilities. If IBM's newly announced 17-qubit quantum computer has the same gate fidelity, then it will have a quantum volume of 35, a small increase on the five-qubit system. To get anywhere near the maximum of 290, the IBM crew will have to increase the gate fidelity to about 99.7 percent, which would be a significant technological achievement.

And, this is where the new benchmark comes in very handy. It gives researchers a very quick way to estimate technology requirements. With some rather simple follow-up calculations the advantages and disadvantages of different architectural choices can be quickly evaluated. I can imagine quantum volume finding quite widespread use.

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Quantum Computing Could Use Graphene To Create Stable Qubits – International Business Times

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Graphene, the wonder-material which is the atom-thick two-dimensional form of carbon, is once again showing its potential use in the development of quantum computers. Researchers from cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland demonstrated a graphene-based quantum capacitor, which can produce stable qubits the quantum counterpart of digital bits used in regular computers.

While a digital bit works on a binary system and can store data as either 0 or 1, quantum bits or qubits can exist in two states simultaneously and also exhibit arbitrary superposition, which greatly increases their storage and computing power, by several orders of magnitude. However, creating them requires very controlled conditions, such as extremely low temperatures.

Read: Artificial Atom In Graphene Has Potential Quantum Computing Applications

The capacitor designed by the EPFL researchers consists of boron nitride an insulating material resistant to heat and chemicals placed between two sheets of graphene. Due to the sandwich structure and the unusual properties of graphene, a nonlinear charge is generated, which is necessary to creation of qubits.

A nonlinear charge refers to the fact that the incoming charge introduced to the capacitor is not proportional to the voltageproduced.

The design developed by EPFL is relatively easier to fabricate than many other known cryogenic quantum devices, according to a statement by the researchers, but still needs low temperatures to work. It has very low sensitivity to electrical interference, which is a good thing, is not as bulky as some of the other similar devices and also avoids physical mechanical motion as the structure is not suspended.

Creating qubits is not all the device is good for. It could significantly improve the way quantum information is processed but there are also other potential applications too. It could be used to create very nonlinear high-frequency circuits all the way up to the terahertz regime or for mixers, amplifiers, and ultra strong coupling between photons, according to the statement.

This is an insulating boron nitride sandwiched between two graphene sheets. Photo: EPFL/ LPQM

The structure of the graphene-based capacitor for generating qubits has been described in detail in an open-access paper published Thursday in the journal npj 2D Materials and Applications, under the title Nonlinear graphene quantum capacitors for electro-optics.

Generating stable qubits is one of the biggest challenges to the development of functional and scalable quantum computers. Other than graphene, researchers have been trying various other methods to create qubits, including techniques that use light and lasers, silicon-based nanostructures, and even diamonds.

There is also an ongoing debate about which of the two approaches to quantum computing superconducting or trapped ions is better to achieve stable qubits and scalable circuits. While most researchers in the field are taking the superconducting route, a reprogrammable quantum device the first of its kind was created a few months ago using trapped ions.

Traditional computer manufacturing companies, not wanting to be left behind when the future arrives, have also jumped onto the quantum bandwagon. In November 2016, Microsoft announced it was ready to move from research to engineering.

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New Research May Reconcile General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics – Futurism

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In Brief Scientists at the British University of Columbia have argued that constantly fluctuating space-time is responsible for universal expansion rather than dark energy. This may be an answer to one of the fundamental problems in cosmology. Einstein +Quantum Physics

Scientists at the University of British Columbia have proposed a radical new theory to explain the exponentially increasing size of the universe. Ultimately, it seeks to reconcile two different concepts in physics: Quantum Mechanics and Einsteins Theory of General Relativity. the researchers argue that instead of dark energy causing the universes growth, it could be explainedby constant quantum fluctuations of vacuum energy.

In their work, the researchers argue that, instead of dark energy causing the universes growth, it could be explainedby constant quantum fluctuations of vacuum energy. The paper claims if their findings are true that the old cosmological constant problem would be resolved. The press release notes the potentially transformative nature of the work: Their calculations provide a completely different physical picture of the universe.

Similarly, Bill Unruh, the physics and astronomy professor who supervised P.H.D student Qingdi Wangs work,stated thatthe research offers an entirely new take on old problems: This is a new idea in a field where there hasnt been a lot of new ideas that try to address this issue. In the end, their calculations provide a fundamentally different picture of the universe: one in which space-time is constantly moving, fluctuating between contraction and expansion.Its the small net effect towards expansion, though, that drives the expansion of the universe.

Unruh uses the sea as an analogy to explain why we cannot feel the effects: Its similar to the waves we see on the ocean [] They are not affected by the intense dance of the individual atoms that make up the water on which those waves ride.

Previous beliefhas held that the universe is expanding steadily due to dark energy pushing other matter further and further away. When we apply quantum theories to vacuum energy, it results in an increasing density which could in turn result in universal explosion due to the gravitational effect of the density.

The discovery that the universe is expanding was made simultaneously by two independent teams in 1998: Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team. Three members of the two teams have since won Nobel prizes for their work, which measured light using standard candles. Since that discovery was made, scientists have tried to work outexactly what this energy is thats driving the cosmos apart.

Despite the fact that it has been a compelling mystery for decades, there havent been that many theoriesposed. So, while the work of Wang and Unruh may not provide the ultimate answer, they present a new, potential solution to one of the most fundamental problems in cosmology.

Editors note: This article has been updated. A previous version mistakenly referred to dark energy as dark matter.

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The Marriage Of Einstein’s Theory Of Relativity And Quantum Physics Depends On The Pull Of Gravity – Forbes

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Forbes
The Marriage Of Einstein's Theory Of Relativity And Quantum Physics Depends On The Pull Of Gravity
Forbes
As far as I know quantum physics and relativity theory will never get along. Does that mean one of them is basically wrong? originally appeared on Quora: the place to gain and share knowledge, empowering people to learn from others and better ...

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Quantum Biology and the Frog Prince – ScienceBlog.com (blog)

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By Josh Mitteldorf

How surprised should we be if 4 billion years of evolution have taught the living cell to exploit quantum mechanics in ways that human physicists have not yet discovered? Science has made great progress in the last century via reductionism, understanding the parts and building up to an understanding of the whole. The idea of a direct link between micro-world of quantum mechanics and the complexity of life could disrupt that paradigm.

From ancient times, it was obvious to people the world over that life played by different rules. Flowers and frogs could do things that rocks and babbling brooks could never do. Great scientists through Newton and Faraday saw no conflict between their spiritual beliefs and the laws of nature they were discovering. Then, in the 19th Century, organic chemistry was developed, and cells could be viewed through a microscope. Some of the behavior of living things began to find explanations in terms of physics and chemistry. One after another of the abilities of living cells were explained with the same laws that apply to non-living matter. Science and philosophy came to make a bold extrapolation: There is no fundamental difference. Living and non-living matter obey the same laws, and the apparent difference between living and non-living systems is due to complexity only.

This possibility became a presumption and then a dogma. Worse, the laws that governed life were presumed to be physics that humans have presently mastered and understood. Scientific consensus lined up against the idea that life may know something we dont know.

Of course, biology continues to hold many mysteries for us: Animal navigation and extraordinary knowing; the remarkable efficiency of evolution, and the related problem of the origin of life; why should microwaves cause cancer? why, indeed, should weak radio waves have any interaction with living tissue? How can biological enzymes be so much more specific than engineered catalysts, and why are they less effective in a petri dish than in a living cell?

In the process of attacking these open questions of biology, will we discover new physics? To date, only a handful of quantum biologists are asking such questions.

The first and most famous proponent of quantum biology was Erwin Schrdinger, a founding father of quantum physics. In the 1930s, he wrote two monographs [republished in one volume] about physics and life. The first one prefigured by more than a decade Crick and Watsons discovery of the structure of DNA. The second hypothesized that consciousness has an elemental role in the fabric of physics. Though this latter idea sounds mystical and vaguely unscientific to biologists, it is taken seriously by physicists because the postulates of quantum mechanics require* a subjective observer, and reality is not objective or observer-independent, but arises from the interaction between the observer and his representation of a physical system. A world without objective reality? This sounds too fantastical to take seriously, and most scientists dont.

Since Schrdinger, there have been reports of experimental results that would seem to support his conjectures about the quantum basis of life, but these have remained on the edge of science, subjected to a rigid skepticism because they would seem to require such a radical re-conception of the reductionist view of science. In the standard scientific picture, physics explains atoms and molecules; atomic physics is the explanation for chemistry; and chemistry explains the behavior of biological systems. The alternative is that the loop may be closed: biology is necessary to explain fundamental physics. (Theres a joke** with the punch line, God is a biologist.)

Aside from the quantum mechanical observer, another reason to take this idea seriously is a series of remarkable coincidences first noted by astrophysicists: The recipe for our universe contains six fundamental but arbitrary ratiosthings like the ratio of the electron to proton mass and the ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force. These ratios give the appearance of being fine-tuned to make life possible. If any of them were just a wee bit different, we would live in a universe that was very much less interesting than the one we do live in. (For example a universe in which the only chemical element is hydrogen, or a universe in which intergalactic gas remains spread thin and never congeals into stars and planets.)

What is the significance of the fact that these arbitrary ratios are fine-tuned to make life possible? One explanation would be that consciousness played a founding role, and is in some way responsible for the world we see. The alternative is that there are many universes, (billions and billions) and almost all of them harbor no life, because life is not possible there, so of course we find ourselves in one of the exceedingly rare universes that is capable of supporting life.

Aside from these broad, philosophical arguments, there are two direct observations opening the door to quantum biology. Photosynthesis and magnetic sensors in birds are made possible by quantum superpositions within single molecules. A more expansive view of quantum biology is that life depends on quantum tricks that allow micron-sized systems to explore many possibilities simultaneously, and enable single molecules to flip switches for entire cells. These are considered radical ideas, outside the mainstream of science, but perhaps they provide a fertile hypothesis for exploring many mysteries of biology.

Stunning reports of the quantum influence of living systems have been dismissed as not worthy of review or replication, because we know as a matter of theory that they must be mistaken. Robert Jahn, while Dean of the Princeton University School of Engineering, began an investigation of ways in which living systems (including humans) can affect quantum noise in a resistor [book]. Though his experiments were expertly and meticulously documented, they were never permitted publication in journals of physics, and in fact Dr Jahns reputation and career suffered just for having undertaken such experiments.

There is a line of experimentation from Russia reporting that plants and even bacteria are able to transmute chemical elements, a process which humans know how to do only with high-energy nuclear physics [book]. These experiments have never been replicated in the West, and the implications would be revolutionary if confirmed.

Roger Penrose, one of the most brilliant and original minds in mathematical physics, has been speculating on quantum theories of consciousness for thirty years, making specific and testable proposals. It is scandalous that his work is dismissed as crackpot by people who dont understand it. There is a mainstream view that consciousness arises from computation, and that digital computers have, in principle, everything necessary to qualify as conscious, living beings when we learn how to program them a bit better. Though this hypothesis is far from being a proven fact of science, challenging the dogma can be hazardous to a scientific career.

Stuart Kauffman is another expansive thinker who has investigated the connections between quantum mechanics, biology and consciousness. He notes that many proteins, including about half of all neurotransmitters, are in a state of quantum criticality, which means they are poised on a knife edge, easily nudged between two configurations. Why would this be true? In designing a classical machine (for example a tiny transistor, etched on a microchip), human engineers make sure that the systems performance is reliable by making it just large enough that quantum fluctuations cannot affect its behavior. There are plenty of biological systems that are also designed to be stable in this way; the DNA molecule, for example, stores information reliably over long periods of time. But natural selection seems to have gone out of her way to use neurotransmitters that are unreliable. Their behavior (and our thinking) are affected by quantum events at the smallest level. This could be a useful feature of the brain if quantum events in living systems are not random, but are guided by a larger coherence, or by consciousness as an entity, or maybe these two are different aspects of the same thing.

In 2002, a molecular geneticist from University of Surrey outlined a bold theory of quantum evolution based on extrapoloation of a well-established but paradoxical phenomenon. In the Quantum Zeno Effect, continuous observation of one quantum variable prevents a system from evolving. (Watched water never boils.) It is theoretically possible, in this way, to prevent a radioactive nucleus from decaying. The Inverse Quantum Zeno Effect is yet stranger: By very gradually changing the quantum variable under observation, it is possible to guide a quantum system efficiently from one state to another. In a simple demonstration (try this at home!), a series of rotated polarized filters can nudge vertically polarized light around until it becomes horizontally polarized, though the overlap between the initial and final wave functions is zero. In this book, Johnjoe McFadden speculated that biological evolution might be directed toward states of higher fitness by a biological version of the Inverse Zeno Effect. Fifteen years later, only a handful of scientists around the world are discussing and developing these ideas. We are so busy working out the details of our existing framework (and writing grant proposals to compete for next years funding) that we have no time to consider speculations outside the box.

Mcfadden stopped short of proposing an observer within the living cell that is driving its evolution, a deus ex machina, but connection to Penroses work presents a tantalizing possibility. Perhaps the contentious observer problem of quantum mechanics is essentially related to free will, awareness and the sense of self; perhaps the quantum observer within is what separates living from non-living things, and is the source of the characteristic behaviors that strike us as goal-oriented.

These intriguing ideas touch our foundational sense of who we are and the nature of the world in which we live, but the enterprise of science today is not well adapted to address them. Funding is risk-aversea sound basis for business decisions, but a disaster for the healthy practice of basic science. Hypotheses about quantum biology are easily dismissed as crackpot, and indeed most are likely not to pan out. But you have to kiss many a frog before you find your prince. If we are ever to address these foundational questions, wethe community of scientistswill have to be willing to consider and to test a great number of crazy ideas along the way.

We know the quantum world primarily from single-particle systems. All of atomic physics, chemical bonds, orbitals etc. is modeled from equations of the hydrogen atom, because for more than one electron, quantum mechanical equations are impossible to solve. Quantum physics of many entangled particle is notoriously intractable to computation, so we have only semi-empirical theories of chemistry and solid state physics. With quantum symmetries, we can explain simple, uniform orderfor example, lasers and crystals. But theory suggests the possibility of a single quantum state that comprises many atoms in a complex array; indeed, a system may be in a superposition of several such states simultaneously. We know nothing of such systems, or what properties they might evince; that is, we know how to write down the equations for such systems but to solve the equations is far beyond the capability of any computer we know how to build. Quantum mechanics of complex systems remains an experimental science, and evolution has had time to perform a great many more experiments than have humans.

* There is an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics where observers are not outside of quantum physics, but this formulation carries the baggage of a truly gigantuous number of extra universes, all them completely unobservable. It is called the Many Worlds Interpretation.

** Escalating reductionism: Biologists think theyre chemists, chemists think theyre physicists, physicists think theyre mathematicians. Of course, mathematicians think theyre God, but what they dont realize is that God is a biologist.

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Trump’s Loyalty Test – TIME

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In the Oval Office, senior aides to President Donald Trump sometimes steal glances at one another while he speaks. Silent and stone-faced, they dare not say what they are thinking, but they communicate nonetheless. Beyond the President's earshot and eyeshot, the concern comes through in less subtle ways. The West Wing's thick walls, even with the TV turned up, cannot muffle the sounds of staffers shouting behind closed doors.

It is a terrible thing to work every day for long hours in a hostile environment you can't control. It is worse when the stakes are as consequential as those at the White House, when your public reputation is on the line and when the man in charge blames those around him for his self-made misfortune. The fourth month of the Trump presidency has unfolded with all the suspense of a reality show. No one knows what will happen next because the President changes his mind in real time. "We watch Twitter," says one aide. "We're just as in the dark," allows another.

Senior officials walk through the building with funereal looks on their faces. Others complain that the White House is being "paralyzed" by the commotion. "He likes everyone always being on thin ice," explains one adviser of the President's management style. A few West Wing aides have begun to look for lifeboats, shopping rsums to think tanks, super PACs and corporate communications firms in the market for anyone who can make sense of the White House's bizarre workings. When news broke on May 15 that the President had revealed sensitive classified information to the Russian Foreign Minister and the Russian ambassador in an Oval Office meeting, one White House staffer sent a message to a friend outside the building: FML, read the text--abbreviated millennial slang for an unprintable curse on one's own life.

The President they serve, duly elected by the nation, has decided to govern as he lived before winning the election: impulsively, extemporaneously, with his emotions on full display. But the effect has been different in the White House. There, his decisions have jeopardized foreign intelligence relationships, affected ongoing criminal investigations and provoked the investigatory powers of the FBI and Congress.

No less than Vice President Mike Pence has been caught as collateral damage, his credibility in question after he falsely described the reason for the firing of FBI Director James Comey--only to be contradicted a day later by the President. "The good news is that if you don't like a decision, there's a good chance the President will come up with a new one if he watches enough Fox & Friends," deadpans another senior White House aide.

That leaves White House staff struggling to create a structure that will allow him to succeed. Some are grappling with how much they should try to dissuade the boss when he has his mind made up. Many wrestle with how they can maintain their own reputations while proving their loyalty by going on television to defend him."It's exhausting," says a midlevel aide. "Just when you think the pace is unsustainable, it accelerates. The moment it gets quiet is when the next crisis happens."

In the end, how to respond is a decision each person must make alone. The presidency of Donald Trump, in short, has become an acute test for those helping to lead the nation. At the White House, up on Capitol Hill and in the bowels of the three-letter national security and law-enforcement agencies, men and women are weighing the sometimes conflicting interests of their country, their careers and the President they serve.

It is a political dilemma, to be sure, but also a moral one: a test of allegiance to the truth, to the law and to the traditions of government. For many, the priority now is to limit the damage so the mistakes that have been made don't multiply into something more disastrous. "The situation is what it is," Andrew Card, former chief of staff to President George W. Bush, told MSNBC. "And we have to mitigate it."

For Trump, the learning curve at the White House has been steep. In 2014, Trump said the thing he looks for most in an employee is loyalty. And for decades that is what he demanded, dismissing advisers and executives whose commitment or capacity he came to doubt. But loyalty in business flows directly to the boss. In the federal government, allegiance is sworn to the Constitution, and evidence is growing that Trump does not understand the difference.

Associates of Comey's say the President repeatedly asked for the top law-enforcement officer's loyalty at a private White House dinner in January, even though the FBI director should be loyal to the law only, and at the time Comey was investigating Russian interference in the election and possible ties to Trump's campaign. Then in February, Comey met privately with Trump in the Oval Office, and, according to a memo he wrote at the time, the subject of the recently fired National Security Adviser Michael Flynn came up. "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go," Trump told Comey, according to the notes, which were first reported by the New York Times. Although short of a command, the plain language of the request, if accurate, comes dangerously close to a President intervening in a criminal investigation of his own associate.

The White House denies both claims. But no one can dispute Trump's singular, at times disproportionate, obsession with anything concerning the investigation into Russia's involvement in the 2016 election. Nor does the White House deny the President's decision on May 10 to give classified intelligence about the Islamic State, which had been handed over by a foreign intelligence service, to the Russian Foreign Minister, whom Trump had invited to the Oval Office. That development, first reported by the Washington Post and apparently a spontaneous boast, appeared to violate long-standing commitments for the U.S. not to share intelligence from allies without permission. Trump's second National Security Adviser, H.R. McMaster, argued that the decision was "wholly appropriate," adding that the President did not even know the source of the information he described to the Russians. McMaster, who wrote a book about military officials' failure to challenge a doomed strategy in Vietnam, appeared to be threading the needle, maintaining his loyalty to Trump, while carefully protecting his own reputation by declining to deny the facts of the President's actions.

And so the Russia specter continues to descend from several directions on the executive mansion. Anger at U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions' decision to recuse himself from the investigation led Trump to tweet a false accusation that President Obama had wiretapped his campaign at Trump Tower. Trump has never given up that claim, even as evidence compounded against it. Instead he has argued that the entire Russia-meddling investigation is a sham--and that "wiretapping" can mean things not found in the dictionary--even railing at a televised hearing in the presence of TIME reporters on May 8. Three days later, the President admitted that Comey's pursuit of the Russia investigation played a role in his dismissal, after first announcing to the world that he was only acting on the recommendation of his Deputy Attorney General, who faulted Comey's handling of Hillary Clinton's emails.

All these claims have put the country and its caretakers on notice. For a small group of influential officials, the proper response to this test has been to go public, albeit anonymously. A flood of leaks has resulted, allowing the national press to fulfill its role as a check on the powerful. Similarly, officials at the nation's investigative agencies continue to remind themselves of their professional code. "It is significant that we take an oath to support and defend the Constitution and not an individual leader, ruler, office or entity," reads an explainer on the oath on the FBI website. "A government based on individuals--who are inconsistent, fallible and often prone to error--too easily leads to tyranny on the one extreme or anarchy on the other."

In practice, this means the FBI is built to resist loyalty requests from a President. Andrew McCabe, the bureau's acting director and a candidate for the job, has testified to the Senate that there will be no letup, whatever the wishes of the President, in the inquiry into his campaign's contacts with the Russians. "There has been no effort to impede our investigation to date," he said. "You cannot stop the men and women of the FBI from doing the right thing, from protecting the American people, from upholding the Constitution."

Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein has echoed the same line. In office less than a month, he wrote a memo urging Comey's firing on the grounds that the FBI director had mishandled the investigation into Clinton's emails. For less than 48 hours, Trump adopted this memo as his justification before recanting, and then openly citing the Russia investigation as the cause. With the embarrassing episode behind him, Rosenstein says he plans to return to his primary mission, regardless of the questioning of his motives. "I took an oath to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States," Rosenstein said in a May 15 speech to business owners in Baltimore. "There is nothing in that oath about my reputation."

Two days later, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein acceded to the demands of Democrats in Congress by appointing a special counsel, former FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III, to take over direction of the Russia investigation, creating a new buffer to protect the probe from political interference. Mueller ran the FBI from 2001 to 2013.

The system demands a different role to be played by the elected members of Congress, who pledge allegiance to the Constitution but are directly answerable to voters. Here, too, two weeks of disturbing revelations from the White House have begun to shift calculations. For Democrats, the pressure to oppose Trump is overwhelming. For most Republicans, loyalty to the President will last as long as their interests align.

So far, the GOP's 52 Senators have all voted in accordance with the Trump Administration's preferences at least 88% of the time. But in sotto voce conversations across the Capitol, Republican lawmakers are venting about the President's recklessness. At a minimum, they are fed up with his antics. Some question his suitability for the job. "Probably two-thirds of the Republicans in the Senate are deeply worried about President Trump," says Senator Tim Kaine, the Virginia Democrat who was Clinton's running mate in 2016. "A handful have been willing to say so."

But the past few weeks have done little to dent Trump's popularity among Republican voters. White House aides remain confident that most Trump supporters see the scandals primarily as media creations. "Our shock absorbers are thick," says one senior White House official, citing campaign controversies like the Access Hollywood tape. When Richard Nixon resigned from office in 1974, 24% of the American public still approved of his presidency. That was more than two years after the Watergate break-in. As it stands, according to Gallup, 38% of Americans support Trump. But that includes more than 70% of Republicans in recent polls. "There is an overwhelming percentage of Republican [voters] who are still loyal to Trump," explains Illinois Senator Dick Durbin, the chamber's second-ranking Democrat. "And so it unnerves them when they think about retaining control of the House and Senate."

Republican leaders have mostly gone to ground. House Speaker Paul Ryan has tried to change the subject, holding a press conference about tax reform in the midst of the uproar and offering only a weak assurance that he maintains confidence in the President. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell has repeated his patient requests for less White House drama. Others have begun to break ranks more forcefully. "The White House has got to do something soon to bring itself under control and in order," said Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "Obviously, they're in a downward spiral right now." In an interview with TIME, Senator John McCain exhorted colleagues to stop carrying water for the President. "I can't relate to those people who weather-vane," fumed McCain. "Do what's right." He later told an audience that the waves of revelations were reaching "Watergate size and scale."

On the House side, Utah Representative Jason Chaffetz, who has announced that he will not seek re-election, sent a letter to the FBI on May 16 requesting all memos, notes and recordings relating to communications between Comey and the President. The House and Senate Intelligence Committees have also promised to press on with their investigations, as has South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham, who is leading a separate inquiry.

Top communications advisers to House and Senate Republicans have given up trying to coordinate messages with the White House, since no one is sure what the President will do next. In a telling sign of where the power in the White House lies, the calls of concern are going not to White House chief of staff and former party chairman Reince Priebus but rather to Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner, who has been quiet as the scandals have multiplied. "Jared," says one longtime Senate campaign strategist, "might be the only one who can dig us out."

That doesn't solve the immediate problems that White House staff face in preventing Trump from further unforced errors. Inside the West Wing, daily staff meetings have become solemn affairs, with aides waiting for the next shoe to drop and no one quite sure whom the President will take counsel from next. "It's really grim," says one White House aide.

The dominant narratives of the early days of the Trump White House have proved wrong in recent weeks. Those who diagnosed chaos missed the controlling order. Those who focused on ideological splits, between globalists and nationalists, conservatives and moderates, missed the larger picture. The President is not living alone under siege, nor is he unaware of what is transpiring around him. The more operative divide now is that between those who are there to serve Trump himself and those who toil for the institution of the presidency.

There's a chief of staff, a Vice President and a National Security Adviser leading hundreds of political and career employees working to keep the lights on. No one in this group has worked with Trump for more than a couple of years. Then there is a separate staff of Trump loyalists--a shadow Trump organization within the West Wing. It includes family members like Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump; Trump Tower veterans like Keith Schiller, Hope Hicks, Dan Scavino Jr. and Jason Greenblatt; plus the coterie of outside friends who serve as a sort of rump Cabinet.

Both factions have labored to protect the President from his worst instincts. Aides have tried everything from restricting access to the Oval Office to filling the President's schedule in a futile bid to minimize distractions. Staffers are frustrated by leaks about staff turmoil coming from Trump's extended circle of allies. But Trump has so far resisted attempts to impose order, insisting on long stretches of unstructured time to watch television and call allies. Unlike most CEOs, he is an "instinctive and reactive" leader, in the words of one aide, "unwilling or incapable" of hewing to a long-term strategy. Others inside the White House have likened his itchy Twitter finger and obsession with cable chatter to a drug addict who cannot grasp that his habits have become a problem. A single segment "can take over the day" for the entire West Wing, complains a staffer.

The result is a dysfunctional workplace. The President has made clear that he believes he has been let down by his staff. Meanwhile, his staff is increasingly hesitant to sacrifice their credibility for a boss who won't protect them. When news of the classified intelligence given to the Russians came out, the press office, still reeling from supplying bad information on the firing of Comey, sent out McMaster to issue a spirited defense. One day later, when news broke of Comey's memo alleging that Trump had asked him to drop the Flynn investigation, no White House staff rushed to the cameras. Instead, reporters received a denial from the White House by email. No adviser to the President chose to attach their name to his defense.

--With reporting by ZEKE J. MILLER, PHILIP ELLIOTT, TESSA BERENSON, ELIZABETH DIAS and SAM FRIZELL/WASHINGTON

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Donald Trump, Emmanuel Macron, Google: Your Thursday Briefing – New York Times

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Donald Trump, Emmanuel Macron, Google: Your Thursday Briefing
New York Times
Vladimir V. Putin, the Russian president, offered to give Congress a record of Mr. Trump's recent meeting with the Russian foreign minister to show that the American leader had not divulged any secrets so long as Mr. Trump did not object. In the ...
After speaking to Donald Trump, Turkish president's bodyguards beat up Kurdish protesterSalon
Donald Trump tripped up by his own administrationWashington Times
Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Donald Trump hold talksAljazeera.com
The Independent
all 1,064 news articles »

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Chinese propagandists are using adorable kids to take on Donald Trump – Washington Post

Posted: at 3:04 pm

At first glance, it looks like a standard cartoon for kids. Claymation figures ofdifferent ethnicities dance, clap, rap and play little clay instruments, frolicking in front of neon backdrops andsingingout peppy lyrics.

Ive got your back, and youve got mine. Everybody, lets make friends! they sing.

But it's not a simple kids' cartoon. It's a propaganda film fromthe Chinese state-run media outlet Peoples Daily aimed at promoting the Silk Road Economic Belt, a massive investment infrastructure project to link Asia and Europe.

The video is just one piece in a series of articles, speeches and videos from within China that have recently portrayed the country as a defender of globalization and free trade.

In another from the state media organization China Daily, cute kids of various ethnicities peak out from behind giant animated camels and jump around in front of animated factory settings.

When trade routes open up, thats when the sharing starts. Resources changing hands and shipping auto parts! they sing.

As China paints itself as a pro-free-trade agent of global harmony, it also notes that the United States passed on opportunities to join the Asian infrastructure project. And while Trump is not named,the videos draw a clear rhetorical contrast with the newpresident, whofrequentlyderides globalism andwon the election running on an anti-free-trade platform.

But that self-characterization is a bit rich, experts on the country say.

Having China be the worlds leading advocate for globalization is like having Al Capone be put in charge of tax reform, said Scott Kennedy, deputy director of the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank.

It is beyond ironic, he added.

The problem with this characterization is that Chinas economy is still far more closed than the United States' when it comes to trade and especially investment and China has shown less, not more, willingness to open its economy to foreign investment in recent years.

Chinas economy was completely shut off to foreign investment for decades under Mao Zedong, and since the 1980s, it has done a lot to open to foreign business, becoming an integrated part of the global supply chain.

Yet much of that business is still done on Chinas terms. In many industries, state-owned companies still dominate, and foreign businesses face high barriers to entry. In some industries, such as automotive manufacturing, foreign companies can operate only by forming joint ventures with Chinese partners. In other sectors, such as media, energy and banking, foreign companies are entirely excluded often in contravention of World Trade Organization rules.

Under President Xi Jinpings leadership over the past four years, China has tended to show more-intensive government intervention in the economy, not less, Kennedy says.

It is true that China is becoming a de facto leader in foreign trade. But the sole reason that China can make this claim is that the United States is receding from that role, Kennedy says.

Trump signed a presidential memorandum to withdraw the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a 12-nation trade pact, on one of his earliest days in office, and he has repeatedly questioned the importance of multilateral institutions such as the World Trade Organization and NATO.

The only reason China has a leg to stand on in this argument is the campaign rhetoric and ongoing statements of President Trump and his advisers, Kennedy says. Were Alice in Wonderland and we have gone down the rabbit hole.

As the United States has withdrawn, China has very transparently tried to fill that vacuum. But without significant liberalization to further open its economy, the countrys professed dedication to free trade and globalization rings hollow.

In January, Xi, the leader of the Communist Party of China, gave a speech at Davos to an audience of the most powerful capitalists on the planet, expounding on a doctrine of inclusive globalization.

China is pushing its own international trade deal that excludes the United States, called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. And it has launched the Silk Road Economic Belt (also called One Belt, One Road), in which an institution it created, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, is leading investment in roads, railways and ports across the Asian continent.

In a speech at a forum for the project on Sunday, Xi called the plan theproject of the century" and emphasized its open and inclusive nature.

The United States declined to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, viewing it as a potential challenge to the U.S.-dominated multilateral institutions such as the World Bank. The United States' absence is noted in Chinas propaganda videos.

Some countries are moving away from globalization. So the Belt and Road is an opportunity to move globalization forward, a bespectacled man tells his daughter in a video made by the state media organization China Daily. But the United States hasnt joined the initiative.

Is that because its too far away? the little blonde girl asks.

Actually any country can join anywhere, the man responds.

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Donald Trump Said Saudi Arabia Was Behind 9/11. Now He’s Going There on His First Foreign Trip. – The Intercept

Posted: at 3:04 pm

Does Donald Trumphave even an ounce of shame?

As a presidential candidate, he spent much of the election campaign needling, critiquing, denouncing, and even threatening the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Yet as president, he is making his first foreign visit this weekend to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Even by Trumpian standards, the volte-face is brazen. In his first few months in power, we have witnessed the trademark Trump Turnabout on issues ranging from NATO to China to the Export-Import Bank. We have listened to him go from praising Bashar al-Assad and rebuking Janet Yellen on the campaign trail, to praising Yellen and rebuking Assad in office. Last October, he saidthat then-FBI DirectorJames Comey had guts for doing the right thing; last week, he sacked Comey and called him a showboat and a grandstander.

Trump, to put it mildly, is no stranger to the shameless U-turn. Still, the Trump Turnabout on Saudi Arabia one of Americas closest allies since President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud aboard the USS Murphy in 1945 is a true sight to behold. This weekend, Trump will arrive in Saudi Arabia for a bilateral summit with King Salman as well as a series of meetings with members of the Gulf Cooperation Council.

There will be handshakes, hugs, and smiles galore. We will be expected to forget how Trump blasted the Saudi royals for being freeloaders and threatened them with an economic boycott. Speaking to the New York Times last year, Trump claimed that, without U.S. support and protection, Saudi Arabia wouldnt exist for very long. The real problem, he continued, was that the Saudis are a money machine and yet they dont reimburse us the way we should be reimbursed. Asked if he would be willing to stop buying oil from the Saudis if they refused to pull their weight, Trump responded: Oh yeah, sure. I would do that.

We will be also expected to ignore the fact that Trump slammed the Saudi government for executing homosexuals and treating women horribly. In the third presidential debate last October, Trump attacked Hillary Clinton for taking $25 million from the Saudis, from people that push gays off buildings. These are people that kill women and treat women horribly and yet you take their money.

Perhaps above all else, we will be expected to brush under the carpet the fact that, twice in a single day, Trump accused Saudi Arabia of being behind the 9/11 attacks. Who blew up the World Trade Center? Trump asked his pals at Fox and Friends on the morning of February 17, 2016. It wasnt the Iraqis, it was Saudi take a look at Saudi Arabia, open the documents.

At a campaign event in South Carolina later that day, he again cited secret papers that could prove it was the Saudis who were in fact responsible for the attacks on 9/11. It wasnt the Iraqis that knocked down the World Trade Center because they have papers in there that are very secret, you may find its the Saudis, OK?

(To be fair to Trump, far more credible and better-informed figures have come to a similar conclusion: I am convinced that there was a direct line between at least some of the terrorists who carried out the September 11 attacks and the government of Saudi Arabia, wrote former Florida Sen.Bob Graham, who co-chaired the Senate intelligence committees inquiry into 9/11, in an affidavit in 2012.)

Donald Trump walks from a campaign stop Feb. 17, 2016, in Bluffton, S.C. At the event, he cited secret papers that could prove it was the Saudis who were responsible for the attacks on 9/11.

Photo: Matt Rourke/AP

Whether or not the Saudi government played a role in the 9/11 attacks and we may never know for a leading U.S. presidential candidate to claim that they did, not once but twice, had to be seen to be believed. And yet, astonishingly, a little over a year later, it is to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that Trump has chosen to make his maiden foreign voyage rather than to Canada or Mexico, as every president since Ronald Reagan has.

Will Trump return from his Saudi jaunt with a big fat check? His much-hyped reimbursement? Will he dare raise the issue of gay rights while in Riyadh? Or womens rights? Will he manage to bring back a Saudi royal or two in handcuffs for their (alleged) role in the 9/11 attacks?Please. There are greater odds of the American president coming back as a proud convert to Islam.

Hypocrisy is not the exclusive preserve of Trump or the United States, of course. Saudi Arabia sees itself as the the birthplace of Islam, ruled by a king who styles himself custodian of the two holy mosques. Yet this coming weekend, the Saudi government will offer a warm and lavish welcome to a president who has said Islam hates us and wanted to ban all of the worlds 1.6 billion Muslims from entering the United States. The Saudi position on the latest iteration of the Trump travel ban, targeted at 170 million-odd Muslims? A sovereign decision aimed, apparently, at preventing terrorists from entering the United States of America and made by a true friend of Muslims.

On Sunday, the fawning Saudis will offer a platform to the worlds most famous Islamophobe, to give a speech on Islam in the birthplace of Islam. AndTrump will likely take the opportunity to decry radical Islamic terrorism while visiting a country thathas perhaps done more than any other to incite, fund, and fuel it.

Hypocrisy unites them both. So too does their fear and loathing of the Iranians the Saudis are busying dropping bombs and backing militants to push back Iranian influence in Yemen and Syria. The Trump administration, filled with Iran hawks, is on the verge of inking a series of arms deals with Riyadh worth more than $100 billion.

To be clear: Trumps U-turn on Saudi Arabia has little to do with being moderated by the realities of high office or swayed by the Beltways foreign policy elites. Despite his bombastic campaign rhetoric, he never planned to go after the Saudis in office even after publicly accusing them of murdering 3,000 Americans. Early on in the campaign, in 2015, a senior Arab diplomat told me, on condition of anonymity, that Trump had informed most of the Gulf governments, in private, that his anti-Muslim and anti-Arab rhetoric was all for the campaign and that it would be business as usual once he was elected (or, for that matter, defeated).

As ever, for Trump, it is always, above all else, about the bottom line his bottom line. The Saudi-bashing Trump sold an entire floor of the Trump World Tower to the Saudis for $4.5 million in 2001. And would it surprise you to discover that Trump also registered eight companies tied to hotel interests in Saudi Arabia inthe midst of his Saudi-bashing presidential campaign?

Of course not. Business is business. Trump is Trump. You might be repulsed by his deceitfulness but you have to admire his chutzpah.

Top photo: A view aboard an American warship at Great Bitter Lake, Egypt, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt conferred with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia in 1945.

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Donald Trump Said Saudi Arabia Was Behind 9/11. Now He's Going There on His First Foreign Trip. - The Intercept

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Stephen Colbert Uses ‘Let It Go’ From ‘Frozen’ To Mock Donald Trump – HuffPost

Posted: at 3:04 pm

YouTube is host to so, so many Donald Trump parody videos of Let It Go from the 2013 Disney movie, Frozen. Having not watched all of them, most are still assuredly terrible in that way jokes that fully rely on a trending topic plus other random trending topic construction tend to be.

But Stephen Colbert still found a way to make a Let It Go Donald Trump joke work on The Late Show last night.

Colbert focused part of his monologue on The New York Times revelation that former FBI Director James Comey kept notes of a private meeting Trump had with him in the Oval Office.

During their conversation, Trump reportedly said, I hope you can let this go, referring to Comeys investigation of Trumps former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn. Flynn is one of several Trump associates under FBI investigation over potential ties to Russia, hence implying that Trump has, in fact, tried to affect the FBIs investigation into his possible collusion with Russia.

Jumping on the, I hope you can let this go, quote, Colbert spun the phrase in a way you can now probably predict.

Trump told Comey repeatedly to let it go, said Colbert. He even got Ivanka to help.

The show then aired footage of Queen Elsa from Frozen singing the popular song.

When the camera went back to Colbert, the comedian continued, So beautiful. So beautiful. Talented. Lovely. I hear if she wasnt a cartoon, hed date her.

Colberts usage of the Frozen tie here ends up working despite the well-tread (icy?) waters of the joke.

Perhaps the world didnt need yet another live rendition of the song, but Colberts singing talent probably could have carried the joke another step if hed decided to sing a few lines himself.

Trump also has a strange history with the movie Frozen.

When still a candidate, he was accused of racism for tweeting a photo that originated on a white supremacist website of what appeared to be the Star of David alongside an accusation that Hillary Clinton was corrupt, all in front piles of cash. Trump said the image wasnt anti-Semitic, then found a picture of Frozen merchandise that used a similar six-pointed star to the one he originally tweeted.

Where is the outrage for this Disney book? Is this the Star of David also? Dishonest media! #Frozen, Trump wrote.

It was a beautiful tweet, especially for the use of #Frozen. The mental image of Donald Trump typing #Frozenat the end of a statement claiming hes not racist is just ... yes.

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Stephen Colbert Uses 'Let It Go' From 'Frozen' To Mock Donald Trump - HuffPost

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