Monthly Archives: April 2017

This Week in Space: Cassini, the James Webb Space Telescope, and Bricks – ExtremeTech

Posted: April 30, 2017 at 10:09 pm

NASA finally unfurled the James Webb Space Telescope! The JWST has been undergoing acoustic and vibration testing for months, but its been fully opened because now its time for the next phase of testing. That will take place at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. There, mission techs and scientists will test and calibrate the telescopes instruments. The James Webb Space Telescope is the scientific successor to the Hubble telescope. Behold here the completely opened telescope mirror in all its glossy, high-tech beauty:

Bears a certain resemblance to an extremely sciencey daffodil. Image: NASA

While the JWST has yet to launch, theres no turning back for Cassini: its flyby of Titan early this week altered its orbit in a way that means it cant avoid crashing into Saturn this September. Starting April 26th, the spacecraft is scheduled to make a series of 22 dives between Saturns rings and its surface. Then its mission will end for good as Cassini crashes into Saturn. Were sending it to dive into Saturn because scientists believe that environment would immediately kill any Earthly microbes that somehow managed to live through Cassinis mission in some crevice on the orbiter. Its better that we not accidentally contaminate Enceladus with Earthly lifeforms that could cause headaches later.

With this flyby [of Titan], were committed to the Grand Finale, said Earl Maize, Cassini project manager at JPL, in a statement. The spacecraft is now on a ballistic path, so that even if we were to forgo future small course adjustments using thrusters, we would still enter Saturns atmosphere on Sept. 15 no matter what.

And then theres the bricks.

Youve probably heard of rebar, those steel rods we use to reinforce concrete. You may also have heard of fiber-reinforced concrete. Its cool stuff; we use it for bridges and other applications where extreme bending forces will be applied to the concrete, because the fibers make the concrete less likely to crack under the combined tension and compression. Some scientists figured out that by taking soil samples like Martian regolith, putting them in a mold and applying an amount of force equivalent to beating the daylights out of them with a ten-pound sledgehammer, they were able to produce rammed-earth (rammed-regolith?) bricks that held up better than fibercrete.

How? The iron oxide in the regolith fuses under the hammering, forming a mesh-like network of iron oxide fibers throughout the brick. Like fibercrete and rebar all in one. So, Mars colonists could make these bricks to construct homes and other facilities out of in situ materials without having to ship massive amounts of building materials from Earth.

Now read: The 25 Best Hubble Space Telescope Images

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More British troops could be on their way to Afghanistan as Nato considers mission boost – Telegraph.co.uk

Posted: at 10:08 pm

More British troops could be on their way to Afghanistan as part of a Nato plan to increase force numbers to help the countrys embattled government fight a resurgent Taliban.

International military officers have watched with alarm as Kabuls territorial control has slipped to little more than half the war-racked nation, according to US estimates, amid accusations that Russia is supplying arms to the Taliban.

In an interview with a German newspaper, Jens Stoltenberg, Nato secretary general, said the challenging security situation meant the alliance was weighing a plan to increase the number of personnel in its Resolute Support mission beyond the current level of 13,000.

Nato will make its decision by June on any troop increase and on whether to lengthen deployments which currently run for a year, he was quoted by the Welt am Sonntag newspaper as saying.

He added that Nato could become more engaged in Jordan and Tunisia, calling both "islands of stability" in an unstable region.

The British deployment to Afghanistan amounts to about 500 personnel.

They are mostly deployed to provide security around the capital Kabul but also include special forces commandos.

The UK keeps troop levels under constant review in line with Nato needs but it is understand that the Ministry of Defence has not yet received any formal request for an increase.

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Mike Pence Claims Trump Didn’t Change His Stance On NATO Rather, NATO Changed – Huffington Post

Posted: at 10:08 pm

President Donald Trumps recent reversal on his prior criticisms of NATO was not a reversal, Vice President Mike Pence argued on Sunday, falsely claiming that Trump successfully forced the alliance to change.

He didnt change on NATO, Pence said on NBCs Meet the Press. NATO changed.

During his campaign, Trump called the alliance obsolete, but as president, hechanged his tune. Yet Pence insisted it was Trump who convinced NATO to shift its priorities.

I mean on the international scene, heres a president whos said that NATO had to change, that our NATO allies had to begin to step up to begin to share the burden of the cost of our common defense. And they are, Pence said. Theyre also changing the mission of NATO to focus more on terrorism.

Pences claim resembled a similar suggestion by White House press secretary Sean Spicer, who attributed Trumps reversal to the world shifting toward Trumps position, rather than the other way around.

If you look at whats happened, its those entities or individuals in some cases or issues evolving toward the presidents position, Spicer said earlier this month. NATO is moving toward what he has been calling for.

When host Chuck Todd mentioned to Pence that NATO and its priorities have been evolving for years, under multiple U.S. presidents, not simply as a result of Trump, Pence blamed the gale-force wind of the establishment here in Washington, D.C. and the media for not focusing on the presidents relentless effort to keep his promises to the American people.

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Estonia Leads the Way in NATO’s Cyberdefense – Wall Street Journal (subscription)

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Wall Street Journal (subscription)
Estonia Leads the Way in NATO's Cyberdefense
Wall Street Journal (subscription)
TALLINN, EstoniaA hotel conference room in the Baltic republic of Estonia recently became the front line in a rehearsal for cyberwarfare, in an exercise that tested the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's readiness to repel hackers. Last week ...

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NATO mission creep on road to Russia reaches Montenegro – RT

Posted: at 10:08 pm

Danielle Ryan is an Irish freelance writer, journalist and media analyst. She has lived and traveled extensively in the US, Germany, Russia and Hungary. Her byline has appeared at RT, The Nation, Rethinking Russia, The BRICS Post, New Eastern Outlook, Global Independent Analytics and many others. She also works on copywriting and editing projects. Follow her on Twitter or Facebook or at her website http://www.danielleryan.net.

This weeks vote by Montenegros parliament to ratify the protocol for the tiny Balkan nations admittance into the NATO alliance was a cruel irony.

Less than 20 years ago, during the Kosovo War, when the country was still part of Serbia, NATO jets were pounding Montenegro with depleted uranium bombs. Those bombs caused long-term damage to the nations health, which doctors today have linked to increases in systemic cancers among the population. Unsurprisingly, there remains some deeply anti-NATO feeling in the country today and NATO membership is a hugely divisive issue.

Nonetheless, Montenegros government decided to forgo a referendum on NATO membership, denying the countrys citizens any say in the matter.

Why Montenegro?

American lawmakers have been enthusiastically anticipating Montenegros arrival into the alliance, but it has little to do with the country being of any significant military value because Montenegro delivers absolutely nothing to NATO in terms of military strength. The countrys 2,000 troops are hardly a big draw, though its location is strategically significant and would give NATO almost full control of the Adriatic Sea, given that Italy, Croatia and Albania are already members).

The country is also unlikely to be facing down any major military threats from which it would need NATOs protection. Nor are there any legitimate reasons to claim that Montenegro has any value to the US in terms of its national security interests.

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The reasons for Montenegros ascension into NATO are therefore largely symbolic. Admitting the tiny Adriatic country as the blocs 29th member sends the message that the US-led alliances open door policy remains in place. Its an opportunity to convey that the US sphere of influence is ever-expanding and limitless. Its the geopolitical equivalent of Washington sticking its tongue out at Russia and making childish noises to confirm its superior level of coolness. In other words, as one analyst noted, NATO is adding new members the way people add Facebook friends that deliver zero value or relevance to their lives, but the higher the number, the more popular you look.

Indeed, the Washington-based conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation argued in a recent paper that Montenegros membership would send a message of strength to Russia. If thats the best reason they can come up with to justify adding a militarily insignificant new member to a military alliance, its a pretty weak case.

When the US Senate was debating Montenegros membership, avid warmonger and notoriously delusional senator John McCain accused Senator Rand Paul ofworking for Putin simply because he was against the country joining the bloc. This kind of baseless outburst only confirms that the likes of McCain and other pro-NATO expansionists have no real arguments to fall back on if they can only meet legitimate disagreements with accusations of working for Putin.

Shift to the West?

There is a clear temptation in Western reports to explain the move by Montenegros parliament as a shift to the West for the country, but it is hardly so straightforward.

The opposition Democratic Front alliance believes that the government wont allow a referendum on the issue because they would lose. This is not unlikely. Polls have shown that Montenegrins are deeply divided over whether to enter NATO. Anti-NATO members of parliament boycotted the vote and several hundred people showed up outside to protest it, chanting treason! and thieves!. One banner seen in photographs read: Nato killers, you have blood on your hands. The opposition say they will freeze the countrys membership if they win the parliamentary elections in 2021.

Montenegro is a notoriously corrupt country. Former prime minister Milo Djukanovic who ruled the country for 25 years (save a few short interruptions) has been accused of using the country as his own personal ATM and of muzzling the press. In 2009, he was implicated in a cigarette smuggling ringthat reportedly laundered $1 billion in profits, but was never charged. In 2015, he earned himself the title man of the year in organized crime by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project.

Djukanovic called the October 2016 election a referendum on NATO membership but the vote which sealed the nations fate regarding NATO membership was marred with serious allegations of fraud. One opposition leader called it the most fraudulent we've ever had. At the time, the EU called for an investigation, though in reality Brussels and Washington turned a blind eye given that the election results suited their own agenda. Similarly, the media werent overly interested the previous year when Montenegrins took to the streets to protest the pro-EU/NATO government.

The value placed on anti-corruption protesters around the world seems to be decided based more on their value to Western geostrategic interests than anything else. If those Montenegrins had been protesting a government regarded as friendly with Moscow, there would have been no end to the coverage and no doubt, some American officials would have shown up in Podgorica to show their support.

Blaming Russia

Djukanovic stepped down and was replaced as prime minister by his ally Dusko Markovic after his party won the October election. Djukanovic has been eager to portray NATO membership and Russian influence as the biggest issue facing Montenegro. On election day, he announced there had been an attempted coup and Russian plot to assassinate him, with the aim being to prevent Montenegros entry into NATO.

Opposition parties say this coup was a fabrication; an attempt to rally support as people went to the polls. Knowing how well anti-Russian sentiment plays in the West these days, perhaps he thought a fake Russian plot would be a good way to get some attention.

Its unlikely however, that Moscow sees the minuscule addition of Montenegros 2,000 troops as reason enough to assassinate a foreign leader to prevent it from happening particularly when Vladimir Putin is already busy running rings around the rest of the world and hacking everything with an electric current.

Of course, Russia is not exactly delighted about Montenegro joining NATO Moscow is against NATO expansion in general but Putin is hardly quaking in his boots over this particular addition to the Western social club.

Given that NATO found itself without purpose in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union, it has struggled to maintain its relevance. This is why it engages in hair-brained and disastrous humanitarian interventions in countries like Libya. It is also why NATO perpetuates the ridiculous notion of Russia as an existential threat to the Western world. NATOs goal is to perpetuate its existence and stay relevant. Everything it does is in pursuit of this goal.

Adding members like Montenegro purely in an attempt to antagonize Russia is foolish. It serves only to confirm to Moscow that Washington disregards its interests and security which ironically, could cause more instability to NATO than any benefit gleaned from adding Montenegro.

Then again, for all the talk NATO does about security and stability, it seems to benefit most from exactly the opposite.

The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.

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5 questions with NATO’s enlisted leader in Norfolk ahead of NATO … – Virginian-Pilot

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NORFOLK

The Norfolk NATO Festival parade on Saturday is the only one of its type in the United States, and will pay tribute to the 28 nations that make up the military alliance.

One of the voices heard over loudspeakers at the parade will belong to Air Force Command Chief Master Sgt. Jack Johnson Jr., who will help explain to spectators the floats representing each country.

Johnson is the senior enlisted leader at NATOs Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk, which is NATOs only headquarters in North America.

Johnsons grandparents and parents lived in Norfolk, and he remembers walking the citys streets as a child before his father was assigned to Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, where he also would be assigned later in his own career.

He considers Hampton Roads his home even after being stationed around the world. He said being chosen to serve as a master of ceremonies to talk about a city he loves as part of an international organization is an honor that would have made his grandparents proud.

The following are excerpts from an interview with Johnson that have been edited for length and clarity.

Q. Youre an emcee at Saturdays NATO Festival Parade. What does that entail?

A. This is a big honor. Two years ago I was the grand marshal. I mustve done something right because Im going to get the opportunity to emcee. So Ill narrate. As our floats and folks are coming across, I get a chance to kind of explain to the audience the significance ... of the floats and those that are passing before us.

Q. Many people are unfamiliar with NATOs Allied Command Transformation. What does the command do?

A. As everyone is fixed on today and all the global challenges that we have, youve got to have an organization out there who is looking at the challenges of tomorrow, and thats what we do. ... We work with local NATO agencies around the world. We work with not just the 28 nations that are a part of NATO, but we work with probably another 20-plus in addition to that of partner nations, non-governmental organizations, governmental organizations, industry, academia, centers of excellence, training. Quite frankly, we take the best and the brightest minds and the best that there is to offer and we take that and look at how do we ensure we have the capability and the ability to meet tomorrows challenges.

Q. Whats the most challenging aspect of working with 28 member nations?

A. I dont know if I would say I really have that many challenges because our job here as strategic thinkers and critical thinkers is to always keep our minds open to everything I mean to absolutely everything. So if you come in with a narrow focus on what you believe is the right direction, then its not consistent with what we call transformation future operations because every thought matters.

Q. Whats the most enjoyable part of working with people from so many countries and cultures in Norfolk at NATO?

A. I absolutely love Hampton Roads, the Peninsula and the surrounding area, and its very easy for us to take certain things for granted. And then someone else from a different nation comes in and youre looking at your own community through the eyes of others and their eyes are bright, their eyes are big, and they talk about how great the communities are, how good the schools are, they talk about the different volunteer opportunities they have. ... I love to listen to them as they talk about the region that I love through their lenses.

Q. What do you wish more people in Hampton Roads knew about NATOs presence here?

A. Amongst the more than 2,000 staff members and to include their families, that theyre a part of our community. They are your neighbors, they are your volunteers, they are in your schools. They are contributing immensely to the Hampton Roads area, not just economically, but theyre broadening their understanding of the world.

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NSA to stop collecting some internet communications – WIAT 42

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WIAT 42
NSA to stop collecting some internet communications
WIAT 42
FILE - In this June 6, 2013 file photo, the sign outside the National Security Agency (NSA) campus in Fort Meade, Md. on Friday, April 28, 2017, The NSA said it will no longer collect certain communications moving on the internet for simply mentioning ...
NSA Halts Collection of Americans' Emails About Foreign TargetsNew York Times
NSA Halts Controversial Spy ProgramYahoo News
NSA halts controversial email collection practice to preserve larger surveillance programWashington Post
The Intercept -CBS News -KTOO -NSA.gov
all 118 news articles »

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Who Is Publishing NSA and CIA Secrets, and Why? – Lawfare (blog)

Posted: at 10:08 pm

There's something going on inside the intelligence communities in at least two countries, and we have no idea what it is.

Consider these three data points. One: someone, probably a country's intelligence organization, is dumping massive amounts of cyberattack tools belonging to the NSA onto the Internet. Two: someone else, or maybe the same someone, is doing the same thing to the CIA.

Three: in March, NSA Deputy Director Richard Ledgett describedhow the NSA penetrated the computer networks of a Russian intelligence agency and was able to monitor them as they attacked the U.S. State Department in 2014. Even more explicitly, a U.S.allymy guess is the U.K.was not only hacking the Russian intelligence agency's computers, but also the surveillance cameras inside their building. "They [the U.S. ally] monitored the [Russian] hackers as they maneuvered inside the U.S. systems and as they walked in and out of the workspace, and were able to see faces, the officials said."

Countries don't often reveal intelligence capabilities: "sources and methods." Because it gives their adversaries important information about what to fix, it's a deliberate decision done with good reason. And it's not just the target country who learns from a reveal. When the U.S. announces that it can see through the cameras inside the buildings of Russia's cyber warriors, other countries immediately check the security of their own cameras.

With all this in mind, let's talk about the recent leaks at NSA and the CIA.

Last year, a previously unknown group called the Shadow Brokers started releasing NSA hacking tools and documents from about three years ago. They continued to do so this yearfive sets of files in alland have implied that more classified documents are to come. We don't know how they got the files. When the Shadow Brokers first emerged, the general consensus was that someone had found and hacked an external NSA staging server. These are third-party computers that the NSA's TAO hackers use to launch attacks from. Those servers are necessarily stocked with TAO attack tools. This matched the leaks, which included a "script" directory and working attack notes. We're not sure if someone inside the NSA made a mistake that left these files exposed, or if the hackers that found the cache got lucky.

That explanation stopped making sense after the latest Shadow Brokers release, which included attack tools against Windows, PowerPoint presentations, and operational notesdocuments that are definitely not going to be on an external NSA staging server. A credible theory, which I first heard from Nicholas Weaver, is that the Shadow Brokers are publishing NSA data from multiple sources. The first leaks were from an external staging server, but the more recent leaks are from inside the NSA itself.

So what happened? Did someone inside the NSA accidentally mount the wrong server on some external network? That's possible, but seems very unlikely. Did someone hack the NSA itself? Could there be a mole inside the NSA, as Kevin Poulsen speculated?

If it is a mole, my guess is that he's already been arrested. There are enough individualities in the files to pinpoint exactly where and when they came from. Surely the NSA knows who could have taken the files. No country would burn a mole working for it by publishing what he delivered. Intelligence agencies know that if they betray a source this severely, they'll never get another one.

That points to two options. The first is that the files came from Hal Martin. He's the NSA contractor who was arrested in August for hoarding agency secrets in his house for two years. He can't be the publisher, because the Shadow Brokers are in business even though he is in prison. But maybe the leaker got the documents from his stash: either because Martin gave the documents to them or because he himself was hacked. The dates line up, so it's theoretically possible, but the contents of the documents speak to someone with a different sort of access. There's also nothing in the public indictment against Martin that speaks to his selling secrets to a foreign power, and I think it's exactly the sort of thing that the NSA would leak. But maybe I'm wrong about all of this; Occam's Razor suggests that it's him.

The other option is a mysterious second NSA leak of cyberattack tools. The only thing I have ever heard about this is from a Washington Post story about Martin: "But there was a second, previously undisclosed breach of cybertools, discovered in the summer of 2015, which was also carried out by a TAO employee, one official said. That individual also has been arrested, but his case has not been made public. The individual is not thought to have shared the material with another country, the official said." But "not thought to have" is not the same as not having done so.

On the other hand, it's possible that someone penetrated the internal NSA network. We've already seen NSA tools that can do that kind of thing to other networks. That would be huge, and explain why there were calls to fire NSA Director Mike Rogerslast year.

The CIA leak is both similar and different. It consists of a series of attack tools from about a year ago. The most educated guess amongst people who know stuff is that the data is from an almost-certainly air-gapped internal development wikia Confluence serverand either someone on the inside was somehow coerced into giving up a copy of it, or someone on the outside hacked into the CIA and got themselves a copy. They turned the documents over to WikiLeaks, which continues to publish it.

This is also a really big deal, and hugely damaging for the CIA. Those tools were new, and they're impressive. I have been told that the CIA is desperately trying to hire coders to replace what was lost.

For both of these leaks, one big question is attribution: who did this? A whistleblower wouldn't sit on attack tools for years before publishing. A whistleblower would act more like Snowden or Manning, publishing immediatelyand publishing documents that discuss what the U.S. is doing to whom, not simply a bunch of attack tools. It just doesn't make sense. Neither does random hackers. Or cybercriminals. I think it's being done by a country or countries.

My guess was, and is still, Russia in both cases. Here's my reasoning. Whoever got this information years before and is leaking it now has to 1) be capable of hacking the NSA and/or the CIA, and 2) willing to publish it all. Countries like Israel and France are certainly capable, but wouldn't ever publish. Countrieslike North Korea or Iran probably aren't capable. The list of countries who fit both criteria is small: Russia, China, and ... and ... and I'm out of ideas. And China is currently trying to make nice with the US.

Last August, Edward Snowden guessed Russia, too.

So Russiaor someone elsesteals these secrets, and presumably uses themto both defend its own networks and hack other countries while deflecting blame for a couple of years. For it to publish now means that the intelligence value of the information is now lower than the embarrassment value to the NSA and CIA. This could be because the US figured out that its tools were hacked, and maybe even by whom; which would make the tools less valuable against U.S. government targets, although still valuable against third parties.

The message that comes with publishing seems clear to me: "We are so deep into your business that we don't care if we burn these few-years-old capabilities, as well as the fact that we have them. There's just nothing you can do about it." It's bragging.

Which is exactly the same thing Ledgett is doing to the Russians. Maybe the capabilities he talked about are long gone, so there's nothing lost in exposing sources and methods. Or maybe he too is bragging: saying to the Russians that he doesn't care if they know. He's certainly bragging to every other country that is paying attention to his remarks. (He may be bluffing, of course, hoping to convince others that the U.S. has intelligence capabilities it doesn't.)

What happens when intelligence agencies go to war with each other and don't tell the rest of us? I think there's something going on between the US and Russia that the public is just seeing pieces of. We have no idea why, or where it will go next, and can only speculate.

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The NSA Says It Is Ending One of Its Most Controversial Spying Practices, But It Could Be Resurrected if Congress … – Common Dreams

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The NSA Says It Is Ending One of Its Most Controversial Spying Practices, But It Could Be Resurrected if Congress ...
Common Dreams
The NSA indicated Friday that it will halt one of its most controversial spying practices, related to its surveillance of virtually all text-based communications entering or exiting the United States. If true, this is a significant step forward in the ...

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Snowden takes a bow for whistleblowing after NSA pulls back surveillance – Mashable

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Mashable
Snowden takes a bow for whistleblowing after NSA pulls back surveillance
Mashable
Before Friday, the NSA had a policy of sucking up texts and emails exchanged between Americans and people outside the U.S., with impunity, if those communications even mentioned non-American targets of NSA surveillance. The agency did not require a ...

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