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Daily Archives: April 7, 2017
The Childfree, Outrage, and Where It Belongs – Huffington Post
Posted: April 7, 2017 at 9:03 pm
A recent study, Parenthood as a Moral Imperative? Moral Outrage and the Stigmatization of Voluntarily Childfree Women and Men by Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, has recently received quite a bit of online ink.
I elaborate on the study here; briefly - the study had 204 introductory psychology college students randomly read one of four versions of a paragraph about the life of an alleged former student after s/he had graduated. They then answered questions that pertained to the alumnis psychological fulfillment or adjustment and the extent to which the alumni made them feel disapproval, angry, outraged, annoyed and disgusted.
A heap of online headlines put a big spotlight on one of the findings that not having children inspires moral outrage in others. However, reading the study itself is very informative. Jenna Watling Neal, who was part of a discussion on the study on Facebook makes an astute observation:
Ashburn-Nardo does acknowledge this in the article: the mean levels of moral outrage were small overall. However, many online headlines would make one think the findings were a lot stronger than the study found. As Watling Neal remarks, the findings are overblown in the media!
I have seen a fair amount of this online, and contemplate the impacts.
Though certainly not the first time headlines overstate research findings, in this case, I wonder how much they will serve to confirm perceptions that the childfree somehow do deserve moral outrage. To what degree does it feed the perpetuation of the pronatalist notion that parenthood is a moral imperative? To the extent it breeds pronatalism dogma, it notches back the progress of social change.
Or, does it ultimately notch progress forward? There is more awareness today than a generation ago that stigmas and misperceptions exist and shouldnt - about not having children by choice. For some years now, academics and authors have shined much light on how the childfree are ostracized, criticized and judged. Through blogs, e-publications, and forums, the evolution of our online world has made so much more information accessible, and provided the opportunity for the childfree to find community. Perhaps, as provocateur, exaggerated headlines draw people in to read online pieces, join in discussion, and inspire wanting to learn more, which can ultimately foster even more education about the childfree choice and those who make it.
So do instances of exaggerated headlines notch progress backward or forward? Maybe it does both.
Also consider how overstated headlines impact the perception of societys acceptance of the childfree choice. When the headline reads that being childfree inspires moral outrage, one could easily be led to believe that we are a long ways from society seeing this choice as equally legitimate as the choice to become a parent.
In 2012, I put out an online poll asking this question: How accepting is society of the childfree choice? Fifty-eight percent of the almost 700 respondents chose this response: It is more accepted today than 10 years ago but we still have a ways to go.
From being on the pulse of the childfree choice for 18 years now, I too say, we have a ways to go, and that in the last 40+ years, we have come a long way as well. Today, if you appeared on TV to talk about the childfree choice, it is highly unlikely you would lose your job like Marcia Drut-Davis did in the 70s. The internet continues to serve as a powerful, evolving platform for the childfree to come out of the silent margins. And today, we see much more dialectic on understanding the childfree choice, and how the stigmas, perceptions and judgments need to be questioned. We see more outspokenness about not buying into the stigmas, perceptions and judgments held by previous generations.
Outrage has a place, but not directed at the childfree. Instead, on the road to change, shouldnt it inspire outrage when:
These questions point to pronatalist forces that continue to drive too many peoples beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. What should also inspire outrage is the fact that pronatalism, which consists of outmoded and untrue assumptions about reproduction and parenthood, is uncritically followed, and has many negative impacts on all of us.
Yet, I am inspired by the words of Rebecca Solnit, that, Undoing social frameworks of millennia is not the work of a generation or a few decades but a process of creation and destruction that is epic in scope. On this important path of undoing, we need to continue to speak out about the wrongful perceptions, criticisms and judgments, and now more than ever, to pronatalism, the behemoth of a force that drives them.
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The Childfree, Outrage, and Where It Belongs - Huffington Post
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How political correctness kills credibility – Baltimore Sun
Posted: at 9:03 pm
While welcoming a conference on the connections between universities and slavery, history professor and Harvard President Drew Gilpin Faust apologized for her university's contacts with the horrible institution of American slavery. According to the New York Times, President Faust observed that "only by coming to terms with history can we free ourselves to create a more just world." The conference discussed reparations, and ways to abolish any historical recognition of Harvard's 18th and 19th century faculty and benefactors who practiced or defended the enslavement of their fellow human beings.
Strangely, despite Harvard's focus on global citizenship rather than the American variety, President Faust never condemned Harvard's substantial ties with Saudi Arabia, a nation-state that only came around to abolishing slavery in 1962. Should not Harvard come to terms with this history?
Nor did President Faust mention China, Sierra Leone, Iraq, Afghanistan, Morocco or any of the 26 nation-states representing most of humanity that abolished slavery after for some long after 300,000 Union soldiers died in large part to end American slavery.
Nor did President Faust apologize for certain 20th century Harvard faculty who defended Communist regimes that enslaved hundreds of millions. According to The Black Book of Communism, published by Harvard University Press, Marxist governments killed over 80 million people in the 20th century. North Korea and Cuba add to the death toll well into the 21st century. State ownership of the means of employment, including the news media, remains a form of systematic exploitation that only Bernie Sanders, and some professors, have the mendacity to defend.
How can university-based intellectuals condemn exploitation in traditional regimes while ignoring it in "progressive" ones? Should not Harvard consider reparations for those still living victims of Marxism? Do not they merit a museum, a conference or at least a debate?
Sadly, colleges don't do debates. In my 40 years in academia, I can recall only four. As Peter Beinart reports in The Atlantic, the same week as the Harvard conference student activists at Middlebury College violently disrupted a talk by conservative American Enterprise Insitute scholar Charles Murray. His interlocutor, left-leaning political science professor Allison Stanger, landed in the hospital after escorting Mr. Murray away from a hostile mob, some wearing ski masks.
If masked Trump supporters committed this kind of violence at a rally, the news media and academia would be all over it, and rightly so. Yet save for two local affiliates in Vermont and Boston, National Public Radio, which features regular accounts portraying the Trump movement as fascist, failed to cover events at elite Middlebury, where leftist blackshirts did everything short of book burning to stop the free exchange of ideas.
What gives? Historically, as political scientist Stanley Rothman showed in "The End of the Experiment" (meaning the American Experiment), after the 1960s, New Left activists worked their way up in cultural, media and educational institutions, gaining power and developing a politically correct etiquette. Unlike prior elites, many had little support for American institutions and only conditional backing for constitutional values like free speech. Consider, for example, the attempts at 90 mainly elite colleges and universities to disinvite (mainly conservative) speakers.
Whatever their good intentions, in the same way that overwhelmingly white institutions often ignore minority concerns, the overwhelmingly left leanings of the media, Hollywood and academia make it natural for members of those cultural institutions to exaggerate threats to freedom from the right, and ignore or even defend those from the left.
Though largely unconscious, this political correctness undermines the credibility of elite institutions to judge fitness for public office, something an essentially unfit showman, Donald Trump, exploited all the way to the White House.
A Baltimore native, Robert Maranto (rmaranto@uark.edu) is the 21st century chair in leadership in the Department of Education Reform at the University of Arkansas.
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Political Correctness Hits Annual Easter Egg Hunt In Britain – Daily Caller
Posted: at 9:03 pm
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Plans to take the Easter out of an annual Easter egg hunt in Britain are under fire as an unnecessary act of political correctness.
Both the Church of England and Prime Minister Theresa May have condemned the move by the National Trust, a conservation charity responsible for organizing the annual event.
Last year it was called the Easter egg Trail. This year it is being promoted as the Great British Egg Hunt with Easter being lost in the transition.
This marketing campaign . . . highlights the folly in airbrushing faith from Easter, said an official statement from the Church of England that was sent to The Washington Post. A church spokeswoman added that senior church leaders are adamantly against the re-branding.
Some 300,000 children are expected to attend this years hunt, held at 250 sites owned by the National Trust, a charity that promotes conservation. It partners with Cadbury, the maker of the chocolate eggs for the hunt.
Finger-pointing is already underway as to who decided to remove the reference to Easter.
The National Trust is in no way downplaying the significance of Easter, a spokesman told the Telegraph, placing the blame for the growing fiasco on Cadburys board of directors who are responsible for the branding and wording of our egg hunt campaign.
Prime Minister May is a member of the National Trust, and she has not minced her criticism of the charitys decision to bow to political correctness especially since it wasnt even under any pressure to do so.
I think what the National Trust is doing is frankly just ridiculous, May told ITV Nanews. Easters very important. Its important to me, its a very important festival for the Christian faith for millions across the world.
Though Easter has been banished from all event advertising, it can be found on Cadburys website, which contains a reference to consumers of chocolate being welcome to Enjoy Easter Fun if they participate in the annual egg hunt.
Cadbury tiptoes around the Christian origins of the festival, assuring people of their multicultural bonafides in a statement that even includes atheists: We invite people from all faiths and none to enjoy our seasonal treats.
Archbishop John Sentamu of York said Cadbury is adding insult to injury by renaming the event because the companys founder, John Cadbury, was a devout Quaker who recognized the Christian significance of Easter.
To drop Easter from Cadburys Easter Egg Hunt in my book is tantamount to spitting on the grave of Cadbury, Sentamu said in a statement.
He built houses for all his workers, he built a church, he made provision for schools, Sentamu said. It is obvious that for him Jesus and justice were two sides of the one coin.
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Political Correctness Hits Annual Easter Egg Hunt In Britain - Daily Caller
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Maybe liberals are so ‘PC’ because conservatives keep excusing bad behavior – Washington Post
Posted: at 9:03 pm
By Lauren A. Wright By Lauren A. Wright April 5
Lauren A. Wright is the author of "On Behalf of the President: Presidential Spouses and White House Communications Strategy Today" and a board member of the White House Transition Project. She begins a teaching appointment in the Department of Politics at Princeton University in the Fall 2017 semester.
Donald Trumps presidential campaign almost ended with his grab them by the p y riff. Last month, Rep. Steve King (R-Iowa) stood by his statement that We cant restore our civilization with somebody elses babies. Last week, on air, Fox News host Bill OReilly watched a clip of Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.) speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives and then mocked her by saying, I didnt hear a word she said. I was looking at the James Brown wig.
Enough Americans voted for Trump last year to prove that his unprecedented crassness wasnt fatal to his political aspirations. King has gotten away with a series of racially inflammatory remarks (Remember calves the size of cantaloupes?). OReilly offered an apology, but instead of taking him to task, the Daily Callers Jim Treacher argued that critics were playing a racial gotcha game. CNN commentator Ben Ferguson deflected blame from OReilly by wondering aloud, about Waters, isnt she a racist for saying that the white guy, who was elected president, who had done nothing wrong, but get elected, should be impeached? And former congressman Jack Kingston (R-Ga.) played down OReillys comments by saying, It always seems like its okay to make fun of a conservative, but liberals are off you cant touch em. Making fun of Maxine Waterss hair, making fun of Donald Trumps hair, I dont know what the difference is.
Two separate incidents involving a black congresswoman and a black White House reporter sparked outrage on social media, leading to the hashtag #BlackWomenAtWork. (Victoria Walker/The Washington Post)
Go far enough back and recall that after Rep. Todd Akin (R-Mo.) suggested that women possess innate biological defenses against legitimate rape, former senators Jim DeMint (R-S.C.) and Rick Santorum (R-Pa.) still endorsed Akins 2012 Senate bid, calling him the candidate of freedom-loving Americans.
Im not naive enough to be stunned by Akin, King, OReilly or Trump, but as a Republican, I continue to be dismayed by the willingness of fellow Republicans and conservatives to overlook, rationalize and make excuses for this type of behavior. And each time I see conservatives defending, or looking away, in the face of other conservatives noxious behavior, I become less and less sure that liberals arent justified in taking the sometimes-condescending, always-disapproving politically correct approach that they do in these all-too-predictable episodes.
Maybe liberals are so P.C. because conservatives keep making excuses for bad behavior.
I didnt always think this way about liberal highhandednesstoward Republicans. I used to co-sign the typical conservative rejoinder to political correctness, which generally goes something like: Lifes not fair, so please get over yourself. My feelings on the topic were rooted in my experiences as a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic graduate school environment, where my liberal colleagues routinely derided my political views.
That case against political correctness was used to great effect in the 2016 presidential election, starting at a GOP primary debate when then-candidate Donald Trump addressed the litany of derogatory statements hes made toward women by saying, The big problem this country has is being politically correct. Ive been challenged by so many people, and I dont, frankly, have time for total political correctness.
But even if theres a grain oftruth to Trumps logic, in general, its not a catchall that makes it okay when a politician or anyone takes a cheap shot thats uncivil and degrading at best, and sexist or racist (or both) at worst. Impatience with political correctness isnt a get-out-of-jail-free card for a future president to mock a disabled reporter. Ritual deployment of the supposedly un-P.C. phrase radical Islamic terrorism isnt a foreign policy.
And its not just being politically correct to publicly scrutinize the serial allegations of sexual harassment against OReilly. If even half of whats been alleged by women who say he harassed them is true, hes a disgrace, and so is any conservative or Republican who decides that what hes done doesnt merit consequences, just because OReillys shame might also be cheered by liberals. Already, 20 companies have announcedthat theyre pulling advertising from OReillys show, even though its the gold standard when it comes to cable news ratings. The question, now, is whether self-respecting conservatives and Republicans will stand on principle, or if, as former Republican Capitol Hill communications director Tara Setmayer wroterecently for Cosmopolitan, they continue to circle the wagons around him just because hes on their team.
If thats what they do, it would be pretty indecent, but it would also turn out to be bad politics.
Yes, House Speaker Paul D. Ryan (R-Wis.) was rewarded for choosing expediency over morality by endorsing Trumps candidacy, even as he condemned Trumps attack on Judge Gonzalo Curiels Mexican heritage as the textbook definition of a racist comment. In doing so, Ryan confirmed an unsettling truth: When some in the Party of Lincoln witness racism, its not necessarily a dealbreaker. Indeed, the GOP won big in 2016 embracing the same rhetoric Im calling out now rhetoric we said we were leaving behind in the 2013 autopsyreportcommissioned after Mitt Romneys 2012 defeat.But antagonism is only a short-term strategy. Trump lost the popular vote with our current demographic landscape by a margin of almost 3million, and demographics are rapidly changing, not in his favor. Republicans who treat 2016 as the rule rather than the exception will come to regret it.
More important is acknowledging, before we try to beat political correctness into extinction, is that its not political correctness to expectcommon courtesy and respect. And its not a burden on a politician or anyone else to refrain from making sexist and racist remarks. Its both the right thing to do, and an approach in keeping with the values that the Republican Party issupposed to stand for, including judging all people as individuals, not caricaturing them because of their race or gender.
Its hard to deny that weve become a society where people are put out by the smallest slights, real or perceived. Conservatives are right to bristle at left-wing condescension, and liberals would be foolish to ignore that their elitism helped fuel Trumps rise. But thiscuts both ways, and every time conservatives and Republicans let an OReilly slide rather than take a stand in favor of common decency the politically correct scorn of liberals becomes just a bit more justified. Hoping that the GOP becomes the Party of Lincoln again may be wishful thinking. But if thats what we aspire to, no longer defending the indefensible would be a start.
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Maybe liberals are so 'PC' because conservatives keep excusing bad behavior - Washington Post
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Littleproud: program is ‘political correctness gone too far’ – Warwick Daily News
Posted: at 9:03 pm
ONCE upon a time, fairy tales were a staple of children's reading material, but the traditional tales have come under fire in Victoria for promoting traditional gender roles.
A teaching aid in the Respectful Relationship program wants state school students to examine the roles of characters in classic stories like Beauty and the Beast, Snow White and Cinderella and compare them to modern stories challenging gender norms.
Preschool books and toys could also be audited to determine whether they promote gender stereotypes, under the Victorian government plan to address family violence.
Member for Maranoa David Littleproud has weighed in on the debate and urged parents and teachers not to let political correctness get in the way of a good story. I
"Domestic violence is a scourge in our community but I don't think asking very young children to pick apart a fairy tale to find the sexist elements is the answer - it's simply political correctness gone too far and I don't want to see it in Queensland," Mr Littleproud said.
"Fable legends Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen's traditional fairy tales are about life lessons and convey morals but remember these were written more than 100 years ago and should be read as they are, not through an adult-enforced magnifying glass.
"Contemporary story-tellers - like Disney-Pixar's Inside Out and Disney's Frozen - are great as they explore views on mental health and shifting gender roles but they're movies and don't offer the same enrichment as reading a book.
"Reading, writing and arithmetic should be a school's foundation and domestic violence education and positive role models are key to breaking the cycle.
"Science backs up the importance of reading so please don't stop reading to your kids."
The Respectful Relationships program, which claims children as young as four can exhibit sexist behaviour, was recommended by the family violence royal commission.
Critics of the the program however claim it exposes children to gender theory and notions of gender-based violence too early.
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Littleproud: program is 'political correctness gone too far' - Warwick Daily News
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Editorial: freedom of speech in an era of political-correctness, part two – Daily Sundial
Posted: at 9:03 pm
Though there should always be legal and moral standards to how we go about exercising our freedom of speech, press, assembly and petition, political correctness does not actually infringe on anyones freedom of speech.
However, political correctness (PC) culture can contribute to social division or polarization. The contemporary philosopher, Slavoj Zizek, argues that political correctness doesnt really allow you to overcome racism. Its just oppressed controlled racism. As any culture that becomes dominant in a given area, a number of sub-cultures are bound to form in response and sometimes for the mere sake of opposition. When speakers like Milo Yiannopoulos openly state I just want to burn it down, theyre making intentional provocations that stem from the sheer desire to oppose majority thought.
On one hand, we have the ability to cultivate a space around ourselves where we dont have to hear or expose ourselves to different opinions. We can un-friend people on social media, walk away from a politically charged family dinner, and ignore reading or listening to particular media sources that do not share the same value system as ours. However, this mentality just further polarizes people, undermines inter-community relations and severely limits our own ability to grow as individuals.
To exercise our freedom, the kind that is not necessarily governed by any nation or piece of paper but that is governed by our own critical, reasoning, minds, we must question how genuine our thoughts truly are. Since context plays such a crucial role in the formation and expression of ones thoughts, whether it be in the context of PC or anti-PC culture, reasoning and introspection are necessary. As the 18th century philosopher, Immanuel Kant, said in Critique of Pure Reason, there is nothing higher than reason.
When individuals feel that their freedom of speech is being violated, they feel they cannot speak for fear of retaliation or some social form of excommunication. Jon Ronson explores the consequences and nature of our modern democratization of justice via online shaming in his novel, So Youve Been Publicly Shamed. He writes, we are defining the boundaries of normality by tearing apart the people outside it. In this vicious cycle, weve reached a level of polarization where the minds power to reason begins to stale. It becomes easier to stew in anger than to deconstruct and answer whats so righteous about that righteous indignation.
If an opinion is held solely because it dwells in an echo-chamber of whispers or because its written in stone, then the holder of such an opinion is not using their natural privilege as a human being to use critical thinking before expressing the truth, or their truth, as they believe and reason it to be. Freedom of speech is arduously protected in America and exercised in many ways, but its nothing without the freedom to reason.
Kant goes on to state, thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. Therefore, sincerity in words and reasoning behind those words helps illuminate the point of solidarity, that steady point on a precarious path. To teeter from thoughts and words that are subjective truths and that hold reason far beyond intuition is where one risks falling into the trap of a narrow-minded perspective. In addition, processing words solely by their context of communication can also lead someone to succumb to that frame of mind.
Freedom of speech, as its protected by our government, allows for us, our peers, colleagues, friends, neighbors, the disenfranchised, the silent, the underrepresented, the overlooked, to have a voice. No one should be pressured or forced into quietude, not when we have both the constitutional freedom of speech and the natural freedom to reason. Every time we pick up a microphone to speak, sit behind a computer to type, or march behind a picket sign, its not just what we say, but why we say it that matters.
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Marvel V.P. Admits Political Correctness Killed Comic Sales … – FrontPage Magazine
Posted: at 9:03 pm
FrontPage Magazine | Marvel V.P. Admits Political Correctness Killed Comic Sales ... FrontPage Magazine While the Marvel-Disney monster has been ruling the box office, Marvel Comics sales have been having serious issues. One obvious factor was trying to force ... G. Willow Wilson / So About That Whole Thing ICv2: Marvel Retailer Summit -- Day 1 Marvel VP of Sales Blames Women and Diversity for Sales Slump |
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How to Understand the Resurgence of Eugenics – JSTOR Daily
Posted: at 9:02 pm
In 1883, the English statistician and social scientist Francis Galton coined the word eugenics (well-born, from Greek). The term referred to his idea of selectively breeding people to enhance desirable and eliminate undesirable properties. Seen as following Darwins theory of evolution, in the 1920s and 30s eugenics gained important backing in England and the United States. Scientists and physicians spoke and wrote in its support. It influenced U.S. immigration policy, and states like Virginia used it to justify the forcible sterilization of the intellectually disabled.
Todays growing anti-immigrant and white nationalist movements are raising concerns about a return of this long discredited dogma. For instance, U.S. Congressman Steve King (R-Iowa) recently tweeted about a far-right movement in Europe, calling Western culture superior and saying, We cant restore our civilization with somebody elses babies. King hoped for an America thats just so homogenous that we look a lot the same.
At the same time, we are seeing an advance in methods of manipulating human DNA that, though they present many benefits, could also be used to advance eugenic goals. This combination of a dubious political agenda and the tools to implement it could take us in uncharted directions.
We can find guidance in two classic works about the dangers of modifying people and labeling them as superior or inferiorthe novel Brave New World (1932) and the film Gattaca (1997). Their publication anniversaries in 2017 are sharp reminders of the costs of embracing any kind of twenty-first-century eugenics.
Could gene-editing be pushing us toward a neo-eugenic world?
Eugenics straddles the line between repellent Nazi ideas of racial purity and real knowledge of genetics. Scientists eventually dismissed it as pseudo-scientific racism, but it has never completely faded away. In 1994, the book The Bell Curve generated great controversy when its authors Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein argued that test scores showed black people to be less intelligent than white people. In early 2017, Murrays public appearance at Middlebury College elicited protests, showing that eugenic ideas still have power and can evoke strong reactions.
But now, these disreputable ideas could be supported by new methods of manipulating human DNA. The revolutionary CRISPR genome-editing technique, called the scientific breakthrough of 2015, makes it relatively simple to alter the genetic code. And 2016 saw the announcement of the Human Genome Projectwrite, an effort to design and build an entire artificial human genome in the lab.
These advances led to calls for a complete moratorium on human genetic experimentation until it has been more fully examined. The moratorium took effect in 2015. In early 2017, however, a report by the National Academies of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine, Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance, modified this absolute ban. The report called for further study, but also proposed that clinical trials of embryo editing could be allowed if both parents have a serious disease that could be passed on to the child. Some critics condemned even this first step as vastly premature.
Nevertheless, gene editing potentially provides great benefits in combatting disease and improving human lives and longevity. But could this technology also be pushing us toward a neo-eugenic world?
As ever, science fiction can suggest answers. The year 2017 is the 85th anniversary of Brave New World, Aldous Huxleys vision of a eugenics-based society and one of the great twentieth-century novels. Likewise, 2017 will bring the 20th anniversary of the release of the sci-fi film Gattaca, written and directed by Andrew Niccol, about a future society based on genetic destiny. NASA has called Gattaca the most plausible science fiction film ever made.
In 1932, Huxleys novel, written when the eugenics movement still flourished, imagined an advanced biological science. Huxley knew about heredity and eugenics through his own distinguished family: His grandfather Thomas Huxley was the Victorian biologist who defended Darwins theory of evolution, and his evolutionary biologist brother Julian was a leading proponent of eugenics.
Brave New World takes place in the year 2540. People are bred to order through artificial fertilization and put into higher or lower classes in order to maintain the dominant World State. The highest castes, the physically and intellectually superior Alphas and Betas, direct and control everything. The lower Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons, many of them clones, are limited in mind and body and exist only to perform necessary menial tasks. To maintain this system, the World State chemically processes human embryos and fetuses to create people with either enlarged or diminished capacities. The latter are kept docile by large doses of propaganda and a powerful pleasure drug, soma.
Like George Orwells 1984, reviewers continue to find Huxleys novel deeply unsettling. To Bob Barr, writing in the Michigan Law Review, it is a chilling vision and R. S. Deese, in We Are Amphibians, calls its premise the mass production of human beings.
The discovery in 1953 of the structure of DNA led to the advent of real genetic science that could change people. DNA editing appears in several films analyzed by the film historians David A. Kirby and Laura A. Gaither in Genetic Coming of Age: Genomics, Enhancement, and Identity in Film. The authors single out Gattaca as showing a society that has so much confidence in the predictive power of genomics that their culture revolves around these expectations. The film provides a lesson in the eugenic effects of editing human DNA. Its title combines the first letters of guanine,adenine,thymine, andcytosine, the base pair compounds essential to how DNA transmits genetic information.
The In-valid Vincent Freeman (Ethan Hawke) tries to blend in as the genetically perfected Jerome Morrow in Gattaca (Columbia Pictures 1997).
The social order in Gattaca, set in the not-too-distant future, is far looser than in Brave New World. It is much like todays world with one crucial change: Genetic science has advanced so that a persons genetic makeup can be easily tested, and it is routine to alter the DNA of an embryo to produce a baby with specified characteristics. The result is a society dominated by genetic destiny.
Genetic augmentation is not available to everyone in this society. Only those with means can pay geneticists to implant assets like good looks or musical ability in the DNA of their children-to-be. Although it is illegal to discriminate on the basis of a persons genetic profile, in practice Valids, those with superior genetic credentials, have every advantage and live desirable lives, whereas the less genetically favored In-valids or De-gene-rates are the Epsilons of this society, who push brooms and clean toilets.
In the story, young Vincent Freeman (Ethan Hawke) is a non-augmented In-valid who is projected to develop serious medical conditions. Through sheer grit and refusal to quit, he physically outperforms his enhanced Valid brother, determined to realize his ambition of becoming an astronaut. The closest he can come, however, is to work as a janitor at the Gattaca Aerospace Corporation, which launches space missions.
Vincent games the system by acquiring the superb DNA profile of Jerome Morrow (Jude Law), a former Olympics swimmer now in a wheelchair because of an accident. After surgery to make himself resemble Jerome (and with Jeromes help), Vincent can pass as a Valid. His passion affects the disabled Jerome, who famously declares: I only lent you my body. You lent me your dream. Now apparently genetically qualified, Vincent is selected for astronaut training. In the final scene, we see him blast off on a mission to Titan, one of Saturns moons.
In a U.S. where medical care is not equally available to all, genetic enhancement will likely be too costly for all but the wealthy.
Any science that professes to predictably change humanity should be carefully weighedor its results may come to haunt us and the new humans we make. Brave New World shows an extremely repressive society whose eugenic system keeps a select group in control. Although such a goal might appeal to the far right, in the near term, at least, it is hard to imagine such a movement gaining the political power to impose a Nazi-like program of gene editing.
Gattaca, however, presents a believable model for the future. It reflects and extends current attitudes toward race and the disabled, and with Americas growing gap between haves and have-nots, its speculations ring true. Buying genetic advantage to give ones child an edge in life would be just a step beyond what parents now dosending a very young child to an expensive private school, for instanceto gain that edge.
In a U.S. where medical care is not equally available to all, genetic enhancement will likely be too costly for all but the wealthy. As in Gattaca, buying enhancement will not be illegal, nor seen as unethical. But it would widen existing health and social inequalities, as expressed in the reactions to the Human Genome Editing report. Those who can afford it would choose mental and physical advantages for their offspring, perhaps including traits such as selfishness or win at all costs personalities that might benefit them but harm society. This would enhance a special group that would not need Francis Galtons selective breeding to make itself superior over time, leaving everyone else as the In-valids.
This approach could also erode Americas racial and ethnic diversity, fulfilling Rep. Kings fantasies. Homogeneity is exactly what would result if a favored group genetically replicates and enhances itself to produce future generations with the same appearance and attitudes, only more so.
In the final analysis, Brave New World portrays a hard eugenics created by a government to suppress human rights, diversity, and opportunities for its citizens. But like the world in Gattaca, our own society could instead display a eugenic element not imposed from above, but arising from our societys dynamics. Unless our society balances the undoubted benefits of gene editing against its equally undoubted risks, the greater danger may come not from authoritarian government but from this soft eugenics.
By: WILLIAM G. LENNOX
The American Scholar, Vol. 7, No. 4 (AUTUMN 1938), pp. 454-466
The Phi Beta Kappa Society
By: Bob Barr
Michigan Law Review, Vol. 108, No. 6, 2010 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW (April 2010), pp. 847-857
The Michigan Law Review Association
By: David A. Kirby and Laura A. Gaither
New Literary History, Vol. 36, No. 2, Essays Probing the Boundaries of the Human in Science (Spring, 2005), pp. 263-282
The Johns Hopkins University Press
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Hair Cloning is Happening – NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth
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By the time theyre 50, 85 percent of American men will have significant hair loss, according to the American Hair Loss Association.
Now, an international team of hair restoration doctors is turning to cutting-edge science to grow more hair through cloning.
Ric Ortega has dealt with hair loss for a while. For him, it's a health concern.
Im outside a lot because I work in the construction industry, and I worry about skin cancer on the top of my head, explained Ortega.
Ortega is considering a hair cloning clinical trial with Kenneth Williams, Jr. D.O, a hair restoration surgeon with Orange County Hair Restoration in Irvine, California.
Williams is working with Hair Clone, a British company that believes it will perfect the science of cloning hair.
The typical candidate would be someone who has had multiple surgeries and cant have any more hair transplantations, but they do have lots of areas of balding, Williams said.
Doctors would harvest 50 hair follicles and send them to a cryopreservation tank in England. Surgeons there would remove the hair shaft from the bulb, which holds cells that control growth. Then, the cells are multiplied in a special cell culture.
Then, when the patient is ready, they have the actual transplantation," Williams explained. "They would let us know and wed go through the process of replication, and shortly, those 50 cells will now turn into 1,500 cells.
The trial would cost Ortega between $4,000 and $10,000, plus airfare to England, where hed get his cloned hair. England is the only western country that allows this type of treatment.
Williams said hair cloning is the next biggest frontier in hair science.
Hair Clone hopes to start a small trial in England later this year.
The good news is, companies around the world are racing to start hair cloning trials as soon as they can.
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Evolution (2001 film) – Wikipedia
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Evolution is a 2001 American comic science fiction monster film, directed by Ivan Reitman and starring David Duchovny, Orlando Jones, Seann William Scott, Julianne Moore and Ted Levine. It was released by DreamWorks in the United States and by Columbia Pictures internationally.
The plot of the film follows college professor Ira Kane (David Duchovny) and geologist Harry Block (Orlando Jones), who investigate a meteor crash in Arizona. They discover that the meteor is harboring extraterrestrial life, which is evolving very quickly into large, diverse and outlandish creatures.
Evolution was based on a story by Don Jakoby, who turned it into a screenplay along with David Diamond and David Weissman. The movie was originally written as a serious horror science fiction film, until director Reitman re-wrote much of the script. Shooting took place in California with an $80million budget, and the film was released in the United States on June 8, 2001. The movie grossed $98,376,292 internationally. Reviews for the film were mixed, as the movie review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 42% positive rating.
A short-lived animated series, Alienators: Evolution Continues, loosely based on the film, was broadcast months after the movie was released.
Wayne Grey (Seann William Scott), a fireman trainee practicing in a shack in the desert near Glen Canyon, Arizona, sees a meteor strike his car and land in an underground cavern. College professor Ira Kane (David Duchovny) and his colleague, geology professor Harry Block (Orlando Jones), investigate, taking a sample of strange blue liquid that oozes from it. Ira discovers that it harbors extraterrestrial single-celled nitrogen-based organisms multiplying exponentially, condensing millions of years of evolution within a matter of hours. The next day, they take the science class to survey the meteor site and find it already surrounded by evolved oxygen-converting fungi and alien flatworms. Ira and Harry discover that the cells and organisms reproduce rapidly through mitosis after seeing one of the flatworms they collected in a jar split into another.
Soon, the site is sealed off by the Army, who set up a base. Ira and Harry take General Russell Woodman (Ted Levine) and the clumsy Dr. Allison Reed (Julianne Moore) to court for the right to be part of the research of their discovery, but their efforts fail when it's revealed Ira was discharged from the army after creating an anthrax vaccine that led to terribly debilitating side effects, which the soldiers dubbed "The Kane Madness". Woodman steals Ira and Harry's research, forcing them to infiltrate the base to get another sample; they find an alien rainforest teeming with life. They are caught by Allison as a mosquito-like alien gets inside Harry's body; they are forced to rectally remove the mosquito, which then dies.
Wayne arrives at the college and shows the two the dead body of an amphibian alien which killed a country club owner, much to his delight; they later investigate an animal attack, finding a dead dog-like alien in a woman's home and more dead flatworms. They find a valley behind the home filled with dead flying dinosaur-like aliens; Ira and Harry theorize the aliens are spreading through the caves connected to the main cavern, but can't breathe oxygen. One of the dying creatures spits out a pod containing a newborn, which then hatches into an oxygen-tolerant alien. The alien attacks a mall, where it nearly takes a shoplifter for a meal before Ira, Harry, and Wayne shoot it down.
Unfortunately, other alien encounters have made the news; this forces the Governor of Arizona (Dan Aykroyd) to demand answers. Allison explains the aliens will engulf the United States in two months. Woodman attempts to blame Ira, when he, Harry and Wayne arrive. However, the governor demands a solution; Woodman suggests evacuating the area and burn the aliens with napalm. At that moment, primate-like aliens attack them, but are fought off. The shaken governor approves Woodman's plan against protests from Ira and Allison that they don't know how the aliens will react. Allison quits the CDC and leaves the site, procuring Ira's original research and samples for him.
At the college, Harry accidentally tosses a match into a petri dish of alien liquid, causing a mass of flesh to rapidly grow from it. Ira realizes heat causes the aliens to evolve, and the meteor crashing to earth activated the alien DNA. Alison attempts to warn Woodman that napalm will only make the aliens stronger, but he ignores her call. Looking at the positions of nitrogen and carbon on the periodic table, Ira theorizes selenium might be poisonous to the aliens, since they are nitrogen-based, as arsenic is poisonous to Earth's carbon life. Much to Ira's surprise, his dumbest students Deke and Danny (Ethan Suplee and Michael Ray Bower) recall selenium sulfide is the active ingredient in Head & Shoulders. This makes Ira award the Donald brothers with an A, much to their excitement. So Wayne procures a firetruck and the team fills it with the shampoo, with help from the Donald Brothers, who tag along with them.
Just as the team arrives at the cave and prepare to fire the shampoo, Woodman's napalm strike causes the aliens to merge into an enormous amoeba-like creature, which reabsorbs the aliens in the cave. As it prepares to divide, the team drives under the organism, finds what looks like its rectal hole, and Harry (intending to settle a score for the insect incident) pumps a firehose of shampoo into the beast, causing it to explode. Governor Lewis declares Ira, Harry, Wayne and Allison heroes, making Wayne a fully credentialed firefighter while Ira and Allison skip the festivities for romance in the fire truck. Later, Harry, Ira and Wayne are shown chasing the flying alien from earlier and promoting Head & Shoulders for both hair care and fighting aliens.
Kyle Gass, Sarah Silverman, Richard Moll, Tom Davis, Jerry Trainor, Miriam Flynn, Caroline Reitman, Steven Gilborn and John Cho have smaller roles.
The film's music score was composed by John Powell, conducted by Gavin Greenaway, and performed by the Hollywood Symphony Orchestra. The soundtrack to Evolution was released on June 12, 2001 and is available on Varse Sarabande.
Soundtrack references:[2][3]
Evolution received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 43%, based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Director Reitman tries to remake Ghostbusters, but his efforts are largely unsuccessful because the movie has too many comedic misfires."[4] On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 40 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[5]
Evolution was made into an animated series called Alienators: Evolution Continues, which ran on Fox Kids from 2001 to 2002.
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