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Monthly Archives: March 2017
From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification – Phys.Org
Posted: March 19, 2017 at 3:59 pm
March 15, 2017 by Grove Potter The four images, from left to right, show Keratinocyte-derive neural crest stem cells turning into neurons as shown by typical neuronal morphology. Credit: University at Buffalo.
A discovery, several years in the making, by a University at Buffalo research team has proven that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic modification, and that these stem cells can yield other cells that are present in the spinal cord and the brain.
The practical implications could be very significant, from studying genetic diseases in a dish to generating possible regenerative cures from the patient's own cells.
"It's actually quite remarkable that it happens," says Stelios T. Andreadis, PhD, professor and chair of UB's Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, who recently published a paper on the results in the journal Stem Cells.
The identity of the cells was further confirmed by lineage tracing experiments, where the reprogrammed cells were implanted in chicken embryos and acted just as neural crest cells do.
Stem cells have been derived from adult cells before, but not without adding genes to alter the cells. The new process yields neural crest cells without addition of foreign genetic material. The reprogrammed neural crest cells can become smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells or neurons.
"In medical applications this has tremendous potential because you can always get a skin biopsy," Andreadis says. "We can grow the cells to large numbers and reprogram them, without genetic modification. So, autologous cells derived from the patient can be used to treat devastating neurogenic diseases that are currently hampered by the lack of easily accessible cell sources."
The process can also be used to model disease. Skin cells from a person with a genetic disease of the nervous system can be reprogrammed into neural crest cells. These cells will have the disease-causing mutation in their chromosomes, but the genes that cause the mutation are not expressed in the skin. The genes are likely to be expressed when cells differentiate into neural crest lineages, such as neurons or Schwann cells, thereby enabling researchers to study the disease in a dish. This is similar to induced pluripotent stem cells, but without genetic modification or reprograming to the pluripotent state.
The discovery was a gradual process, Andreadis says, as successive experiments kept leading to something new. "It was one step at a time. It was a very challenging task that took almost five years and involved a wide range of expertise and collaborators to bring it to fruition," Andreadis says. Collaborators include Gabriella Popescu, PhD, professor in the Department of Biochemistry in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; Song Liu, PhD, vice chair of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a research associate professor in biostatistics UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions; and Marianne Bronner, PhD, professor of biology and biological engineering, California Institute of Technology.
Andreadis credits the persistence of his then-PhD student, Vivek K. Bajpai, for sticking with it.
"He is an excellent and persistent student," Andreadis says. "Most students would have given up." Andreadis also credits a seed grant from UB's office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Development's IMPACT program that enabled part of the work.
The work recently received a $1.7 million National Institutes of Health grant to delve into the mechanisms that occur as the cells reprogram, and to employ the cells for treating the Parkinson's-like symptoms in a mouse model of hypomyelinating disease.
"This work has the potential to provide a novel source of abundant, easily accessible and autologous cells for treatment of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are excited about this discovery and its potential impact and are grateful to NIH for the opportunity to pursue it further," Andreadis said.
The research is described in the journal Stem Cells under the title "Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates."
Explore further: Embryonic gene Nanog reverses aging in adult stem cells
More information: Vivek K. Bajpai et al, Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates, STEM CELLS (2017). DOI: 10.1002/stem.2583
Journal reference: Stem Cells
Provided by: University at Buffalo
The fountain of youth may reside in an embryonic stem cell gene named Nanog.
Caltech scientists have converted cells of the lower-body region into facial tissue that makes cartilage, in new experiments using bird embryos. The researchers discovered a "gene circuit," composed of just three genes, that ...
Scientists at the University of Newcastle, UK, have used a combination of small molecules to turn cells isolated from human skin into Schwann cells - the specialised cells that support nerves and play a role in nerve repair. ...
Johns Hopkins stem cell biologists have found a way to reprogram a patient's skin cells into cells that mimic and display many biological features of a rare genetic disorder called familial dysautonomia. The process requires ...
(Phys.org)A team of researchers affiliated with New York and Dalhousie Universities, in the U.S. and Canada respectively, has found a possible intermediate cell type that might help understand the evolutionary process ...
German researchers succeed in obtaining brain and spinal cord cells from stem cells of the peripheral nervous system.
Adolescence marks not only the period of physical maturation bridging childhood and adulthood, but also a crucial period for remodeling of the human brain. A Penn study reveals new patterns of coordinated development in the ...
(Phys.org)A trio of researchers from the U.K., the Netherlands and the U.S. has filmed a grown female chimpanzee cleaning her son's teeth after he died. In their paper published in the journal Scientific Reports, Edwin ...
It's a good thing we don't have to think about putting all the necessary pieces in place when one of our trillions of cells needs to duplicate its DNA and then divide to produce identical daughter cells.
Biologists who study the malaria mosquito's 'nose' have found that it contains a secondary set of odor sensors that seem to be specially tuned to detect humans. The discovery could aid efforts to figure out how the insects ...
Even plants have to live on an energy budget. While they're known for converting solar energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, plants have sophisticated biochemical mechanisms for regulating how they spend that ...
For decades, the tiny roundworm C. elegans has been a vital tool in the biomedical researcher's toolkit, proving central to groundbreaking discoveries such as green fluorescent protein, the molecular marker used universally ...
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From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification - Phys.Org
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From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification: Study … – Science Daily
Posted: at 3:59 pm
Science Daily | From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification: Study ... Science Daily A discovery, several years in the making, demonstrates that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic ... |
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From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification: Study ... - Science Daily
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Stem Cells Reprogrammed without Genetic Modification – Technology Networks
Posted: at 3:59 pm
A discovery, several years in the making, by a University at Buffalo research team has proven that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic modification, and that these stem cells can yield other cells that are present in the spinal cord and the brain.
The applications could be very significant, from studying genetic diseases in a dish to generating possible regenerative cures from the patients own cells.
Its actually quite remarkable that it happens, says Stelios T. Andreadis, PhD, professor and chair of UBs Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, who recently published a paper on the results in the journal Stem Cells.
The identity of the cells was further confirmed by lineage tracing experiments, where the reprogrammed cells were implanted in chicken embryos and acted just as neural crest cells do.
Stem cells have been derived from adult cells before, but not without adding genes to alter the cells. The new process yields neural crest cells without addition of foreign genetic material. The reprogrammed neural crest cells can become smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells or neurons.
In medical applications this has tremendous potential because you can always get a skin biopsy, Andreadis says. We can grow the cells to large numbers and reprogram them, without genetic modification. So, autologous cells derived from the patient can be used to treat devastating neurogenic diseases that are currently hampered by the lack of easily accessible cell sources.
The process can also be used to model disease. Skin cells from a person with a genetic disease of the nervous system can be reprogrammed into neural crest cells. These cells will have the disease-causing mutation in their chromosomes, but the genes that cause the mutation are not expressed in the skin. The genes are likely to be expressed when cells differentiate into neural crest lineages, such as neurons or Schwann cells, thereby enabling researchers to study the disease in a dish. This is similar to induced pluripotent stem cells, but without genetic modification or reprograming to the pluripotent state.
The discovery was a gradual process, Andreadis says, as successive experiments kept leading to something new. It was one step at a time. It was a very challenging task that took almost five years and involved a wide range of expertise and collaborators to bring it to fruition, Andreadis says. Collaborators include Gabriella Popescu, PhD, professor in the Department of Biochemistry in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; Song Liu, PhD, vice chair of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a research associate professor in biostatistics UBs School of Public Health and Health Professions; and Marianne Bronner, PhD, professor of biology and biological engineering, California Institute of Technology.
Andreadis credits the persistence of his then-PhD student, Vivek K. Bajpai, for sticking with it.
He is an excellent and persistent student, Andreadis says. Most students would have given up. Andreadis also credits a seed grant from UBs office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Developments IMPACT program that enabled part of the work.
The work recently received a $1.7 million National Institutes of Health grant to delve into the mechanisms that occur as the cells reprogram, and to employ the cells for treating the Parkinsons-like symptoms in a mouse model of hypomyelinating disease.
This work has the potential to provide a novel source of abundant, easily accessible and autologous cells for treatment of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are excited about this discovery and its potential impact and are grateful to NIH for the opportunity to pursue it further, Andreadis said.
The research, described in the journal Stem Cells under the title Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates, was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
Reference:
Bajpai, V. K., Kerosuo, L., Tseropoulos, G., Cummings, K. A., Wang, X., Lei, P., Liu, B., Liu, S., Popescu, G. K., Bronner, M. E. and Andreadis, S. T. (2017), Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates. Stem Cells. doi:10.1002/stem.2583
This article has been republished frommaterialsprovided by University at Buffalo. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
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Stem Cells Reprogrammed without Genetic Modification - Technology Networks
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Drosophila effectively models human genes responsible for genetic kidney diseases – Science Daily
Posted: at 3:59 pm
Science Daily | Drosophila effectively models human genes responsible for genetic kidney diseases Science Daily "For the first time, we realized that the functions of essential kidney genes could be so similar from the flies to humans." A logical next step will be to generate more personalized in vivo models of genetic renal diseases bearing patient-specific ... |
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Drosophila effectively models human genes responsible for genetic kidney diseases - Science Daily
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Georgia lawmakers considering bill on testing newborns for rare genetic disorder – Online Athens
Posted: at 3:59 pm
A state Senate health committee late last week approved a bill to offer optional testing of Georgia newborns for Krabbe disease, a rare genetic disorder.
The form of Krabbe that strikes newborns is caused by a change, or mutation, in the gene carrying the blueprints for an enzyme called galactosylceramidase, which is crucial to wrapping protective insulation called myelin around nerves. Without it, the brain and nerves deteriorate.
The disease is rare, striking between 1 in 100,000 and 1 in 350,000 babies. Infants with Krabbe typically die before their second birthday.
House Bill 241, which cleared the Senate Health and Human Services Committee after a brief discussion, is named Coves Law, for 19-month-old Cove Ellis, a Georgia child recently diagnosed with Krabbe disease.
The bill now heads to the Senate Rules Committee. It already has passed the Georgia House.
Families of children afflicted with the disease and other advocates for patients have pushed for testing of newborns, saying it gives parents the ability to intervene in aggressive cases of the disease.
The optimal treatment, they say, is a stem-cell transplant on the afflicted infant fairly soon after birth. If a newborn isnt diagnosed soon after birth, a transplant wont work, doctors say.
The bill would allow Georgia parents to pay for a $3 to $5 screening test, Rep. Lee Hawkins (R-Gainesville) told the Senate panel Thursday. Passage of the legislation, he said, would allow the parent to make the decision on whether to test their baby, he said.
HB 241 requires the Department of Public Health to provide a referral system for parents who wish to have the test performed on their child.
Many doctors and geneticists, though, have doubts about the screening. One problem with the screening test, they say, is a high percentage of false positives.
While they are sympathetic to the parents cause, these experts say not all children survive the transplant. Those who do often face physical and developmental delays.
The treatment can cause other problems, too.
Everyone wants to do the right thing for kids, Dr. William Wilcox, a professor of human genetics at the Emory University School of Medicine, said recently. The testing, he said, is being pushed with the wrong information. Theyre doing real harm. When there is better testing and treatment, we will support screening for all babies.
New York launched a Krabbe screening program in 2006, and three other states Missouri, Kentucky and Ohio have also added Krabbe to their newborn testing panels.
Six other states Illinois, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Pennsylvania and Tennessee have passed laws allowing screening, but have not yet implemented their programs. In some of those cases, state health departments have blocked screening for Krabbe, citing both the expense of the testing and the lack of clear benefit from the treatment.
After promising results were reported from stem-cell transplants, former Buffalo Bills quarterback Jim Kelly and his wife, Jill, persuaded lawmakers in New York state to start screening babies for Krabbe, which had afflicted their son, Hunter.
The Kellys run a foundation called Hunters Hope supporting families affected by Krabbe and lobbies for newborn screening.
The outcome for children who arent diagnosed in time for treatment versus those who are is tremendous. Ive met several children who have undergone treatment they go to school, theyre mobile, theyre able to communicate, and most importantly, they are living, Anna Grantham, a spokeswoman for Hunters Hope, said in a recent written statement to WebMD.
During his testimony on the bill, Hawkins said that Emory University is interested in doing the testing.
In a statement, Emory said it has the capability to do genetic testing for Krabbe disease. Regarding HB 241, the Emory Division of Medical Genetics has been working with the Georgia Department of Public Health regarding testing and counseling for this disease. These discussions are continuing as this bill moves through the legislative process.
Andy Miller is editor and CEO of Georgia Heath News, a nonprofit indpendent news orgnaization covering heath care issues in the state.
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Georgia lawmakers considering bill on testing newborns for rare genetic disorder - Online Athens
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Mouse study helps find causes of human behavioral disorders – Baylor College of Medicine News (press release)
Posted: at 3:59 pm
Scientists studying the role of a protein complex in the normal development of the mouse brain unexpectedly created a mouse model that replicates clinical symptoms of patients with complex neurological disorders such as hyperactivity, learning deficits and social behavior abnormalities. Careful study of this mouse model led to the discovery of the genetic cause of the human neurological condition of five patients who, until now, had not received a genetic diagnosis. The team, which includes researchers, from Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Childrens Hospital and other institutions, has published the results in Nature Genetics.
When we began this research, we were just curious about what the ATXN1-CIC complex normally does, said senior author Dr. Huda Zoghbi, professor of molecular and human genetics and of pediatrics - neurology and developmental neuroscience at Baylor and director of the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Childrens Hospital.
The researchers knew that enhanced function of the ATXN1-CIC complex can lead to neurodegenerative conditions. In this work, to discern the role of the complex in the development of a normal brain, they explored the biological consequences of the opposite situation, the complex losing its function. Using genetic tools in the lab, the researchers selectively removed genes involved in the formation of the complex in distinct regions of the mouse brain; the forebrain, and the hypothalamus and amygdala.
We discovered that genetically removing the complex from forebrain cells resulted in learning and memory deficits and hyperactivity in the mice, said co-first author Dr. Qiumin Tan, postdoctoral fellow of molecular and human genetics in the Zoghbi lab. Interestingly, within the forebrain, only the upper layers of the cortex showed a reduction of thickness, while lower layers appeared intact.
The biggest surprise was how the fairly specific and relatively limited changes in the cortex caused dramatic hyperactivity in mice, said co-first author Dr. Hsiang-Chih Lu, who was a doctoral student in the Zoghbi lab during this study and is currently at Washington University.
When the researchers knocked out genes involved in the protein complex only in the hypothalamus and amygdala, they observed changes in the mice behavior that were different from those described above. In this case, the mice showed prominent deficits in their social interactions, Tan said. For instance, they interacted less with other mice, and spent less time interacting with unfamiliar mice. These behaviors resemble some of the behaviors observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
In contrast to the marked changes in thickness observed in the cortex, the researchers did not observe any major alterations in the structure of hypothalamus and amygdala when they lacked the protein complex.
Intrigued by their findings in mice, the researchers decided to investigate whether similar genetic changes in humans would be associated with comparable behaviors.
If we hadnt seen these neurological problems in the mice, we would not have looked for the human parallel, Zoghbi said.
The human connection
To find individuals carrying mutations in the genes involved in the formation of the ATXN1-CIC complex, the researchers entered the candidate genes they had worked with in mice in GeneMatcher, a web-tool developed as part of the Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics for rare disease researchers. Similar to online dating websites that match couples, GeneMatcher allows researchers to find others that are interested in the same genes they are working on.
Through GeneMatcher we found five individuals carrying a mutation in capicua, one of the genes linked to the ATXN1-CIC complex, Tan said. Taken together, the affected individuals present with a spectrum of behavioral disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay and intellectual disabilities and some have autism and epileptic seizures.
These individuals did not have an explanation for their condition; they did not know it was a genetic disorder or what had caused it. This work has provided them with an answer; researchers can now better understand the biology of their hyperactivity and intellectual disability.
Hyperactivity is a relatively common problem in children, but its been hard to understand it biologically, Zoghbi said. I think our work has pointed out an area of the brain in which we can begin to investigate to understand what drives this behavior.
Some people have suggested that mouse models are not good enough to study human diseases. I think that the models are good, what is important is how we study them, Zoghbi said. In this case, careful study of the mouse models has shown us where to look in human patients to potentially find the biological underpinnings of complex behavioral disorders, such as ADHD and autism spectrum disorder.
This work has shown that the ATXN1-CIC complex is important for proper development and function of the brain and also uncovers its roles in human neurodevelopmental disorders, Lu said.
For a complete list of the authors and their affiliations, as well as the financial support for this project go here.
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Detroit chief: DNA links shooting suspect to death of WSU officer Collin Rose – Detroit Free Press
Posted: at 3:58 pm
Detroit police are investigating whether a man suspected of shooting two officers Wednesday night is connected with the fatal shooting last year of a Wayne State University policeman. Wochit
Collin Rose(Photo: Wayne State University)
Detroit Police todayconfirmedthat DNA evidence ties a suspect in this week's Detroit police shootings to the death of Wayne State police officer Collin Rose.
Detroit Police Chief James Craig said a man being held in connectionwith a Wednesday shootout with policethat injured twopolice officersis the prime suspect in Rose's death.
Wayne County ProsecutorKym Worthy today charged Raymond Durham, 60, of Detroit, in connection with the shooting of the two male officers Wednesday. Police and prosecutors say that about 8:30 p.m., the officers stopped to do a pedestrian investigation of Durham on Ash Street near Tillman. While he was detained, police say Durham fought the officers and pulled a gun from his front waistband, firing at the officers and leading to a shootout.
One of the officers, a 20-year veteran, suffered multiple gunshot wounds, while the other, a 4-year officer, was shot in the leg, police say.
Police found Durham a little more than two hours later at Vinewood and Michigan Avenuewith multiple gunshot wounds. He was hospitalized at remains under treatment in police custody, Worthy's office said, adding that he'd be remanded to jail once he's released from the hospital.
Durham ischarged withtwo counts of assault with intent to murder, two counts of resisting and obstructing the police causing serious impairment, one count of felon in possession of a firearm and five counts of felony firearm. He was arraigned in a localhospital by 36th District Court Magistrate Laura Echartea. A probable cause hearing is set for March 24.
Detroit police are looking for Raymon Durham as a person of interest related to a shooting of 2 police officers on the city's west side.(Photo: Detroit Police Dept.)
"We are able to charge this case today because of the round-the-clock collaboration with the Detroit Police Department, the Michigan State Policeand many others who worked tirelessly on this case," Worthy said. "Any time a police officer is injured is a stark reminder of how much law enforcement puts on the line every minute of every day."
Police from multiple local, state and federal agencies "worked very hard to get to this day," Craig said of Durham's link to Rose's death, but given that much more investigation must be done, "this does not signify closure."
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Rose was killed on Nov. 22 in the area of Brainard and Lincoln in Detroit's Woodbridge neighborhood just west of the university. He was shot in the head about 6:35 p.m. that day after stopping a man on a bike. Police said Rose had called for backup just before he was shot by a man who fled on foot. The 29-year-oldofficer died a day later.
In December, prosecutors dropped charges against a man initially charged in the case after an investigation eliminated him as a suspect.
Wayne State University Police Chief Anthony Holt said it was too early for him or other university or city police officers to feel a sense of satisfaction about the DNA link, particularly because two Detroit officers remain hospitalized from this week's shooting. Craig said their conditions continue to improve and both are in good spirits. Police have declined to identify the officers out of sensitivity to their families.
Police, in a manhunt that included more than 200 local and federal agents, arrested Wednesday's shooting suspect on the city's west side about two hours after a gun battle that left the two officers wounded. Both the 60-year-old suspect and officers are in stable condition with bullet wounds.
The suspect in Wednesday's shooting was later found on the ground with a loaded .38-caliber revolver, and he was "preparing to engage" police when they arrested him.
Craig declined to go into specifics about the details of the DNA match, saying he didn't want to undermine the investigation into the shootings. He also wouldn't discuss whether the suspect had been among those police were looking into as possible suspects in Rose's death before the DNA match was made.
Police have sent the gun for ballistics testing.
Craig acknowledged the importance of the DNA link but called it a first step in the investigation of Roses killing.
Whenever theres a forensic match, its significant, Craig said, but he said its one component of the investigation, along with interviews and other evidence gathering police have done.
He said the investigation into Roses killing had been gathering steam recently, but he acknowledged a strong possibility that Durham might have remained on the streets had it not been for this weeks shootings of the two officers.
Craig said he planned to visit with the injured officers today and get updates on their conditions. He said the more seriously injured officer, who was shot in the neck, was expected to have toundergo several surgeries. Craig said that officer told him at his hospital bedside that he believed the man who shot Rose to death was the same man who shot him and his colleague.
"I don't know if that was cop instinct, but he felt very strongly about it, and I just looked at him and I said, 'Well, we're going to work hard, bring some closure,' " Craig said.
Holt said he would wait for evidence to be presented to Worthy's office before he would be ready to be excited about having solved Rose's killing. He said he and his officers are "taking a wait-and-see approach."
"Keep in mind we had two officers who were gravely wounded and are still recovering," Holt said. "It's a little too soon to be doing any celebration right now."
Contact Matt Helms: 313-222-1450 or mhelms@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter: @matthelms.
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Detroit chief: DNA links shooting suspect to death of WSU officer Collin Rose - Detroit Free Press
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Augusta Genealogical Society: DNA can unlock family connections – The Augusta Chronicle
Posted: at 3:58 pm
Have you considered having your DNA tested? If you havent, maybe you should. But first, some explanation is needed.
We each have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. One pair of the chromosomes determines sex. All babies inherit an X chromosome from their mothers. Babies who inherit an X chromosome from their fathers are XX and therefore female. Babies who inherit a Y chromosome from their fathers are XY and therefore male.
There are 3 types of DNA tests: Y-DNA, mtDNA (mitochondrial) and autosomal DNA.
YDNA Since only men have Y DNA, only men can take this test. It traces the sex-determining chromosome that passes from father to son, tracing the straight male line, father, fathers father, etc. It doesnt provide information on any other lines.
MtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) Both men and women have X chromosomes so anyone can take this test. It traces the chromosome that passes from mothers to all of their children regardless of the childrens gender, tracing the straight female line, mother, mothers mother, etc. It does not provide information on other lines.
Autosomal DNA This test is done on the 22 non-sex-determining chromosomes called autosomes. Anyone can take this test, which provides a broad overview of a persons ancestry. A number of companies do this test. Among them are Ancestry.com, 23andme.com, and familytreedna.com.
The autosomal DNA test can identify the parts of the world from which your ancestors came. People from all over the world have been tested, allowing scientists to identify certain markers or slight differences that are associated with people from certain regions. By looking at these markers, scientists can use DNA to tell you the regions of your ancestors.
Most continents can be divided based on DNA into a number of regions. Each region usually encompasses several modern countries. In Europe, for example, Ancestry DNA lists a number of regions including Great Britain (mainly England); Ireland, which includes Ireland, Scotland and Wales; and Europe West, which includes Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein.
In Africa, Ancestry DNA has North Africa and eight sub-Saharan regions including Ivory Coast/Ghana, Cameroon/Congo, Nigeria, and African South East Bantu among others.
Asia is divided into Asia East, which includes China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia and several other countries; Asia West, which includes the Middle East and the Caucasus; Asia Central, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and others; and Asia South, which includes the countries of the Indian subcontinent. There are also listings for Polynesia and Melanesia. The entire inhabited globe is covered. It should be noted that many countries in Europe and elsewhere are admixed, which means that natives of those countries usually have some DNA from other, typically neighboring, regions.
If you have ancestors who have been in America for many generations, it can be very hard to cross the ocean through record research to find out from where they came. Colonial and 19th-century record-keeping (or lack or destruction thereof) can make it difficult. DNA leaps across the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean as if it wasnt even there.Apart from Native (aboriginal) American DNA, America hasnt been settled long enough to have its own DNA, so unless you are Native American, your DNA will take you across the ocean.
If you have a researched tree and have had your DNA tested and have them both on-line at a site such as Ancestry.com, the DNA can also:
1. Help to confirm your research. If you have DNA links showing that you match a number of people who descend from a certain ancestor, it indicates that your research is most probably correct and that you actually do descend from him. If he is a fairly recent ancestor and you dont have any matches who descend from him, you may need to re-check your research.
2. Help you find some unknown ancestors. If you dont know a particular female ancestors maiden name, for example; but you find a number of DNA cousins whose research shows that they descend from one man, say John Franklin, and he lived in the area where you suspect your female ancestor lived and is the right age to have been her father, you may have just found her father. You can then do research to confirm or disprove this hypothesis by checking a name you would never have thought to check before. Not only may you have found her father, but your DNA cousin may have traced the line several generations further back. If so, some websites, such as Ancestry.com, let you see this and let you contact your DNA cousin through his screen name. DNA is still relatively new, and genealogy websites are still adding helpful new ways to search it for connections.
What can DNA testing not do? It cannot tell you the actual names of ancestors or when they came to America. To find the actual names of ancestors you have to do genealogical research.
We dont get DNA from all of our ancestors. We have DNA from our parents, grandparents, and a few generations further back. Beyond that we each get DNA from some of our ancestors, but not from all of them. Each generation receives only half of its parents DNA. The other half is dropped. Genealogists distinguish between a genealogical family tree that is basically a list of all known ancestors and a genetic family tree that is basically only the ancestors from whom a person has DNA. Even if you are descended from, say, Charlemagne, after so many generations you probably dont actually have any of his DNA. Only a very small percentage of his descendants do.
You should not have a DNA test done unless you are sure you want to know and can accept whatever it tells you. If you or one of your ancestors were adopted and dont know it, your test may make you realize it when you find you arent related to the people you thought you were. It may have been a matter of adoption (formal or informal) or a wife having a child from a prior marriage that you didnt know about, or a matter of marital infidelity in some prior generation.
Genealogists even have a term for this, Non Parental Event (NPE). You may also find that you have a small percentage of DNA from a race or ethnicity that you didnt expect. Some people have concerns about confidentiality. Most sites have rules posted on their websites about confidentiality.
How is DNA tested? The person who wants to be tested orders a test kit. The kit has a cotton swab, a test tube, a package to mail it back in, and simple instructions. The person follows the instructions, swabs the inside of his cheek with the cotton swab, puts the cotton swab into the test tube, seals the tube, puts it into the pre-addressed package and mails it to the company. In a month or so, the person gets his results. The cost is usually about $100, although the tests sometimes go on sale.
DNA testing does NOT by any means take the place of a researched family tree, just as having a researched family tree does NOT take the place of DNA testing. The two complement each other, providing a much more complete picture of your ancestry. Paired with a carefully researched family tree, DNA testing can be a powerful tool for the genealogist.
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Augusta Genealogical Society: DNA can unlock family connections - The Augusta Chronicle
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5 Ways to Know Whether You Have the DNA of an Entrepreneur – Entrepreneur
Posted: at 3:58 pm
It seems thatin todays society, being an entrepreneurmakes you some sort of rockstar. The title itself has an appeal that makes anyone and everyone with an idea suddenly want to call themselves an entrepreneur.
But being a true entrepreneur is not an easy road. Most entrepreneurs have made money --and lost money. It's normal to have had struggles and successes. The question is whether you have the DNA tosee it through, or if you feel compelled to stick with asecure office job as soon as your first venture idea fails. And honestly, theres nothing wrong with that -- entrepreneurship isn't for everyone.
Here are five indicators that will help you determine whetherthe tough road of entrepreneurship is right for you.
A very common theme I have found among my entrepreneurial network is that the vast majority of entrepreneurs learn by doing. This is why you hear about successful entrepreneurs failing out of school. Not because they wanted to prove a point, but because the school environment did not serve them. They werent learning anything fromsomeone else talking at them.
The need to get your hands dirty is a crucial trait of an entrepreneur.
Kids with entrepreneurial spirits often get labeledas being impatient. They cant sit still. They have low attention spans. But as these kids get older, they developwhat is better described as the ability to be patiently impatient. They dont want to slow down -- and they shouldnt. But they also are very good at waiting for the right time to pull the trigger on decisions.
If you can be both at the same time -- patiently impatient -- then you are right where you need to be.
There is a difference between being obnoxiously persistent and humbly persistent. The people who get told no and refuse to acknowledge helpful feedbackare grandiose dreamers, not grounded in reality. But the people who get told no and then take the time to listen, learn, adjustand keep moving forwardpossess a true gift for persistence.
One of the big reasons that people with entrepreneurial spiritsstruggle in corporate environments is because they feel as though they dont own their work. Its a combination of either not being given enough creative freedom, or having so many checks and balances in place that nothing actually gets done effectively.
Being an entrepreneur is tough, but the ability to take charge ofyour work is the real reward.
Your intention sets your path. You have to know what your motivations and goals are, otherwise youll chase the wrong things and end up somewhere you arent thrilled about.
True entrepreneurs seek freedom -- and the definition of freedomis subjective. Its more about a lifestyle than a benefits package or an end-of-the-year bonus.
Chase the lifestyle, not the paycheck.
Brian D. Evans is the founder of BDE Ventures and Influencive. He is an award-winning serial entrepreneur, online marketer, mobile app advisor and accomplished writer. Evans has been building and advising startups for over a decade.
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UK grants 1st license to make babies using DNA from 3 people … – WDEF News 12
Posted: at 3:58 pm
LONDON (AP) Britains Newcastle University says its scientists have received a license to create babies using DNA from three people to prevent women from passing on potentially fatal genetic diseases to their children the first time such approval has been granted.
The license was granted Thursday by the countrys fertility regulator, according to the university.
In December, British officials approved the cautious use of the techniques, which aim to fix problems linked to mitochondria, the energy-producing structures outside a cells nucleus. Faulty mitochondria can result in conditions including muscular dystrophy and major organ failure.
Mitochondria diseases can be devastating for families affected and this is a momentous day for patients, said Doug Turnbull, director of the research at Newcastle University. The university has said it is aiming to treat up to 25 patients a year.
To help women with mitochondria problems from passing them on to their children, scientists remove the nucleus DNA from the egg of a prospective mother and insert it into a donor egg from which the donor DNA has been removed. This can happen before or after fertilization. The resulting embryo ends up with nucleus DNA from its parents but mitochondrial DNA from a donor. The DNA from the donor amounts to less than 1 percent of the resulting embryos genes.
The license granted to Newcastle University relates only to the clinics capacity to perform the techniques, Britains fertility regulator said. The clinic must apply for each individual patient to be treated and no patient application has yet been approved.
Last year, U.S.-based doctors announced they had created the worlds first baby using such techniques, after traveling to Mexico to perform the procedure, which has not been approved in the United States.
Critics have raised concerns about the treatment, saying it will put people at unnecessary risk of an untested procedure. Some say women with faulty mitochondria should choose simply to use egg donors and that using the new techniques will open the door to genetically modified designer babies.
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