Daily Archives: March 4, 2017

Bank of Canada channels Al Gore – Toronto Sun

Posted: March 4, 2017 at 1:12 am


Toronto Sun
Bank of Canada channels Al Gore
Toronto Sun
Lane did acknowledge that, adapting to a lower-carbon economy will likely mean more profound structural changes for Canada than for many other countries because of our resource-based economy and that it will be costly for households and businesses ...

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Mandryk: Next Saskatchewan boom needs to be from our heritage fund – Regina Leader-Post

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A heritage fund would help to wean Saskatchewan off its dependence on boom-or-bust resources like oil and gas. Don Healy / Regina Leader-Post

All governing politicians avoid talking about a boom.

After all, it implies they are merely the recipients of good luck rather than brilliant managers.

But if they were truly good managers, they would acknowledge that booms and busts occur in a resource-based economy like Saskatchewans and tuckaway a few dollars for a rainy day.

Interestingly, governing politicians whocant ever quite utter the word boom do eagerly subscribe to if not the word itself at least the notion of the word bust.

Consider how much youve heard from Finance Minister Kevin Doherty of late onthedeclining naturalresource commodity prices as the source of the $1.2-billion deficit in the 2016-17 budget.

Itssomewhat true. But its even truer that Dohertys Saskatchewan Party government overspent in the booms and is now paying the price in the bust. This is all too common and something governments hate talking about even more than the reality of booms and busts.

Frankly, the only really shocking thing about what just happened is that we were all somehow mesmerized by Premier Brad Walls insistence that unprecedentedresource prices were forever the new reality. (Remember Wall insisting five years ago when oil was $90-100 U.S. a barrel that it would never fall through a floor of $50 or $60 U.S. a barrel?)

But because politicians wont, the rest of us need to take stock of what weve learned from the latest cycle in Saskatchewans long history of boom and bus cycles:

First, booms cant be all about who races to the trough first in good times.

Todays need for austerity to deal with the $1.2-billion deficit is at least partly an admission of excessive past spending. We are now paying dearly for everything from that $1.9-billion Regina Bypass to the cost of the new Mosaic Stadium, to the decreases you may have received on your property taxes to the 36-plus-per-cent increase to registered nurses to the decision to not pay down more debt that is now again on the rise.

This takes us to the next reality weve learned from the current boom-bust cycle:

Second, busts are a bad time to fix government spending problems because we dont have the money sitting around to fix the problem.

If you live in Saskatchewan today, you cant help but notice how Wall, Doherty, et al. have thrown everything against the wall to see what sticks.

Weve seen enough trial balloons to block the winters sun eliminating all or most of the school boards, privatizing government cleaning services, freezing or rolling back all public sector wages, implementing Wallidays in which public sector employees would be forced to take unpaid days off once a month, cutting into teachers preparation time to reduce education costs and offering voluntary severances for health region CEOs and VPs as we move to a single health district.

What the Saskatchewan Party government is failing to tell you is each and every one of those trial balloons is weighed down with an anchor the costs of breaking contracts or paying severance in contracts that government wont be breaking.

The sum of all this adds up to the impossibility of eliminating a $1.2-billion dollar deficit in single year without massive carnage that would have toinclude big-time tax increases.

So what we need is a return to the basics setting aside the next boom money in a heritage fund that we havent much talked about since former University of Saskatchewan president Peter MacKinnon presented his A Futures Fund for Saskatchewan report in 2013.

In a recent opinion piece, Todd MacKay, Prairie director of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation,broached the problem of Saskatchewan continuing to ride the commodity price roller coaster and the need for a heritage fund to smoothout the bumps.

Were unprepared for the bust because were unprepared for the boom, MacKay said, advocating a heritage fund.

It makes sense. It begins with recognizing that booms and busts will remain a Saskatchewan reality.

Murray Mandryk in the political columnist for the Regina Leader-Post.

mmandryk@postmedia.com

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Firm canvasses technology strategy – The Nation Newspaper

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A marketing and communications company, Verdant Zeal, has reiterated the importance of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as key players in not only Nigerias economic growth, but Africas.

The firm said governments and other development partners needed to harness the power of technology to make a quantum leap in order to have a fair chance of development on continental scale. The company said it was casting a long range vision for the future by focusing on growing technology among African youths.

Its Group Director, Synergy, Mr. Dipo Adesida, while briefing reporters in Lagos earlier in the week, disclosed that his firm planned to train youths on how e-commerce and mobile money would help grow the economy as part of the innovation series the firm was promoting.

Adesida said the initiative was part of the desire to give back to the society as the company celebrates its 10thAnniversary. We, as Verdant Zeal, will not only galvanise the youth and inspire them to think differently, but will ensure a robust engagement so that some of them would have opportunities to live out their dreams, he assured.

As part of the innovation series instituted to examine the question of Africas development and hone opportunities for growth, he stated that the firm would also leverage on inherent strengths.

To achieve this, a lecture/symposium is being organised by the firm, with the Managing Director of Guaranty Trust Bank, Mr. Segun Agbaje and Etisalats Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mr. Matthew Willsher as discussants to encourage the youths.

He said: Africa is gradually moving from a resource based economy to knowledge-based, innovation-driven economy. This has helped in impacting our youths as more youths now are exposed to the internet and get to share ideas with both local and foreign friends.

The Group Director Marketing & Business Development and Chairperson, 10th Anniversary Planning Committee, Nkiruka Oguadinma, said there would be an art exhibition showcasing their operations in Africa. She said the exhibition would cover artefacts from nine African countries.

On their expansion drive in Africa, Oguadinma said they were studying the business bend in other African countries.

According to her, any income from the exhibition will be donated to the Society for the Blind and Sickle Cell society.

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Stocks to Buy in Home Automation — The Motley Fool – Motley Fool

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Home automation is a growing trend with its roots in decades old wired technology. It is quickly becoming a child of the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution. While many of its components still host wired connections like their ancestors, much of the recent innovation is linked viaAI-based virtual assistants. Here's a look at some of the ways you can invest in this nascent technology.

Investors looking for a pure-play in the growing trend of home automation need look no further than Control4 Corporation (NASDAQ:CTRL), the industry-leading provider of automation and control solutions for the connected home or business. This is an extremely small company, with a market capitalization of about $365 million, so investors should expect some share price volatility that is often associated with small market cap companies. Its professional systems are installed during the initial homebuilding or can be part of a retrofit. It provides homeowners with a growing number of options for automation including communication, entertainment, security, lighting, and temperature control. Products can be connected via a central network and the system can integrate over 10,000 third-party product choices.

The home automation segment is forecast to grow. Image source: Getty Images.

Control4 has been exhibiting massive growth. In its most recent quarter the company produced revenue of $57.4 million, up 34% over the prior year quarter, and earnings of $0.16 per share compared to a loss of ($0.03) year over year. The company has been increasing its sales and marketing efforts, which appears to be paying off. Control4 continues to expand its base of dealers in both its domestic and international markets. Early last year, it acquired Pakedge Networking and is continuing to roll this product out among its dealer base. The inclusion of an organic networking solution will drive revenue and increase customer satisfaction, by more quickly identifying issues in customer networks. The company is also expanding its addressable market by providing lower priced options for middle income homeowners.

Investors looking for a more diversified offering have numerous options. Comcast Corporation (NASDAQ:CMCSA) is a top choice in the managed services segment of the market. While nested in the company's security service, it also provides lighting and environment controls. Investors will no doubt be familiar with Comcast's cable and broadband services, which provides the company with the advantage of controlling the network. Comcast has grown both revenue and earnings consistently over the last five years, and the stock has increased 156% to the S&P's 75% over the same time.

The home automation Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Market offers a multitude of options. The list of products in the segment is extensive and range from lighting, thermostats, cleaning products, and many more. Some of the biggest names in technology provide artificial intelligence-based virtual assistants that can act as the controller for your DIY system and a gateway investment in the category. Amazon's (NASDAQ:AMZN) Alexa, Alphabet'sGoogle Assistant and Apple's Siri virtual assistants will integrate with a plethora of devices.

The development of the smart-speaker system controlled by these virtual assistants will likely prove to be the tipping point in the DIY segment. Amazon's Echo, powered by Alexa, currently boasts more 7,000 third party skills. While not all these skills are related to home automation, it does provide an indication of just how much of a lead Amazon possesses in the area. Google Assistant, which is integrated into most Google hardware, is the smarts behind its Home smart speaker.

These companies are major players in big tech, with any income from home automation barely making a dent in their overall revenue. Each is making a play for the control of your in-home ecosystem. By becoming a one-stop shop, and having an assistant become a virtual presence in your home, each company hopes that this will lead to a greater share of your consumer dollars.

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Each of these companies represents a solid way to invest in the home automation segment, offering pure play, or diversified options. This is an emerging technology that bears watching, as investments will evolve over time. Now how can I automate making my bed?

Suzanne Frey, an executive at Alphabet, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Danny Vena owns shares of Alphabet (A shares), Amazon, and Apple. Danny Vena has the following options: long January 2018 $85 calls on Apple, short January 2018 $90 calls on Apple, long January 2018 $640 calls on Alphabet (C shares), and short January 2018 $650 calls on Alphabet (C shares). The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Alphabet (A shares), Alphabet (C shares), Amazon, and Apple. The Motley Fool has the following options: long January 2018 $90 calls on Apple and short January 2018 $95 calls on Apple. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

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35 percent of UK jobs may be at risk from automation – Phys.org – Phys.Org

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March 3, 2017 Credit: Shutterstock

Fear of losing our jobs to those who can perform tasks faster, cheaper and perhaps with more creativity, has been longstanding. Equally, the introduction of a new leisure class with more free-time to spend once liberated from mundane, repetitive and boring tasks has also long been promised. With some forecasts indicating that within 20 years, 35 % of UK jobs are at risk from automation, it might be time to sort the job terminators out from the tumble dryers.

When Caf X opened a few weeks ago in San Francisco selling coffee made by a resident robot, baristas were highlighted in a list of jobs which were under increasing threat from automation. Research published last year by Oxford University and the business advisor Deloitte, indicated that in the UK there is a 77 % probability of 1.3 million 'repetitive and predictable' administrative and operative roles being automated.

What seemed to be unexpected was the range of jobs at risk from our cybernetic cousins. While factory workers have been familiar with automation taking over repetitive, precise and physically arduous tasks for decades, the list also cited work performed by the police, teachers and even senior executives as amenable to computerisation. Similar research in the US by the consultancy firm, McKinsey also backs up these findings.

Perhaps to buck what might be seen as a passive approach and given that insurance writers topped the 'at risk list', it was recently reported that the insurance company Aviva apparently recently wrote to all of its 16 000 UK workers asking them if they consider that their job could be automated. In a twist, and firmly putting the ghost back in the machine, the carrot for full disclosure was that the self-selecting staff would be retrained.

Conceivably the current debate is prompted by the seemingly daily inundation of autonomous device innovations, exemplified by driverless cars as under development by Google and others, leading the way. Alongside, this is the deliberately imperceptible and ubiquitous nature of the technology dubbed the 'internet of things'.

So how worried should we be? Anyone familiar with the term Luddite could be forgiven for responding by asking, 'wasn't it ever thus?' The more optimistic forecasters point out that while innovation drives change - resulting in social adjustments - the reality is rarely exclusively negative, straight-forward or even predictable.

McKinsey research points out that the discussion is misleading if by 'job' we mean 'occupation', going on to say that only some functional activities will be automated, leading to a redefinition of occupations in the same way that automatic cash machines changed that of the bank clerk. The researchers found that less than 5 % of US occupations could currently be completely automated. They did however also find that 60 % of occupations could have around a third of their activities automated.

Additionally, the more sanguine remind us that after two centuries of automation the net sum is not less jobs, but more. Another Deloitte study found that while automation had reduced agriculture and manufacturing employment in the UK over the preceding 150 years, the growth in business and technology services, along with the caring and creative professions had more than offset this downward trend.

Rather than either a dystopian or utopian future, the reality is likely to be more mundane as policy and law makers get to work tackling issues such as culpability in the instance of driverless car accidents. Just a few days ago, Bill Gates even suggested that there should be a tax applied to robots that replaced human workers. Currently, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are asking the European Commission to establish a legal 'status' for robots to exploit their economic potential, while guaranteeing citizen safety and security, including job security.

And will discussions about responsibilities also bring us to those of 'robotic rights?' Well that raises the prospect of Artificial Intelligence (AI), beyond the scope of this articleunless my computer disagrees?"

Explore further: Automated cafe sets up shop in tech-crazy, fancy coffee-loving San Francisco

As Katy Franco waited for her morning coffee, passersby pulled out their phones and snapped photos and video of her barista.

"Make an appointment for 4pm today with Gary," I say to my assistant as I hang up from a promising phone call with a potential client. There was a time when you had to be high up in an organisation to have an assistant.

If your job involves inputting reams of data for a company, you might want to think about retraining in a more specialised field. Or as a plumber.

Ronald De Feo has watched robots take factory jobs for years. Now he sees them threatening a new class of worker: People who drive for a living.

Computers have been an important part of many industries for decades already and have replaced humans in many jobs. But a new wave of technological development means that even positions that we once saw as immune to computerisation ...

Jobs, or more accurately, not having a job, has been in the news this week.

A team from the University of Leicester's Department of Engineering has, for the first time ever, vibration-mapped the famous London bell Big Ben in order to reveal why it produces its distinct harmonious tone.

Despite advancements in fuel-saving technologies over the last 25 years, on-road fuel economy for all vehicles is up only one mile per gallon during that time.

Amazon says an incorrectly typed command during a routine debugging of its billing system caused the five-hour outage of some Amazon Web Services servers on Tuesday.

The car of the future will let you pay for petrol or parking directly from your vehicle and receive traffic alerts and restaurant recommendations from your onboard digital assistant.

For 2017, Toyota has added its most fuel-efficient Prius ever: a plug-in gasoline-electric hybrid called Prius Prime that can travel up to 640 miles on a full electric charge and a single tank of fuel.

Usually people don't notice the "cloud"unless, that is, it turns into a massive storm. Which was the case Tuesday when Amazon's huge cloud-computing service suffered a major outage.

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I would really be surprised if in 20 years more than 1% of jobs(work) are performed by humans. 🙂 The only thing holding it back now is battery technology and that is being well researched.

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News 12 Upgrades Newsroom Automation With Grass Valley Ignite – Sports Video Group

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Providing 24-hour news coverage to cable viewers in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, News 12 operates seven distinct local channels as well as an interactive network of websites and mobile applications. The demands for productivity in a 24-hour news environment are intense, so the group leverages automation solutions to maximize its operation and improve efficiency. Launched more than 30 years ago, News 12 has been using automation solutions fromGrass Valley, a Belden Brand, from the beginning. As the News 12 team looked to upgrade the studio automation system, they carefully evaluated all the options on the market and determined that the latest Grass ValleyIgnite Automated Production Systemwith theKayenne K-Frame Video Production Centerswitcher addressed more of their requirements for workflow, hands-on operation and on-air effects/transitions.

We were the first station in the country to use the automation system that preceded Ignite, so Grass Valley has been an important part of our success over the years, saysMilan Krainchich, VP of operations, News 12 Networks. The Ignite system is capable of cutting live news as well as freeform breaking news for an extended period of time, which is extremely important to us. Our operators value that they can tailor the workflow in a way that works best for them.

Ignite is designed as the industrys first and most complete link between the control room and the newsroom, providing an unmatched return on investment with single-operator capabilities. It allows a single operator to manage control room devices used to produce live newscasts and event programming, making it possible to control on-air timing, accommodate last-minute show changes and direct any type of production on the fly. It also makes it easier to repurpose content for digital multicasting and webcasts, increasing overall production value.

News 12 uses Ignite to control six cameras in its studio connected through a Kayenne K-Frame switcher. The integrated approach was an important consideration in the upgrade, and theIgnite Katalyst control panelis a critical and unique component of the workflow. An essential component for unscripted and breaking news productions, the purpose-built tactile surface of the Katalyst panel enables directors to produce compelling live productions with Ignite. Another important new component is the Media Object Portal (MOP) Gatewayone of the most advanced newsroom control system portals ever developed. The MOP Gateway provides visibility from Ignite into the control system that details what has changed and where that change is in the rundown and alerts the director if there are conflicts that require attention.

The way the whole system comes together, including integration with ENPS and other devices, is one of the biggest benefits for us, says Krainchich.Also, we appreciate having choices over control surfaces while being able to operate the system on air with a standard keyboard or with the Katalyst dedicated control panel, but not requiring a full switcher control panel and audio mixing console. Its the right solution for us.

News delivery has changed a lot over the years, but the value of automation has remained consistent. Ignite has been delivering that value to users around the world for years. News 12 is a perfect example of an operation that embraces technology to strengthen its own business while providing an outstanding experience for its viewers. The latest upgrade positions News 12 to continue its success for years to come, says Kyle Luther, vice president of sales for North America, Grass Valley.

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Voices The ROI of revenue automation in a post-ASC 606 world – Accounting Today

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The new revenue recognition standards issued jointly by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board have been a long time in the making, and merging U.S. and international standards into a consolidated, principles-based rule has required a collaborative effort. With such a long and slow ratification process, its surprising to learn most companies are still assessing the impact, according to the results made available from this expansive survey by PwC and the Financial Executives Research Foundation late last year.

Companies are generally struggling to implement the necessary major changes and establish individual policies which accurately account for revenue and produce detailed documentation and analysis to validate the reported numbers.

Many companies are still attempting to manage the process using spreadsheets. In addition to being manual, slow and fraught with errors, spreadsheets do not allow for version controls, security or operational controls, audit functionality or automation. Most notably, they are not scalable to meet large company enterprise-level revenue recognition automation and reporting needs. With ASC 606 and IFRS 15, its time to ditch the spreadsheets altogether and move to automation.

Not only does automating revenue recognition free accounting organizations from the tedium and challenges of manual spreadsheets, but it offers companies significant ROI across a number of important vectors.

Cost savings While some financial leaders may view automation technology as added effort and expense, in reality an automation solution reduces staffing hours and expenditures. Cost savings are realized through reduced staffing hours, infrastructure and auditing fees as well as more indirect means such improved performance through consistent data and rule-making efficiency. A recent report by Gartner Inc. indicated tools that help coordinate financial statement preparation, regulatory reporting and investor report production reduce process costs by up to 30 percent.

Accelerated closing During the frenetic, deadline-driven quarter close, often called the last mile, accounting and finance teams must close books quickly by consolidating data from a multitude of systems and ledgers, reconciling high-risk accounts, recording adjustments and creating financial statements. More leading companies today are implementing financial close software that automates the many last mile activities to reduce errors and improve process efficiency, according to Deloitte & Touche.

An evolving financial automation process built around a consistent and transparent revenue automation engine improves accountability and control while reducing bottlenecks and duplication of effort. The right automation engine allows a company to re-create and improve upon the often mundane but important last mile tasks, freeing up staff to focus on analysis and decision-making. The incoming guidance, ASC 606, comes with many subjective requirements depending on how it is interpreted by each company. Replacing inefficient manual data entry with automated data validation and collection takes advantage of modern analytic capabilities previously unavailable. Essentially, the more data available, the better the opportunity to build a companys efficiency and reduce the last mile time to close.

Improved accuracy According to Bloomberg BNA, human blunders were behind most tax and accounting mistakes leading to the nearly $7 billion U.S. businesses accumulated in IRS civil penalties in 2013 alone.

The new accounting standards have proven to be one of the key drivers for increased CFO technology adoption.

The threat of restatements keeps every CFO up at night yet manual data entry into spreadsheets is a significant source of errors. With automation, business processes and controls are repeatable and auditable which, in turn, leads to a smoother, faster, less costly and more accurate audit preparation process and transaction trail.

A recent Accenture study touted todays CFO as a technology evangelist who understands even the so-called soft benefits of evolving technology. For revenue automation, that includes quick and clear visibility to detailed revenue data, availability to management reporting and financial forecasting systems at a granular level.

Revenue is a companys most critical piece of the quote-to-cash cycle. Automation technology makes it possible to streamline this critical function and be confident that, in the face of changing standards, a companys reporting is streamlined, accurate, on time and cost effective.

Theres never been a more opportune time to move beyond traditional methods of revenue management to an automated revenue recognition solution in order to streamline required processes for ASC 606.

Reddy co-founded Leeyo Software, which makes makes revenue recognition automation software, in 2009. He has served as President and CEO since inception.

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Ontario greenhouses move toward automation – The Packer

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KINGSVILLE, Ontario Theres no sign of a track on the polished concrete floor, yet the driverless engine goes straight to the packing room load of yellow plastic crates filled with freshly harvested mini cucumbers.

The little train makes its way out the door of Mucci Farms new lit greenhouse and down the long hall before making a wide U-turn into the station.

Once its load is weighed and the output of every harvester is noted automatically (the best will get a bonus), a robotic arm sweeps the yellow RPCs and their contents into the adjacent room for packing. New crates appear, sterilized and dried, and are automatically loaded onto the now-empty carts.

Guided by the invisible 24-volt conduction wire embedded in the floor, the little train quietly returns to the greenhouse and stops in the zone there are four where the empty crates are needed.

In the packing room next door, workers in white lab coats and gloves pack preportioned mini cukes into Eat Brighter!-branded bags. Beside them, a machine stands ready to automatically fill black Styrofoam trays of mini cucumbers.

Grower Gaetan Totaro said the workers now packing cukes by hand wont lose their jobs when their line is automated one day. The company is expanding so rapidly and labor is so hard to find there will be plenty of other jobs available.

Though Mucci imported its automated equipment from the Netherlands, they might just take a drive down the highway next time to see what manager Darren Ward and his commercialization team are up to at the eight-month-old Collaborative Research Technology Centre at the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre in Vineland, Ontario.

The centers robotics and automation program was created to design automation technology for the greenhouse sector. They already have potential buyers for their first invention, a Canadian-made robotic arm that places graded mini cucumbers on trays, each machine capable of filling 240 trays an hour.

Its elegant as opposed to complex, Ward says, a nice example of simple automation.

The center is also working on a robot to harvest mushrooms, as well as an irrigation system designed to mimic a growers decisions. Its for use in non-hydroponic greenhouses such as the floral industry that pot their plants in soil or a substrate.

The industry has saved a lot of labor in post-harvest handling, notes Glen Snoek, marketing and economic policy analyst for Leamingtons Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers.but harvesting remains people intensive because humans are still able to harvest vegetables faster and smarter than robots.

With the speed of automation, my intuition is it will change sooner rather than later, said Snoek.

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H&R Block Shows How Automation Could Change Legal Profession – Bloomberg Big Law Business

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Erica Armstrong Dunbar Talks Never Caught, the True Story of George Washington’s Runaway Slave – Paste Magazine

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On May 21, 1796, an enslaved 22-year-old woman named Ona Judge slipped out of her masters home in Philadelphia and into an illicit freedom. Runaways had become so common for Americas slave-owning gentry that three years before Judges escape, they pressured one of their ownthe nations first presidentinto signing the Fugitive Slave Act. The law established guidelines by which slave owners could pursue their slaves into northern states that were moving away from slavery and into a wage labor system. Whether or not she knew the laws specifics, Judge understood the manifold challenges she was facing by leaving Philadelphia behind. After all, the couple who claimed her as their property was the most powerful duo in the young nation. Their names were George and Martha Washington.

Historian Erica Armstrong Dunbar has written a book that, in detailing Ona Judges extraordinary life, illuminates how George Washington* remained committed to the institution of slaveryso much so that he spent years trying to capture Judge and return her to Mount Vernon, where she had been born and raised. Judge was Martha Washingtons* legal property, and Marthas wealthheavily concentrated in the humans she claimedfar exceeded her husbands.

Dunbar first came across Judges name while conducting archival research for her debut book, A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City, an academic study of free black women in the 19th century. While scanning the pages of a Philadelphia periodical, Dunbar discovered an advertisement announcing that a light Mulatto girl, much freckled, with very black eyes, and bushy black hair had run away from the presidents home.

Her name and the situation behind the advertisement were more than intriguing. It seemed a little odd to me, Dunbar said in a telephone interview with Paste. Who is this person and what happened to themand why dont I know this?

Dunbar considered including Judges story in A Fragile Freedom, but she decided against it in favor of later creating a project devoted to Judges life. That project became Never Caught: The Washingtons Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Dunbars sophomore book released in February.

Ona Maria Judge was born in 1773 to Betty, one of Marthas most trusted slaves, and Andrew Judge, an English-born white man who had served the Washingtons as an indentured servant. In 1789, when George was unanimously chosen by the U.S. Senate to become President of the United States, Judge was among a small group of slaves who accompanied the first family to New York, the nations capital at the time. But it was when the capital and the president were relocated to Philadelphia that Judge grew aware of the differences in the publics acceptance of slavery between Northern and Southern states. Pennsylvania law, Dunbar writes in Never Caught, required the emancipation of all adult slaves who were brought into the commonwealth for more than a period of six months.

I dont want us to paint the image of the benevolent North who were against slavery because they understood the moral bankruptcy behind it, Dunbar said. There were of course people who did feel that way, but I would also argue it was the economy. A wage labor system that does not work with a system of slavery alongside it would perhaps force some to be against the institution of slavery.

Whatever the Pennsylvania laws roots, it provided the Washingtons with a distinct problem. Their wealth as landed gentry was directly tied to the people they claimed as slaves, and emancipation would cause them financial ruin. After consulting with the nations first Attorney Generalhimself a slave owner who had lost slaves to the Pennsylvania lawthe Washingtons turned their legal problem into a logistical one, devising a system to cycle their slaves back and forth to Mount Vernon before their six months were up. Dunbar highlights Georges correspondence with his secretary to show how anxious the president was to preserve hisand his wifeswealth as Virginian farmers.

I am not a [George] Washington biographer, Dunbar said. But he happens to intersect with this woman Ive chosen to focus on, and I think its great. It shows us just how complicated slavery was not just for regular folks, for enslaved people themselves and for fugitives and free blacks, but also for slave owners, who for various reasons by the 1790s were thinking differently about slave ownership.

While George may have held misgivings about slaveryculminating in his decision to emancipate his slaves after his deathJudges escape after five years spent cycling between Mount Vernon and Philadelphia presented him with a problem requiring a discreet solution. At the time, he was distracted by the 1796 election and the coming succession of John Adams to the presidency.

The last thing that [George] Washington wanted to do was have much attention paid to him running after an enslaved young woman, Dunbar said.

Judge had fled Philadelphia by sea and settled in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where she passed as a free woman. Dunbar found evidence that Judge married a black sailor named Jack Staines, and their marriage announcement was printed just inches away from a newspaper column about Georges farewell address to the nation.

Its [already] amazing that she resisted him and got married, but then shes kind of contesting him in print, Dunbar said.

Yet marriage didnt bring Judge respite from her life as a fugitive. Shortly after her arrival in Portsmouth, Judge was spotted on the streets by Elizabeth Langdon, the daughter of Georges associate Senator John Langdon. This catalyzed Georges first attempt to recover Judge, in which he deputized a local customs official to approach her and argue that her life on Mount Vernon would be far better than life as a free woman. (Ironically, this circumvented the Fugitive Slave Act, which called for a judge to sign off on the recovery of a runaway slave.) Judge told the customs official that she would meet himand the ship that would return her to Virginiaat the docks, but she never showed. In his letter to the president admitting to his failure, the customs official sympathized with Judge, even proposing that George consider gradually emancipating his slaves.

But George wasnt finished yet. He tried twice more to recover Judge, first with a similar plea to reason and then with chains. By Georges third attempt, Judge had fled Portsmouth for the small town of Greenland, eight miles outside of Portsmouth, where she would live out the remainder of her long life.

Of course we want a happy ending for compelling histories like Onas story, Dunbar said. Reality, however, held a different course for Judge, who experienced daily indignities as a domestic laborer and saw her husband and then her children die one by one.

In the book, I never use the word free or freedom, Dunbar said. Because Judge wasnt that. She lived as a fugitive for half a century. And what she experienced, this was what life was like for the majority of free black people at that time in America. And thats what I wanted people to understand. To, in some ways, challenge the myth of the North as the land of milk and honey and opportunity.

What Onas story tells us is not just the fragility of a fugitives life, but of all black peoples lives at that moment, Dunbar continued. Because you have to ask the question: How free is free if slavery exists right next door? What does your freedom mean if, at any moment, you can be captured against your will?

As for George, Dunbar thinks that his response to Judges escape goes against the theory that he eventually viewed slavery as evil. Its convenient to think that [he] knew slavery was wrong and therefore freed his slaves, but its clear that he was never at any moment willing to live without the comforts of slavery in his lifetime. He wanted to make sure that the comfort and luxury that came with human bondage were present for his wife.

George, Dunbar notes in her book, did not truly emancipate his slaves upon his death, but rather ordered that they be freed upon Marthas death. While Martha would emancipate Georges slaves before her death, she refused to do the same for her own slaves.

We know that [George] Washington had no direct heirs, Dunbar said, and I cant help but think that it would have been a much more difficult decision to emancipate all of his enslaved peoplea tremendous amount of wealthhad he had children of his own. Without children, he was able to do what maybe others had contemplated. And while thats worth mentioning, I dont necessarily believe that makes him the hero we all want to believe him to be.

Although Never Caught chronicles events that are centuries old, the book has garnered attention for its relevance to current American politics. I had absolutely no idea that this book would come out at a moment of such turbulencebut I really cant think of a better moment for a book to arrive where a 22-year old black woman resists the President of the United States. If that isnt a kind of poignant and important history lesson for all of us, I dont know what is.

If a woman of no meanswho is literally considered the property of Martha Washingtondstands up and resists, it makes you ask the question: If Ona Judge could do it, what are the rest of us doing? Dunbar added. We have to realize that to resist at moments that are the most dangerous and difficult puts almost more power into that action. Its one thing to resist when the stakes are relatively low. But when you resist and everything is riding on the linethat means something.

*For clarity, George Washington is referred to as George and Martha Washington as Martha in this article.

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Erica Armstrong Dunbar Talks Never Caught, the True Story of George Washington's Runaway Slave - Paste Magazine

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