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Monthly Archives: June 2016
Superintelligence Audiobook | Nick Bostrom | Audible.com
Posted: June 21, 2016 at 6:41 am
This book is more frightening than any book you'll ever read. The author makes a great case for what the future holds for us humans. I believe the concepts in "The Singularity is Near" by Ray Kurzweil are mostly spot on, but the one area Kurzweil dismisses prematurely is how the SI (superintelligent advanced artificial intelligence) entity will react to its circumstances.
The book doesn't really dwell much on how the SI will be created. The author mostly assumes a computer algorithm of some kind with perhaps human brain enhancements. If you reject such an SI entity prima facie this book is not for you, since the book mostly deals with assuming such a recursive self aware and self improving entity will be in humanities future.
The author makes some incredibly good points. He mostly hypothesizes that the SI entity will be a singleton and not allow others of its kind to be created independently and will happen on a much faster timeline after certain milestones are fulfilled.
The book points out how hard it is to put safeguards into a procedure to guard against unintended consequences. For example, making 'the greater good for the greatest many' the final goal can lead to unintended consequence such as allowing a Nazi ruled world (he doesn't give that example directly in the book, and I borrow it from Karl Popper who gave it as a refutation for John Stuart Mill's utilitarian philosophy). If the goal is to make us all smile, the SI entity might make brain probes that force us to smile. There is no easy end goal specifiable without unintended consequences.
This kind of thinking within the book is another reason I can recommend the book. As I was listening, I realized that all the ways we try to motivate or control an SI entity to be moral can also be applied to us humans in order to make us moral to. Morality is hard both for us humans and for future SI entities.
There's a movie from the early 70s called "Colossus: The Forbin Project", it really is a template for this book, and I would recommend watching the movie before reading this book.
I just recently listened to the book, "Our Final Invention" by James Barrat. That book covers the same material that is presented in this book. This book is much better even though they overlap very much. The reason why is this author, Nick Bostrom, is a philosopher and knows how to lay out his premises in such a way that the story he is telling is consistent, coherent, and gives a narrative to tie the pieces together (even if the narrative will scare the daylights out of the listener).
This author has really thought about the problems inherent in an SI entity, and this book will be a template for almost all future books on this subject.
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WW3 – More About Albert Pike and Three World Wars
Posted: at 6:40 am
Continued from Part 1.
Albert Pike received a vision, which he described in a letter that he wrote to Mazzini, dated August 15, 1871. This letter graphically outlined plans for three world wars that were seen as necessary to bring about the One World Order, and we can marvel at how accurately it has predicted events that have already taken place.
It is a commonly believed fallacy that for a short time, the Pike letter to Mazzini was on display in the British Museum Library in London, and it was copied by William Guy Carr, former Intelligence Officer in the Royal Canadian Navy. The British Library has confirmed in writing to me that such a document has never been in their possession. Furthermore, in Carr's book, Satan, Prince of this World, Carr includes the following footnote:
"The Keeper of Manuscripts recently informed the author that this letter is NOT catalogued in the British Museum Library. It seems strange that a man of Cardinal Rodriguez's knowledge should have said that it WAS in 1925".
It appears that Carr learned about this letter from Cardinal Caro y Rodriguez of Santiago, Chile, who wrote The Mystery of Freemasonry Unveiled.
To date, no conclusive proof exists to show that this letter was ever written. Nevertheless, the letter is widely quoted and the topic of much discussion.
Following are apparently extracts of the letter, showing how Three World Wars have been planned for many generations.
"The First World War must be brought about in order to permit the Illuminati to overthrow the power of the Czars in Russia and of making that country a fortress of atheistic Communism. The divergences caused by the "agentur" (agents) of the Illuminati between the British and Germanic Empires will be used to foment this war. At the end of the war, Communism will be built and used in order to destroy the other governments and in order to weaken the religions." 2
Students of history will recognize that the political alliances of England on one side and Germany on the other, forged between 1871 and 1898 by Otto von Bismarck, co-conspirator of Albert Pike, were instrumental in bringing about the First World War.
"The Second World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences between the Fascists and the political Zionists. This war must be brought about so that Nazism is destroyed and that the political Zionism be strong enough to institute a sovereign state of Israel in Palestine. During the Second World War, International Communism must become strong enough in order to balance Christendom, which would be then restrained and held in check until the time when we would need it for the final social cataclysm." 3
After this Second World War, Communism was made strong enough to begin taking over weaker governments. In 1945, at the Potsdam Conference between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin, a large portion of Europe was simply handed over to Russia, and on the other side of the world, the aftermath of the war with Japan helped to sweep the tide of Communism into China.
(Readers who argue that the terms Nazism and Zionism were not known in 1871 should remember that the Illuminati invented both these movements. In addition, Communism as an ideology, and as a coined phrase, originates in France during the Revolution. In 1785, Restif coined the phrase four years before revolution broke out. Restif and Babeuf, in turn, were influenced by Rousseau - as was the most famous conspirator of them all, Adam Weishaupt.)
"The Third World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences caused by the "agentur" of the "Illuminati" between the political Zionists and the leaders of Islamic World. The war must be conducted in such a way that Islam (the Moslem Arabic World) and political Zionism (the State of Israel) mutually destroy each other. Meanwhile the other nations, once more divided on this issue will be constrained to fight to the point of complete physical, moral, spiritual and economical exhaustionWe shall unleash the Nihilists and the atheists, and we shall provoke a formidable social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to the nations the effect of absolute atheism, origin of savagery and of the most bloody turmoil. Then everywhere, the citizens, obliged to defend themselves against the world minority of revolutionaries, will exterminate those destroyers of civilization, and the multitude, disillusioned with Christianity, whose deistic spirits will from that moment be without compass or direction, anxious for an ideal, but without knowing where to render its adoration, will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer, brought finally out in the public view. This manifestation will result from the general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered and exterminated at the same time." 4
Since the terrorist attacks of Sept 11, 2001, world events, and in particular in the Middle East, show a growing unrest and instability between Modern Zionism and the Arabic World. This is completely in line with the call for a Third World War to be fought between the two, and their allies on both sides. This Third World War is still to come, and recent events show us that it is not far off.
Next: The New World Order
Previous: Introduction to Conspiratorial History
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You might be interested in the following external links:
Albert Pike Defense: Defenses of certain Pike assertions taken from Walter Lee Brown, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville and his book "A Life of Albert Pike," published by the U. of Arkansas press, 1997.
Freemasonry Inside Out: This sensational new analysis of the Masonic brotherhood examines the basic question asked for almost 300 years by the general public and surprisingly by many masons themselves; If Freemasonry is simply a fraternal and charitable organisation, why is there an almost fanatical obsession with secrecy and mysterious rituals? E-book.
Proof that Freemasonry is lying about Albert Pike 33 and the Ku Klux Klan
Evidence that Albert Pike was Chief Judiciary Officer of the Ku Klux Klan
A Collection of places named after Albert Pike (Schools, streets, towns, counties, temples, windows, paintings, medals, bronzes, rocks and river pools)
Layout of Washington D.C. and discussion of how President Andrew Johnson considered himself to be the subordinate to Albert Pike, the leader of North American Freemasonry.
Speech by Presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche stating that World War III had already begun (October 25, 1992).
Looking for pictures of Albert Pike?
Footnotes
1. Lady Queensborough: Occult Theocracy, pp. 208-209.
2, 3, 4. Cmdr. William Guy Carr: Quoted in Satan: Prince of This World.
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WW3 : China uveils Stealth Fighter, Nuclear Subs, Russian …
Posted: at 6:40 am
News Articles:
China Stealth Fighter:
New pictures show second Chinese stealth fighter being test flown http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11...
Inside China: J-31 stealth jet takes to the skies http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2...
Second stealth jet J-31 puts China on path to top regional power: Expert http://articles.economictimes.indiati...
Russian Nuclear Subs off U.S. East Coast:
Navy detects Russian sub off U.S. East Coast http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11...
Russian Nuclear Submarines Are Trolling the East Coast http://www.vice.com/read/russian-nucl...
Russian attack sub discovered just 200 miles from US East Coast is given safe harbor during Hurricane Sandy http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/artic...
China Submarines with Ballistic Missiles
China submarines to soon carry nukes, draft U.S. report says http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/1...
China 'is two years from arming its submarines with nuclear weapons', says U.S. report http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/artic...
China Two Years Away From Deploying Nuclear Submarines: Report http://www.ibtimes.com/china-two-year...
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Psychedelics in problem-solving experiment – Wikipedia …
Posted: at 6:40 am
Psychedelic agents in creative problem-solving experiment was a study designed to evaluate whether the use of a psychedelic substance with supportive setting can lead to improvement of performance in solving professional problems. The altered performance was measured by subjective reports, questionnaires, the obtained solutions for the professional problems and psychometric data using the Purdue Creativity, the Miller Object Visualization, and the Witkins Embedded Figures tests.[1] This experiment was a pilot that was to be followed by control studies as part of exploratory studies on uses for psychedelic drugs, that were interrupted early in 1966 when the Food and Drug Administration declared a moratorium on research with human subjects, as a strategy in combating illicit use.[2]
Some weeks before the actual experiment, a preliminary experiment was conducted. It consisted of two sessions with four participants in each. The groups worked on two problems chosen by the research personnel. The first group consisted of four people with professional experience in electrical engineering, engineering design, engineering management and psychology. They were given 50 micrograms of LSD. The second group consisted of four research engineers, three with a background in electronics and one in mechanics. They were given 100 milligrams of mescaline. Both groups were productive in ideation but, according to Fadiman, the fact that the participants didn't have actual personal stake in the outcome of the session negatively affected the actualization of the ideas. This is why the actual study focused on personal professional problems that the participants were highly motivated to tackle.[3]
The experiment was carried out in 1966 in a facility of International Foundation for Advanced Study, Menlo Park, California, by a team including Willis Harman, Robert H. McKim, Robert E. Mogar, James Fadiman and Myron Stolaroff. The participants of the study consisted of 27 male subjects engaged in a variety of professions: sixteen engineers, one engineer-physicist, two mathematicians, two architects, one psychologist, one furniture designer, one commercial artist, one sales manager, and one personnel manager. Nineteen of the subjects had had no previous experience with psychedelics. Each participant was required to bring a professional problem they had been working on for at least 3 months, and to have a desire to solve it.
Commonly observed characteristics of the psychedelic experience seemed to operate both for and against the hypothesis that the drug session could be used for performance enhancement. The research was therefore planned so as to attempt to provide a setting that would maximize improved functioning, while minimizing effects that might hinder effective functioning.[4] Each group of four subjects met for an evening session several days before the experiment. They received instructions and introduced themselves and their unsolved problems to the group. Approximately one hour of pencil-and-paper tests were also administered. At the beginning of the day of the experiment session, subjects were given 200 milligrams of mescaline sulphate (a moderately light dose compared to the doses used in experiments to induce mystical experiences). After some hours of relaxation, subjects were given tests similar to the ones on the introduction day. After the tests, subjects had four hours to work on their chosen problems. After the working phase, the group would discuss their experiences and review the solutions they had come up with. After this, the participants were driven home. Within a week after the session, each participant wrote a subjective account of his experience. Six weeks further, subjects again filled in questionnaires, this time concentrating on the effects on post-session creative ability and the validity and reception of the solutions conceived during the session. This data was in addition to the psychometric data comparing results of the two testing periods.
Solutions obtained in the experiment include:[3][5][6]
The participants also reported following experiences of enhanced functioning: low inhibition and anxiety, capacity to restructure problem in larger context, enhanced fluency and flexibility of ideation, heightened capacity for visual imagery and fantasy, increased ability to concentrate, heightened empathy with external processes and objects, heightened empathy with people, subconscious data more accessible, association of dissimilar ideas, heightened motivation to obtain closure, visualizing the completed solution.
In the overview of the experiment, Harman and Fadiman mention that experiments on specific performance enhancement through directed use of psychedelics have gone on in various countries of the world, on both sides of the Iron Curtain.[7]
In the book LSD The Problem-Solving Psychedelic, Stafford and Golightly write about a man engaged in naval research, working with a team under his direction on the design of an anti-submarine detection device for over five years without success. He contacted a small research foundation studying the use of LSD. After a few sessions of learning to control the fluidity of the LSD state (how to stop it, how to start it, how to turn it around) he directed his attention to the design problem. Within ten minutes he had the solution he had been searching for. Since then, the device has been patented by the U.S., and Navy and Naval personnel working in this area have been trained in its use.[8]
In 1999 Jeremy Narby, an anthropologist specialized in amazonian shamanism, acted as a translator for three molecular biologists who travelled to the Peruvian Amazon to see whether they could obtain bio-molecular information in the visions they had in sessions orchestrated by an indigenous shaman. Narby recounts this preliminary experiment and the exchange of methods of gaining knowledge between the biologists and indigenous people in his article Shamans and scientists.[9]
In 1991, Denise Caruso, writing a computer column for The San Francisco Examiner went to SIGGRAPH, the largest gathering of computer graphic professionals in the world. She conducted a survey; by the time she got back to San Francisco, she had talked to 180 professionals in the computer graphic field who had admitted taking psychedelics, and that psychedelics are important to their work; according to mathematician Ralph Abraham.[10][11]
James Fadiman is currently conducting a study on micro-dosing for improving normal functioning.[12] Micro-dosing (or sub-perceptual dosing) means taking sub-threshold dose, which for LSD is 10-20 micrograms. The purpose of micro-dosing is not intoxication but enhancement of normal functionality (see nootropic). In this study the volunteers self-administer the drug approximately every third day. They then self-report perceived effects on their daily duties and relationships. Volunteers participating in the study include a wide variety of scientific and artistic professionals and students. So far the reports suggest that, in general, the subjects experience normal functioning but with increased focus, creativity and emotional clarity and slightly enhanced physical performance. Albert Hofmann was also aware of micro-dosing and has called it the most under-researched area of psychedelics.[13]
Since the 1930s, ibogaine was sold in France in 8mg tablets in the form of Lambarne, an extract of the Tabernanthe manii plant. 8mg of ibogaine could be considered a microdose since doses in ibogatherapy and -rituals vary in the range of 10mg/kg to 30mg/kg adding usually up to 1000mg.[14]Lambarne was advertised as a mental and physical stimulant and was "...indicated in cases of depression, asthenia, in convalescence, infectious disease, [and] greater than normal physical or mental efforts by healthy individuals". The drug enjoyed some popularity among post World War II athletes, but was eventually removed from the market, when the sale of ibogaine-containing products was prohibited in 1966.[15] In the end of 1960's The International Olympic Committee banned ibogaine as a potential doping agent.[16] Other psychedelics have also been reported to have been used in similar way as doping.[17]
In 1948, Swiss pharmacologist Peter N. Witt started his research on the effect of drugs on spiders. Witt tested spiders with a range of psychoactive drugs, including amphetamine, mescaline, strychnine, LSD, and caffeine. All the drugs tested reduced web regularity except for small doses (0.10.3g) of LSD, which increased web regularity.[18]
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Entheogens – The SpiritWiki
Posted: at 6:40 am
Alas! the forbidden fruits were eaten,
And thereby the warm life of reason congealed. A grain of wheat eclipsed the sun of Adam, Like as the Dragon's tail dulls the brightness of the moon Rumi
An entheogen is a psychoactive substance (or Crown Activator) used in a spiritual or shamanic context. The term was first coined by Ruck, Bigwood, Staples, Ott, and Wasson (1979) and literally means "becoming the god within" or becoming divine within (Ott, 1996). Entheogens either come directly from plant sources (e.g., Psilocybin) or are derived, as is the case with LSD, in the laboratory. Entheogens contain molecules closely related to endogenous neurochemicals and have been shown to directly provoke Mystical Experiences. Entheogens may be contrasted with Empathogens which primarily act on the Heart Chakra.
Entheogens have been used in spiritual rituals and as components of Shamanic practice for centuries (Furst, 1972, 1976; Harner, 1973; Stafford, 1992; Wasson, 1957, 1968). Following the synthesis of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) by Hofmann at Sandoz laboratories in 1943, and psilocybin (CY-39) in 1958 (also by Hoffman), entheogens became a topic of psychological and spiritual research in universities. This eventually led, mostly via the psychedelic evangelism of Timothy Leary (1988, 2001), to the mass availability of LSD and other entheogens and a continent-wide expansion of consciousness that penetrated rapidly into the arts and, by the late sixties, was threatening to topple many of the established institutions of The System. As a result of the revolutionary potential of entheogens, and only a few years after their popularization in America legislators, presumably reacting to the clear and unequivocal ability of entheogens to unlock and unblock the crown chakra (Grof, 1973) and free consciousness from the system imposed consciousness straightjacket (Sharp, 2004), prohibited sale and possession of all such substances. This despite the fact that, even then, there were few indications of any short or long term negative outcomes as a result of the ingestion of psychoactive substances (Strassman, 1984; Wells, 2007). Indeed, when compared against the [negative outcomes of alcohol use], and the clear and documented spiritual and psychological benefits of entheogens (see below), citing social pathology, addiction, or psychosis as the reason for anti-entheogen legislation is highly absurd.
Recent years have seen a repopularization of psychoactive substances. Wells (2007) reports growing legal recognition of the role of psychoactive substances in religious rituals in the U.S.A and elsewhere when used within the context of established religious institutions. Wells points to the Native American Church (NAC) in the U.S.A as a successful model for the integration of prescribed substances into religious ritual. Gains have been slow, however, and government resistance is still strong.
While much of the government responses to psychoactive substances can be considered formally repressive and an attempts to prevent the spiritual awakening and empowerment of individuals and society (Dobkin de Rios and Smith,1977), there is legitimate cause for concern. As Halpern (2004), Fisher (1963) and others point out, Set and Setting is a critical component and determines, to a large measure, the psychedelic/entheogenic experience. Unguided ingestion of powerful psychedelics without proper preparation can lead to Spiritual Psychopathology and either long term, low grade neurosis or acute psychotic breaks (Sharp, 2009). This is currently the professional reason cited for confining the experience to controlled religious and or institutional settings.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) : First synthesized by Hoffman in 1943, LSD is clearly the most powerful Crown Activator in existence. It is five thousand times more powerful than mescaline and can trigger profound activations in doses as small as 10 to 20 micrograms (1 microgram is equal to 1 millionth of a gram) (Grof, 1976). LSD aggressively activates the crown chakra even against attempts to actively maintain the illusionary realities of the ego. Bad trips often result out of attempts, on the part of the ingestor, to control the experience and prevent insight which they may feel threatens the integrity of their system fed self image. As everyone who has ever commented on the use of LSD has said, Set and Setting are critical components of positive and therapeutic LSD experiences.
Ayahuasca: Amazonian psychoactive containing harmala alkaloids and dimethyltryptamine (DMT).
Peyote: also known as Lophophora williamsii, is a hallucinogenic cactus native to Mexico and the American South West. The psychoactive ingredient is mescaline. Mescaline appears to provide safe and gentle Crown Activation, as opposed to L.S.D. which can dramatic and pre-emptive. Bergman (1971) reports peyote to be ultra safe indicating that of 70,000 ingestions, only one case of pychotic sequelae was ever confirmed.
Iboga: Also known as Tabernanthe iboga, native to central Africa, and associated with the Bwiti native cult. The principle psychoactive agent it Ibogain.
Marijuana: A mild hallucinogenic. In the ancient world, used by Hindi sects and Persian mystics (Gelpe, 1981). In low doses I hypothesis it can be used to enhance perception, raise intelligence, and enhance creativity. In higher doses, or in combination with high doses of alcohol, the positive action can be reversed and Crown Intoxication can occur.
Ergot: Dannaway, Piper and Webster (2006) make a strong case for the psychedelic properties of parasitic fungus of wheat known as ergot. They even provide an informally tested recipe (Webster, P., Perrine, D.M., Ruck, C.A.P., 2000) for brewing the Kykeon as evidence of its potential as an entheogen and to strengthen arguments made in the scholarly literature of it's potential use as such in sacred (and often secret) rituals in Egypt, Greece, India and the Middle East including Jewish and Greek mystery schools and Shia Gnosticism (Dannaway, et. al., 2006). References to a psychedelic derivative of ergot as The Tree of Life or the Wine of Light, with mystical references to the Grail mythology Corbin (1989), are provided by Dannaway et. al. (2006).
It was hypothesized by psychedelic researchers in the late 50s and '60s that psychedelic drugs could have considerable therapeutic value. According to theorists of the time, the value of the psychedelic experience was in its ability to raise unconscious materials, overcome resistances (Fisher, 1963) or activate dormant neural pathways (Leary, 1988) in order to open up consciousness. However, a better theoretical explanation of the positive therapeutic value of psychedelics can be found by conceiving of psychedelic drugs as Crown and Third Eye Activators. The ingestion of entheogenic substances leads to the sensitization (or awakening and integration) of the Central Nervous System (CNS). This sensitization enhances the functioning of the Brain. Senses become more acute, intelligence is enhanced, and eventually insight becomes routine. Interestingly enough, shortly after I conceived of entheogens as crown activators, I read an article by Grof (1973) who argues basically the same thing. Based on his observation of 2,600+ LSD sessions, he concluded that LSD (and presumably other entheogens) should be considered an unspecific amplifier or catalyst of mental processes that confronts the experiencer with his own unconscious. (Grof, 1973: 17; 1976). Grof based his conclusion primarily on the liquid nature of entheogen experiences. Out of the thousands of treatments he administered, he could find no single phenomenon, mandatory pharmacological effect (Grof, 1976: 26) that could be considered an invariant product of the chemical action of the drug in any areas studiedperceptual, emotional, ideational, and physical. In addition, many typical LSD experiences are indistinguishable from those induced by a variety of non-drug methods, such as various spiritual practices, hypnosis, sleep and sensory deprivation (Grof, 1972: 18). Interestingly, Metzner's (1998: 335) echoes Grofs typification by suggesting that entheogens function as amplifiers or microscopes. My suggestion that entheogens are Crown Activators is supported by the psychopharmacology of Entheogens (Winkelman, 2001) which operate, according to Nichols (2006: 285) to depolarize serotonin 5-HT2a receptors in the apical dendrites of cortical pyramid cells thus making receptors "more sensitive to low-level signals." Nichols suggests (Ibid.) that entheogens amplify processes that are normally running, but which are not generally apparent in everyday awareness! Winkelman (2001) argues that entheogens function as psychointegrators whose effects provoke limbic discharge patterns that produce enhanced interhemispheric synchronization and increased communication interaction between the frontal hemispheres, and between the lower brain areas and frontal cortex (Winkleman, 2001: 220).
What is the result of this heightened sensitization of the CNS? Like turning on a lamp in a dark room, the activation (or sensitization) of the CNS (i.e., Crown Chakra and Third Eye Chakra) via the ingestion of entheogens gives the individual heightened awareness of internal and external realities. Given the pathological social systems in place, to a greater or lesser degree in all countries on this planet, there is always a therapeutic element to the initial use of entheogens.
In initial uses, entheogens help the individual confront formerly repressed memories and issues (Grof, 1976; Ling & Buckman, 1964). Once repressed memories have been accommodated and reconsolidated (references), energy within the neural system is freed and activity in these formerly repressed areas increases. It is important to note that repression may run deep. Continued exploration and activation via entheogen use may eventually uncover past life memory traces which have been encoded in DNA but that lie buried (Sharp, 2004) deep within the genetic pathways of the body. Past life traces are open to accommodation and reconsolidation as well. If this process is taken far enough, that is if, through the use of entheogens the individual is able to recover a fully functioning CNS, then mystical experiences become probable even with the use of mild entheogens such as Marijuana.
Up until to point of the reconsolidation of memories, materialist explanations are adequate for understanding the action of entheogens. Entheogens sensitize or amplify sense and sensation giving us access to a world of inner and out experience that we normally do not have access to (Nichols, 2006). However, when the Crown Chakra has recovered enough to enable mystical experiences, i.e., those that clearly go beyond dealing with repressed issues, maladaptive behaviors, or social repression, then materialist explanations are no longer a satisfactory explanation. At the point of the Mystical Experience, we must begin developing new theoretical perspectives based on full scale spiritual ontologies (Sharp, 2007) and cosmologies (Sharp, 2006). In this case we can say that full activation of the crown chakra (even if only temporarily) leads to contact with the Fabric of Consciousness. The need for expanded ontologies was recognized early with the formation of Transpersonal Psychology, which is psychological force firmly rooted in early entheogen research.
Once we overcome Naive Materialism and accept the reality of a universe embedded, created, and flowing from consciousness (Sharp, 2007; 2006), conceiving of psychedelic experience in this way is parsimonious and logical. This spiritual interpretation is supported by almost all personal and scientific accounts of advanced psychedelic experiences which often describe connection with "ultimate realities" and "higher selves" free of the physical, temporal, and conceptual limitations of the individual "perishable" self, where everything is collapsed into a "single reality" and where all things, all beings, are seen as united and unified with a "central being" or consciousness (Sherwood, Stolaroff, and Harman, 1962). For more information see Crown Activation.
Although most researchers would agree the ingestion of entheogens in uncontrolled situations, without formal preparation, and in negative set and settings, can lead to psychological damage (i.e., bad trips) there is almost no evidence to suggest that the ingestion of entheogens in controlled settings has any negative consequences whatsoever. In 1981 R. Gelpke reported on over a dozen self experiments with LSD and Psilocybin. After ingesting relatively very high doses (1981: 82), he suggests I have been unable to identify any sign at all of addiction, organic injury, or other, in some way unpleasant after effects concluding that The designation narcotics (Rauschgifte) is completely out of place for this type of drug. (1981: 82). Similarly Strassman (1984) found an extremely low incidence of negative psychological effect.
In 1969 Timothy Leary reported the result of his Harvard-Concord Prison Project where he administered a total of 168 doses of Psilocybin (i.e., Magic Mushroom) to prison inmates of Concord Correctional Facility in Massachusetts. At the completion of his trials he noted that not only was Psilocybin safe (he reported no instances of violence, lasting disturbance, or negative effect despite the fact that all doses were administered within an extremely negative institutional context), but was dramatically therapeutic saying that the entheogen produced "temporary states of spiritual conversion, interpersonal closeness, and psychological insight." (Leary, 1969: 35). Leary even reported reduction in recidivism and attributed this to the personal insights and interpersonal connections gained by prison inmates who ingested the substance, going so far as to suggest that psilocybin is "a dramatically useful, educational and rehabilitative instrument." (Leary, 1969: 35).
In addition to the positive outcomes reported by Leary, his article is also interesting for its emphasis on creating and appropriate Set and Setting prior to ingesting entheogens, and in his admission of the difficulty of measuring positive outcome.
In 1963 the editors of Psychedelic Review reported on several studies conducted in Saskatchewan, Canada (e.g., Sven, 1962: Smith, 1958) investigating the efficacy of using psychedelic substances to treat chronic alcoholics. According to the editors, only the most difficult of chronic cases were selected. The editors report those treated with psychedelic drugs showed "significantly more improvement" over those in control groups. "Of the patients who received psychedelic drugs, 72%...were judged improved after one year, as contrasted to 46%...who were followed up in control groups (1963: 207). Similar positive results were reported by Maclean et. al (1961) , also reporting improvement in personality trait and anxiety disorders. A case study by Mikuriya (1970) also reported positive results when substituting cannabis for alcohol noting, based on the self reports of his case study, that cannabis had none of the deleterious effects of alcohol (i.e., suicidal ideation, blackouts, promiscuity, depression, over consumption) and in fact was associated with a reduction in depression, absence of withdrawal symptoms, enhanced emotional and physical control, and increased adaptability.
Later research (Dobkin, Grob, and Baker, 2002) examined a wider variety of entheogenic substances and found generally positive results with Drug Substitution, i.e, substituting "non harmful" psychedelics for harmful drugs like alcohol and highly addictive opiates. Drugs investigated have included Peyote (Bergman, 1971), Ayahuasca (McKenna, Callaway, and Grob, 1988), and Iboga. In general all research shows no negative outcome and, in some cases, dramatically positive outcome (Grof, 1976). So much so that Menninger (1971) suggested of peyote that it "was a better antidote to alcohol than anything the missionaries, the White Man, the American Medical Association, and the Public Health services have come up with."
Link and Buckman (1964) report the successful treatment of female frigidity with the use of LSD. Their case study participant reports, over the course of several sessions, the gradual recover of childhood memories of rejection, sexual abuse, and rape all of which are successfully processed to the point total cure. A similar study was conducted by Martin (1925) with day patients displaying various forms of psychoneurosis. Martin reports significant improvement in forty-five (45) of fifty (50) subjects, many of which showed retrieval of unconscious trauma and subsequent processing to the point of cure.
Bergman (1971) reports positive effects of peyote on the physical, mental, and social well being of those who ingest it. Between the years 1967 and 1972, Stanislav Grof and his colleagues at Spring Grove State Hospital in Baltimore showed LSD combined with psychotherapy could alleviate symptoms of depression, tension, anxiety, sleep disturbances, psychological withdrawal and even severe physical pain. (Brown, 2007).
Grof (1976) reported that LSD significantly enhanced the creative process leading to insights into the nature of the creative process[and] new understanding[s] of art. Painters, sculptors, and musicians were able to produce under the influence of LSD most interesting and unconventional pieces of art which differed considerably from their usual modes of expression. (pp. 3). In the same volume Grof also points to voluminous evidence indicating the utility of LSD in psychotherapy and the generation of mystical experiences. Grof concludes, based on his detailed analytical scrutiny that LSD could become an unrivaled tool for deep personality diagnostics. (Groft, 1976: 19).
It should be noted that most early studies lack experimental rigor and would not be considered adequate by todays methodological standards. However given the initial excitement generated by entheogens in the treatment of psychological pathology, modern research seems warranted.
Roberts (1999) argues convincingly for the need to investigate a possible connection between entheogen generated mystical experiences and the enhancement of the immune system. Roberts cites research (McClelland and Cheriff, 1997; Stone et. al, 1996; Stone, et. al, 1987; Valdimarsdottir and Stone, 1997; Valdimarsdottir and Bovbjerg, 1997) pointing to the fact that mood mediates salivery IgA (an important measure of immune system function) and suggests that the positive outcomes of mystical experiences may be found to influence levels of salivary IgA (a particularly easy immunoglobulin to measure).
Hayes (2007) has suggested that psilocybin could be used in gender role, family, or marital counseling and Fisher (1973) reported a miracle cure of a chronically dysfunctional young man with only a single high-dose treatment of LSD. The broad applicability of entheogens to psychopathology is also supported by the rich autobiographical accounts of early Psychonauts like Lilly 1972), and transpersonal psychologists like Grof (1985) who report that entheogens provide powerful assistance in uncovering childhood repressions, trauma, irrationalities, and in recovering the higher facilities and abilities of the Physical Unit. His commentary on his own, catholic derived stereotypes of women (i.e., as evil temptresses) is highly suggestive.
For more research, and evidence supporting my hypothesis that entheogens function as crown activators, see the Spiritwiki article on Crown Activation
Fisher (1963) indicates that dosage is not a crucial factor in determining the experience of those ingesting psychedelic drugs pointing to Set and Setting as crucial determinants. Fisher (1963) does however provide guidance and a therapeutic protocol that includes monitoring anxiety levels, carefully adjusting set (as much as possible) and setting, and even using mild sedatives prior to therapeutic interventions to calm anxiety. See also Chwelos, Blewett, Smith, and Hoffer (1959), Stolaroff (1999) and the SpiritWiki page on Set and Setting.
It is now acknowledged in the mainstream popular scientific literature (Brown, 2007) that we are seeing a quiet resurgence of interest in psychedelics. Primarily this interest and research is concerned with the potential for entheogens to treat chronic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and alcoholism or drug dependency (Brown, 2007). However there is a nascent awareness, even in the legal literature, that the therapeutic effects of entheogens are derived from the consciousness expanding effects (Chapkis, 2007) or, as I would say, crown activating properties of entheogens. In light of the fact that we have new and more sophisticated technologies and instrumentation, it seems unlikely that governments will be able to resist a growing push to allow the reasoned exploration of entheogens in the treatment of physical and psychological pathology and the expansion of consciousness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen
Chakra
Chakra System
Crown Activators
Harvard Psychedelic Research Project
Marshal Chapel Experiment
Mysticism
Mystics
Set and Setting
Transpersonal Psychology
References
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CSP: Entheogens – Council on Spiritual Practices
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Entheogen Project
entheogen [god within; god- or spirit-facilitating] a psychoactive sacramental; a plant or chemical substance taken to occasion primary religious experience. Example: peyote cactus as used in the Native American Church. (Click here for more on nomenclature)
Johns Hopkins / CSP Psilocybin Research 2006, 2008, and 2011 studies of the entheogenic properties and consequences of psilocybin
The CSP Entheogen Project Series 1. Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments: An Entheogen Chrestomathy An on-line bibliography, with excerpts, of over 500 books, dissertations, and topical issues of journals about religion and psychoactive sacraments.
2. Entheogens and the Future of Religion Anthology edited by Robert Forte.
3. Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion Papers and essays from a conference sponsored by the Chicago Theological Seminary and CSP, edited by Thomas B. Roberts.
4. The Road to Eleusis by R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl A. P. Ruck. Twentieth anniversary edition with new Preface by Huston Smith and Afterword by Albert Hofmann.
5. Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Religious Signficance of Entheogenic Plants and Chemicals by Huston Smith.
Writings Halluciogens and Religion: Historical To Scientific Perspectives Symposium XVIII at the 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence R.R. Griffiths and H. deWit, Chairpersons The Good Friday Marsh Chapel Experiment by Mike Young Drugs That Shape Men's Minds by Aldous Huxley Phanerothyme: A Western Approach to the Religious Use of Psychochemicals by Lisa Bieberman The Psychedelic Experience - lessons from the 60s by Lisa Bieberman Psychedelic Theophanies And The Religious Life by Huston Smith Drugs and Mysticism by Walter N. Pahnke C.G. Jung Letter Excerpt letter from Jung to Victor White about psychoactives and the unconscious Quotations from William James, Huston Smith, Walter Houston Clark... Do Entheogen-induced Mystical Experiences Boost the Immune System? by Thomas B. Roberts Do Psychedelic Drugs Mimic Awakened Kundalini? Survey Ecstasy for Religion interviews with a Benedictine monk, two Zen monks, and a rabbi about the use of MDMA in religious practice Ho Chunk Meeting a 1987 initiation into a peyote meeting and sweat lodge ceremony If I Could Change Your Mind by Mike Young A Note on the Safety of Peyote when Used Religiously by Matthew Baggott The Use of Music in Psychedelic (LSD) Psychotherapy by Helen L. Bonny and Walter N. Pahnke The Psychedelic Experience Tibetan Book of the Dead (Leary, Metzner, Alpert) * The Psychedelics and Religion by Walter Houston Clark * Entheogenic Yoga meditation techniques The Nitrous Oxide Philosopher by Atlantic Monthly article on William James *
Resources Zeff Memorial Library Catalog books and papers about entheogens Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments: An Entheogen Chrestomathy Recommended Readings on Peyote Society & Law
Entheogen-related Links R. Gordon Wasson Archives Harvard's Wasson collection catalog * Shamanism, Entheogens and Spirituality-Consciousness * Disembodied Eyes entheogen/ethnopharmacology-related material * Erowid Psychoactive Vaults documenting the complex relationship between humans and psychoactives * MAPS Multidisciplinary Association For Psychedelic Studies * Heffter Research Institute research, neuroscience, psychedelics * The Lycaeum psychedelic library and community * Sound Photosynthesis Archive For The Coming Millennium - audio and video recordings *
[* denotes an offsite source]
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Nootropics & Smart Drug Reviews
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What are nootropics?
If you are looking for nootropic drugs and supplements, there are many suppliers around with a good reputation. You can find all sort of information about nootropics as well as reviews of famous smart drugs on our website. So what exactly are nootropics?
According to PubMed.gov, nootropics aresubstanceswhich improve the functional capabilities of the central nervous system including the brain. They also possess a host of other names such as cognitive enhancers, smart drugs, neuro enhancers, and intelligence enhancers among many more. Nootropics are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals and functional foods that improve one or more aspects of mental functions such as motivation, attention and working memory. These drugs (nootropics) are legal and can be bought over the counter without necessarily requiring a doctors prescription.
Scientific data has come out strongly to prove that these drugs can be used to safely treat certain neuro conditions. We are talking about diseases such as Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, ADHD and Huntingtons disease.
There are so many nootropic substances in the market and otherwise. However, almost all of them contain the following major characteristics.
Yes of course nootropics are different from other drugs. These compounds basically affect the part of the brain which enjoins the left and the right hemispheres. This part of the brain is known as the corpus collosum in the scientific lexicon. Exclusively working on this area is what differentiates nootropics from other classes of smart drugs owing to the fact that they possess little to no effect on the central nervous system. This phenomenon causes the nootropics to be known to harmlessly work with and enhance brain activity while improving memory because they present essentially no side-effects and/or contraindications. Moreover, this is as a result of their low degree of toxicity in the body if administered within the typical range of dose.
Despite the fact that nootropics enhance the cognitive function of the brain, they are also known to improve attention span, memory, concentration and motivation. The different compounds that fall under the nootropics surname possess their own distinctive chemical and biological processes. If we may for instance take piracetam. This nootropic supplement has its powers in its ability to increase two types of glutamate receptors: AMPA and NDMA. It also works on cholinergic acetylcholine receptors. Piracetam is also known to cause vasodilation (widening) of the blood vessels which ultimately stimulates blood circulation in the central nervous system.
The cognitive enhancers, nootropics, exist in two states. There are those that are found naturally and some that are synthesized from the laboratory.
Natural brain enhancers include merchandises like Brain stack and Alpha Brain. They are naturally made from vitamins, natural herbs and minerals which include ingredients like Vitamin B6, Alpha GPC, Bacopa, Vinocetine, Huperzia Serrata, Amino acids ( L-Theanine and L-Tyrosine), AC11, among many others. If you are not exactly sure what these are do not be worried, you will get a lot of relevant information pertaining them in this site going forward.
Chemically based nootropical compounds refer to products like Racetams, Piracetam and Noopept. These are products produced by combination substances that have been scientifically synthesized in the laboratory. It must be noted that despite possessing a higher potency, chemically synthesized, as opposed to naturally occurring drugs, are always laden with contraindications. Therefore, you have to be extremely careful before taking any nootropic that belongs to this category. But take it easy, this is where this site comes in.
The most important point to note here is that irrespective of whether a nootropic is naturally or chemically synthesized, they do work in a similar way. All of them are meant to improve your brains neurotransmitters. The end result of this is increased focus, memory and enhanced learning ability.
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The Force Factor – Trance and Hard Trance Podcast
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Lots of bootlegs/remixes/mashups in this one, so if you like that sort of thing youre in for a treat!A few producers including the awesome Bryan Kearney kindly distributed some excellent productions over xmas so Ive included a few to get the year off to a banging start. Plus a great guest mix from up & coming Vancouver based DJ, EYC.
01. Whiteroom vs Ferry Corsten - White Love (Bryan Kearneys Passionate mashwork) 02. Bryn Whiting - Never Coming Down 03. Planet Perfecto Knights - ResuRection (Paul Oakenfold Full-On Fluoro mix) 04. Cygnus X - Superstring (Jordan Suckley IO remix) 05. Jordan Suckley - Flames (Sneijder 1AM remix) 06. Jean Jacques Smoothie - Two People (Kipster remix) 07. Josh C - Knock Off (David McRae remix) 08. On NRG - Own Way 09. Paul F feat. Adele - Rollin In 10. Bryan Kearney - You Will Never Be Forgotten (Unreleased mix) 11. Bryan Kearney & Snatam Kaur vs Solarstone vs Neptune Project - Ong NamAztec In Seven Cities (Bryan Kearney Pach-Up)
EYC Guest Mix: 12. Matias Faint - Casino Fire (Kent & Gian remix) 13. Sunny Lax - Always (Matt Skyer remix) 14. Nick Sentience - Kinetic 15. Paul Webster - Cut Off (Chris Metcalfe remix) 16. Running Man pres. Fifth Dimension - Somewhere 17. Bryan Kearney & Jamie Walker - Well Never Die
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Ciberpunk – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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Ciberpunk palabra de origen ingls y cuya pronunciacin es /'sabpk/,[1] se trata de un subgnero de la ciencia ficcin, conocido por su enfoque en un futuro distpico con alta tecnologa y bajo nivel de vida y toma su nombre de la combinacin de ciberntica y punk. Mezcla ciencia avanzada, como la informtica y la ciberntica junto con algn grado de desintegracin o cambio radical en el orden social.
El argumento de la trama del gnero ciberpunk se centra a menudo en un conflicto entre hackers, inteligencias artificiales y megacorporaciones localizados en un futuro cercano del planeta Tierra, en oposicin del futuro lejano o panorama de encuentros galcticos en novelas como Fundacin de Isaac Asimov o Dune de Frank Herbert. Las visiones de este futuro suelen ser distopas post-industriales, pero estn normalmente marcadas por un fomento cultural extraordinario y el uso de tecnologas en mbitos nunca anticipados por sus creadores ("la calle encuentra sus propias aplicaciones para las cosas"). La atmsfera del gnero en su mayora hace eco en el cine negro y se utiliza a menudo en este gnero tcnicas de novelas policacas. Entre los primeros exponentes del gnero ciberpunk se encuentran William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, Pat Cadigan, Rudy Rucker y John Shirley. El trmino ciberpunk se acu en los aos 1980 y contina en uso.
A diferencia de la ciencia ficcin de la Nueva ola, que import las tcnicas y las preocupaciones estilsticas que ya existan en literatura y la cultura, el ciberpunk se origin en la ciencia ficcin primero, antes de incrementar la tendencia dominante de su exposicin. A comienzos y a mediados de los aos ochenta, el ciberpunk se convirti en un tema de moda en los crculos acadmicos, donde comenz a ser objeto de investigacin del postmodernismo. En este mismo perodo, el gnero se introdujo en Hollywood y se convirti en uno de los estilos de la ciencia-ficcin del segmento del cine. Muchas pelculas influyentes tales como Blade Runner,The Terminator y Akira se pueden ver como consecuencias prominentes de los estilos y de los temas del gnero. Los videojuegos, los juegos de mesa y los juegos de rol, tales como Shadowrun[2][3][4] o el apropiadamente nombrado Cyberpunk 2020,[5] ofrecen a menudo guiones que estn fuertemente influenciados por las pelculas y la escritura ciberpunk. Iniciados los aos 1990, algunas tendencias de la moda y la msica fueron etiquetadas como ciberpunk.
Mientras que una gran variedad de escritores comenz a trabajar con conceptos del ciberpunk, nuevos sub-gneros emergieron, que se centraban en la tecnologa y sus efectos sociales de una manera diferente. Los ejemplos incluyen el steampunk, iniciado por Tim Powers, Kevin Wayne Jeter y James Blaylock, y el biopunk (o alternativamente ribofunk), en el cual Paul Di Filippo es prominente. Adicionalmente algunas personas consideran trabajos tales como La era del diamante de Neal Stephenson como el inicio de la categora postciberpunk.
Los escritores ciberpunk tienden a usar elementos de la novela policaca dura, el cine negro y la prosa postmoderna para describir las caractersticas del lado subterrneo de una sociedad electrnica. La visin del gnero de un futuro alterado es llamada a menudo las anttesis de las visiones utpicas generales del futuro, populares entre 1940 y 1950. (Gibson define la antipata ciberpunk hacia la ciencia ficcin utpica en su cuento de 1981 The Gemsback Continuum, con el cual se mofa y condena hasta cierto punto la ciencia ficcin utpica).
Ciberpunk Cualquier cosa que se le pueda hacer a una rata se le puede hacer a un humano. Y podemos hacer casi cualquier cosa a las ratas. Es duro pensar en esto, pero es la verdad. Esto no cambiar con cubrirnos los ojos. Esto es ciberpunk.
En la escritura ciberpunk mucha de la accin ocurre en lnea, en el ciberespacio; velando cualquier frontera entre la realidad y la realidad virtual. Un tropo tpico en estos trabajos es la conexin directa entre el cerebro humano y un sistema de cmputo. El ciberpunk muestra el mundo bajo el dominio del sistema como un lugar oscuro, siniestro, donde las redes de cmputo dominan cada aspecto de la vida. Gigantes corporaciones multinacionales reemplazan a los gobiernos como centros del poder poltico, econmico y militar. La batalla entre un personaje marginado contra un sistema totalitario es un tema comn en la ciencia ficcin (por ejemplo, la novela 1984 de George Orwell) y particularmente en el ciberpunk, aunque en la ciencia ficcin convencional los sistemas totalitarios tienden a ser estriles, ordenados y controlados por el Estado.
Los protagonistas de la escritura ciberpunk generalmente son hackers, quienes son moldeados frecuentemente en la idea de hroe solitario que combate la injusticia: vaqueros, rnin, etc. A menudo son gente no privilegiada colocada en situaciones extraordinarias, ms que cientficos brillantes o capitanes estrella buscando intencionalmente avances o aventura, y no siempre son verdaderos hroes, (una comparacin conveniente puede ser la ambigedad moral del personaje de Clint Eastwood en la Triloga del dlar).
Protagonistas Los personajes del ciberpunk clsico son seres marginados, alejados, solitarios, que viven al margen de la sociedad, generalmente en futuros distpicos donde la vida diaria es impactada por el rpido cambio tecnolgico, una atmsfera de informacin computarizada ubicua y la modificacin invasiva del cuerpo humano.
Uno de los personajes prototipo del gnero ciberpunk es Case, de la novela Neuromante de William Gibson. Case es un "vaquero de la consola", un hacker brillante, que traiciona a sus socios del crimen organizado. Robado su talento con una lesin que lo deja lisiado; infligida en venganza por sus socios criminales, Case recibe una inesperada nica oportunidad en la vida de ser curado con asistencia mdica experta; pero a cambio de su participacin en otra empresa criminal con un nuevo equipo. Como Case muchos protagonistas ciberpunk son manipulados, puestos en situaciones donde tienen poca o ninguna opcin, y aunque ellos pueden verse en esto, no necesariamente llegan a estar ms lejos de lo que previamente estaban. Estos anti-hroes criminales, parias, visionarios, desertores e inadaptados no experimentan el camino de hroe de Campbell como un protagonista de la epopeya homrica o una novela de Alexandre Dumas. Ellos en cambio, traen a la memoria el investigador privado de la novela policaca, que podra solucionar los casos ms complejos, pero nunca recibir una recompensa justa. Este nfasis sobre los inadaptados y descontentos -que Thomas Pynchon llama el "pretrito" y Frank Zappa el "olvido de la Gran Sociedad"- es el componente "punk" del ciberpunk.
El ciberpunk se sita como un defensor de la libre circulacin de la informacin. Decididamente opuesto a los derechos de propiedad intelectual. Acrrimo defensor de las tecnologas de cifrado para garantizar la privacidad as como del dinero electrnico y de todas las modernas tecnologas digitales, en general.
La literatura ciberpunk es usada a menudo como una metfora para las preocupaciones actuales sobre los efectos y el control de las corporaciones sobre las personas, la corrupcin en los gobiernos, la enajenacin y la vigilancia tecnolgica. El ciberpunk puede ser entendido como una inquietud a los lectores y un llamado a la accin. Esto a menudo expresa el sentido de rebelin, sugiriendo que uno podra describirlo como un tipo de ciencia ficcin contracultural. En las palabras del autor y crtico David Brin,
...una mirada ms cercana, [de los autores ciberpunk], revela que retratan casi siempre a sociedades futuras con gobiernos absurdos y patticos... Cuentos populares de ciencia ficcin de Gibson, Cadigan y otros son una representacin Orwelliana de la acumulacin del poder en el prximo siglo, pero casi siempre en manos secretas ms adineradas o en corporaciones de lite
The Transparent Society, Basic Books, 1998
Las historias ciberpunk se han considerado a veces como pronsticos ficticios de la evolucin del Internet. El mundo virtual ahora conocido como Internet, aparece a menudo bajo varios nombres, incluyendo "ciberespacio", "la Red", "el Metaverso" o "la Matriz". En este contexto es importante observar que las descripciones ms tempranas de una red global de comunicaciones vinieron mucho antes que la World Wide Web se incorporara al conocimiento popular, aunque no antes de que los escritores tradicionales de la ciencia ficcin tales como Arthur Charles Clarke y en algunos comentaristas sociales como James Burke comenzaran a predecir que tales redes eventualmente se formaran.
El ciberpunk es tambin un movimiento contracultural. Como tal, tiene su origen en una tradicin libertaria y una profunda desconfianza en el uso de las nuevas tecnologas que, si bien pueden proporcionar mayores niveles de comodidad y progreso, tambin pueden alienar al individuo y ayudar a controlarlo.
Del mismo modo que la fuerza esttica del ciberpunk ha influido en otros gneros ms all de la ciencia ficcin, la fuerza de sus futuros, claramente distpicos, ha influido en la sociedad modificando nuestro punto de vista acerca de las nuevas tecnologas. As, siendo una de las funciones de la ciencia ficcin alertar a la sociedad de los peligros de sus actitudes y de sus creaciones, el ciberpunk ha sido uno de los movimientos ms exitosos dentro del gnero.
Sin embargo, el ciberpunk no es un movimiento reaccionario. No se posiciona contra la tecnologa, sino contra determinados usos de la misma. As, del mismo modo que los poderosos se valen de la tecnologa para mantener su control sobre las masas, cualquier accin en contra de ellos deber tambin contar con el uso de tecnologas sofisticadas.
Adems de posicionarse contra las implicaciones negativas de la ciencia y la tecnologa, el ciberpunk muestra situaciones que se producen en un escenario econmico controlado por organizaciones cada vez ms poderosas e influyentes, a la vez que alejadas de la ciudadana. Se denuncia as una fractura social en la que los ricos y poderosos se valen de su dinero y poder para manipular a la sociedad mediante el control de la informacin.
Algo a tener en cuenta al analizar el ciberpunk como corriente social es que sus autores no se posicionan contra algo que ser, sino contra algo que est siendo. Es esta cercana de los contenidos lo que ha hecho este movimiento tan inquietante.
El editor de ciencia ficcin Gartner Dozois es generalmente conocido como la persona que populariz el uso del trmino "ciberpunk" como un tipo de literatura. El escritor Bruce Bethke acu el trmino en 1980 para su historia corta Ciberpunk, aunque la historia no se public hasta noviembre de 1983, en Historias Asombrosas de Ciencia Ficcin, Volumen 57, Nmero 4. [9]
El trmino fue rpidamente acogido como una etiqueta aplicada a los trabajos de William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, John Shirley, Rudy Rucker, Michael Swanwick, Pat Cadigan, Lewis Shiner, Richard Kadrey y otros. De stos, Sterling inici el movimiento, liderando la ideologa, gracias a su fanzine Cheap Truth (Verdad barata). (Vase tambin los artculos de John Shirley sobre Sterling y Rucker). [10]
Los elementos del ciberpunk estn presentes en Los Cantos de Hyperion de Dan Simmons; el planeta Lusus posee muchas caractersticas del mundo distpico de Neuromante (Neuromancer) y los niveles cibernticos de la vida y la existencia de inteligencia artificial tienen obvias influencias de los trabajos de Gibson.
William Gibson con su novela Neuromancer, es probablemente el ms famoso escritor conectado con el trmino. El estilo enftico, la fascinacin con la superficie, la apariencia y sensacin de futuro y la atmsfera ya tradicional en la ciencia ficcin son vistos como la ruptura y a veces como el trabajo arquetpico del ciberpunk. [11] Neuromancer fue galardonada con los premios Hugo, Nbula y Philip K. Dick. De acuerdo con el archivo de la jerga "La total ignorancia de Gibson acerca de computadoras y la cultura hacker actual le permitieron especular sobre el rol de las computadoras y hackers en el futuro de modo que ambas son desde entonces irritantemente ingenuas y tremendamente estimulantes". [12]
Tempranamente, el ciberpunk fue aclamado como una ruptura radical de los estndares de la ciencia ficcin y una nueva manifestacin de vitalidad, sin embargo poco tiempo despus surgieron muchos crticos para cambiar su estatus a movimiento revolucionario. Estos crticos dicen que la ciencia ficcin de la "Nueva ola" de los aos 60 era mucho ms innovadora en cuanto a estilo y tcnicas narrativas. [13] Adems mientras el narrador de Neuromancer pudo haber tenido una voz inusual para la ciencia ficcin, se pueden encontrar muchos otros ejemplos anteriores a este: la voz narrativa de Gibson, por ejemplo se asemeja a la del actualsimo Raymond Chandler en su novela El Gran Sueo (1939). Otros consideran que los rasgos considerados nicos del ciberpunk, de hecho se pueden encontrar en trabajos ms antiguos de otros escritores, de los que podemos citar James Graham Ballard, Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison, Stanisaw Lem, Samuel R. Delany e incluso William Burroughs. Por ejemplo los trabajos de Philip K. Dick contienen temas recurrentes de decaimiento social, inteligencia artificial, paranoia y lneas ocultas entre la realidad y una especie de realidad virtual; la pelcula ciberpunk Blade Runner est basada en uno de estos libros. Humanos vinculados con mquinas son el cimiento de la novela Wolfbane de Frederik Pohl y Cyril M. Kornbluth (1959) y Criaturas de luz y oscuridad de Roger Zelazny (1986).
En 1994 el acadmico Brian Stonehill insinu que la novela El arco iris de gravedad de Thomas Pynchon no solo insulta, sino plagia a los precursores del ciberespacio. [14] Otros importantes predecesores incluyen a dos novelas muy celebradas de Alfred Bester, El hombre demolido y Las estrellas mi destino, as como la novela de Vernor Vinge Nombres verdaderos.
El escritor de ciencia ficcin David Brin describe el ciberpunk como (...) la campaa de promocin gratuita ms fina emprendida a nombre de la ciencia ficcin. Esto pudo no haber atrado a los verdaderos "punks", pero atrajo a muchos nuevos lectores y dispuso la clase de movimiento que la literatura postmodernista buscaba comentar (una ilustracin de esto es el Manifiesto Cyborg de Donna Haraway, un intento de construir un mito poltico usando cyborgs como metforas de la realidad social contempornea).[15] El ciberpunk hizo ms atractiva la ciencia ficcin para los acadmicos, argumenta Brin. Adems hizo a la ciencia ficcin ms lucrativa para Hollywood y las artes visuales en general. An cuando su importancia retrica y quejas de persecucin por parte de los aficionados al ciberpunk era irritante en el peor y chistoso en el mejor de los casos, Brin declara que Los rebeldes pusieron las cosas patas arriba; estamos en deuda con ellos [...]. Pero, el pregunta "Fueron ellos originales?".[16]
El futuro ciberpunk inspir a muchos escritores profesionales que no se encontraban entre los ciberpunk "originales" al incorporar ideas ciberpunk en sus propios trabajos, tales como Walter Jon Williams con Hardwired y Voz del torbellino, y George Alec Effinger con su obra Cuando la gravedad falla. Mientras nuevos escritores y artistas empezaron a experimentar con ideas ciberpunk, nuevas variedades de ficcin emergieron, a veces manejando el mismo nivel de crtica que las historias del ciberpunk original.Lawrence Person escribi en un ensayo publicado en el foro de Internet Slashdot:
Muchos escritores que crecieron leyendo en 1980 ahora estn publicando sus historias y novelas. Para ellos el ciberpunk no fue una revolucin o una filosofa alen que invadi la ciencia ficcin, pero era otro sabor de la ciencia ficcin. Como los escritores de los aos 1970 y 1980 que asimilaron las obras clsicas y tcnicas estilsticas de la nueva ola sin necesariamente conocer o conservar el estilo de los manifiestos y las ideologas que nacieron con ellos, los nuevos escritores muy bien pudieron haber ledo Neuromancer al tiempo que la Fundacin de Asimov, Todos sobre Zanzbar de John Brunner, o Mundo Anillo de Larry Niven y no ver una discontinuidad, sino una serie continua.
[11]
El ensayo de Person aboga usando el trmino "postciberpunk" para etiquetar los nuevos trabajos que estos escritores producen. En esta visin, las historias tpicas del postciberpunk continan enfocndose en una atmsfera de datos ubicua de informacin computarizada y el aumento ciberntico en el cuerpo humano, pero sin asumir la distopa. Buenos ejemplos pueden ser La era del diamante de Neal Stephenson o Transmetropolitan de Warren Ellis y Darick Robertson. Como todas las categoras incluidas en la ciencia ficcin, los lmites del postciberpunk son susceptibles de cambiar o ser mal definidos. Para complicar el asunto, hay un mercado continuo de novelas ciberpunk "puras" fuertemente influenciadas por el trabajo temprano de Gibson, como Carbono alterado de Richard Morgan.
En 1965, Jean-Luc Godard estrena Alphaville, un film de ciencia-ficcin con elementos de novelas de ese mismo gnero, en la cual aparece un futuro distpico propio del ciberpunk, basado, probablemente en el que aparece en Un mundo feliz de Aldous Huxley.
La pelcula Blade Runner (1982), adaptada del libro Suean los androides con ovejas elctricas? de Philip Kindred Dick, se ubica en una distopa futura en la cual seres manufacturados llamados replicantes (en la novela, andrillos) son usados como esclavos en colonias del espacio, y en la Tierra presa de varios cazadores de recompensas, quienes se encargan de "retirarlos" (matarlos). Aunque Blade Runner no fue un xito en su lanzamiento, encontr un gran nicho en el mercado de alquiler de pelculas. Puesto que la pelcula omite los elementos religiosos y mticos de la novela de Dick (por ejemplo, cajas de empata y Wilbur Mercer), cae ms estrictamente dentro del gnero ciberpunk que la novela. William Gibson revelara despus que la primera vez que vio la pelcula, se haba sorprendido mucho de cmo la apariencia de esta pelcula era similar a su visin cuando estaba trabajando en Neuromancer. Aunque no fue hasta principios de los noventa cuando se consagr como un gnero de denominacin popular, gracias a numerosas pelculas, entre las que destacan Hardware o Death Machine.
Segn lo mencionado anteriormente, la serie de televisin Max Headroom tambin expandi el ciberpunk, quiz con un xito ms popular que los primeros trabajos escritos del gnero.
El nmero de pelculas de este gnero, o por lo menos de uno de sus elementos ha crecido constantemente desde Blade Runner. Varios de los trabajos de Philip Kindred Dick se han adaptado a la pantalla gigante, con elementos ciberpunk llegando a ser tpicamente dominantes, los ejemplos incluyen Screamers (1996), Minority Report (2002), Paycheck (2003) y Una mirada a la oscuridad (2006).
Pero desafortunadamente para el argumento original, la pelcula Johnny Mnemonic (1995) fue un fracaso, comercialmente y para la crtica. Los fans de Gibson reclaman que el argumento se desvi sustancialmente del trabajo original, an cuando Gibson mismo escribi el guion final.
El director Darren Aronofsky ubica su opera prima (1998) en una Nueva York actual, pero construy el libreto con influencias de la esttica ciberpunk. De acuerdo con comentarios del DVD, l hizo esta produccin usando deliberadamente mquinas antiguas (como el diskette de 5- de pulgada), imitando el estilo tecnolgico de Brazil (1985), para crear una "sensacin" ciberpunk. Aronofsky describe el Chinatown, donde se ubica la pelcula, como "el vecindario ciberpunk despus de Nueva York".
La serie Robocop se ajusta ms al futuro cercano donde hay por lo menos una corporacin, Omni Productos de Consumo, que es una empresa todopoderosa en la ciudad de Detroit. Hasta el fin del mundo (1991) muestra otro ejemplo donde el ciberpunk es el tema de fondo, y una estrategia de argumento, para verla de otro modo y dirigir el personaje de la historia. Gattaca (1997) dirigida por Andrew Niccol es un filme negro futurista cuyo empapado modo distpico provee un buen ejemplo del biopunk.
La serie The Matrix, que inicio en 1999 con The Matrix (conformada tambin por The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions y The Animatrix) usan una amplia variedad de elementos ciberpunk.
El estilo ciberpunk y el diseo futurista han encontrado una gran acogida (y vasta exposicin) en el anime, incluyendo Akira (primer referente anime del gnero) es un manga en el que tambin se basa la pelcula homnima de animacin japonesa. Ambas obras tuvieron un reconocimiento instantneo como clsicos dentro de sus respectivos gneros. El manga, de ms de dos mil pginas, fue escrito y dibujado por Katsuhiro Otomo entre los aos 1982 y 1993 obteniendo un xito significativo en Japn y en el resto del mundo. Premiada con el Premio Kdansha al mejor manga en 1984 en la categora general (). El largometraje homnimo se separa de la lnea argumental del manga por causas claras: la pelcula fue estrenada cinco aos antes de la conclusin del manga. Akira se ambienta en la ciudad futurista de Neo-Tokio, representada con profundo detalle en la pelcula de animacin (se invirtieron cerca de siete millones de dlares slo en los decorados). Otras series destacadas de anime en abordar esta temtica son: Cowboy Bebop, Trigun, Desert Punk, Battle Angel Alita, Bubblegum Crisis, Armitage III, Armitage Dual Matrix, Silent Mbius, Serial Experiments Lain, Texhnolyze, Boogiepop Phamtom, Appleseed, Ergo Proxy, Psycho-Pass y Ghost in the Shell, siendo esta ltima la que ms ha influenciado la juventud contempornea japonesa que vive con una relativa cercana a la ambientacin de la serie, que muestra un Japn con tecnologas de punta y que advierte sobre los riesgos que puede causar esto ante una posible perdida de identidad humana.
El anime tambin ha proporcionado ejemplos del subgnero steampunk, como es el caso del manga de CLAMP Clover, tambin en muchos de los trabajos de Hayao Miyazaki, pero tambin notablemente en Last Exile (2003) creado por el estudio GONZO y dirigido por Koichi Chigira, que ofrece una curiosa mezcla de sociedad victoriana y batallas futuristas entre naves areas.
El trmino "msica ciberpunk" puede referirse a dos categoras algo superpuestas. Primero puede denotar la amplia gama de los trabajos musicales que las pelculas ciberpunk utilizan como banda sonora. Estos trabajos varan en gnero desde la msica clsica y el jazz usada en Blade Runner, y que por otra parte evoca el ambiente del cine negro- hasta el noise y la msica electrnica. Tpicamente las pelculas hacen uso de la electrnica, electronic body music, msica industrial, noise, futurepop, rock alternativo, rock gtico e intelligent dance music para crear la sensacin "apropiada". El mismo principio aplica a los videojuegos. Por supuesto, mientras los trabajos escritos no estn asociados a bandas sonoras con tanta frecuencia como las pelculas, la alusin a trabajos musicales es usada para el mismo efecto. Por ejemplo la novela grfica Kling Klang Klatch (1992), una fantasa oscura sobre un mundo de juguetes vivos, donde un oso de peluche amargado tiene una adiccin hacia el azcar y una predileccin por el jazz.
La "msica ciberpunk" tambin describe los trabajos asociados con la tendencia de la moda que emergi del desarrollo de la ciencia ficcin. El libro Future Shock de Alvin Toffler influy tanto en los creadores del techno en Detroit a principios de los 80, como Juan Atkins y su grupo Cybotron, como a los pioneros europeos del sintetizador Kraftwerk, produciendo canciones de clara inspiracin distpica. La banda candiense de thrash/punk/progressive metal Voivod fue una de las primeras en autodenominarse ciberpunk. En los 1990, la cultura popular comenz a incluir un movimiento en la msica y en la moda que llamaron tambin "ciberpunk" y que lleg a ser particularmente asociada con las subculturas rave y techno. Con el nuevo milenio lleg un nuevo movimiento de bandas industriales que hacan msica de "porttil". Punks y okupas se armaron con equipo digital y fusionaron la tecnologa con sonidos callejeros. La subcultura hacker documentada en lugares como el archivo de la jerga contempla este movimiento con sentimientos encontrados, desde los autoproclamados ciberpunks que estn frecuentemente "inclinados" hacia el cuero negro y el cromo quienes hablan entusiasmados de tecnologa en lugar de aprender o verse involucrados en esto. ("La actitud no sustituye a la capacidad", entrada del Archivo). Sin embargo estos autoproclamados ciberpunks al menos estn "emocionados con las cosas correctas" y tpicamente respetan a las personas que actualmente trabajan con esto de "la naturaleza hacker".
Ciertos gneros musicales como el drum and bass fueron directamente influenciados por el ciberpunk, incluso generando un subgnero completo llamado neurofunk. Un claro ejemplo de la influencia ciberpunk en la msica son la banda Sigue Sigue Sputnik y el video del tema de Duran Duran Union of the Snake. El lbum de 1982 del grupo electrnico The Cassandra Complex, se llama Cyber Punk. En la actualidad podemos decir que el gnero que representa el espritu ciberpunk es el Futurepop, de la mano de bandas como Mind.In.A.Box, VNV Nation, Rotersand, Covenant, Colony 5 o incluso bandas de Synthpop como Neuroactive, Neuroticfish y Seabound. Estos grupos destacan por el intenso uso del Vocoder (sintetizador de voz) en sus canciones, ritmos bailables entre 120-140 bpm, letras futuristas, y melodas pegadizas.
Los videojuegos usan frecuentemente el ciberpunk como fuente de inspiracin, algunos de estos como Blade Runner, Enter the Matrix o Mega Man, estn basados en pelculas del gnero, mientras que otros como Deus Ex y System Shock, Final Fantasy VII o Snatcher son trabajos originales.
Existen varios juegos de rol titulados Ciberpunk: por ejemplo Ciberpunk 2013, Ciberpunk 2020 y Ciberpunk V.3 son las tres ediciones de un mismo juego, publicado por Talsorian Games, y existe tambin un suplemento para el sistema genrico GURPS (GURPS Ciberpunk), publicado por Steve Jackson Games. Ciberpunk 2020 fue diseado con el argumento de los escritos de William Gibson en mente, y hasta cierto punto con su aprobacin, diferente de la aproximacin (quiz ms creativa) hecha por la FASA en la produccin del juego Shadowrun. Ambos juegos se ambientan en un futuro cercano, en un mundo donde la ciberntica es prominente. Netrunner es un juego de cartas coleccionables introducido en 1996, basado en el juego de rol Ciberpunk 2020; fue lanzado junto a un popular juego de realidad alternativa en lnea llamado Webrunner, que permite a los jugadores ingresar al mainframe de una perversa organizacin futurista. Tambin Iron Crown Enterprises lanz un juego de rol, titulado Cyberspace, ahora ya descatalogado.
En 1990, en una inusual unin entre la realidad y la ficcin del ciberpunk, el Servicio Secreto de los Estados Unidos lleg a las instalaciones de Steve Jackson Games y confiscaron todas sus computadoras bajo la Operacin Sundevil, que fue un masivo golpe a los hackers y crackers de computadoras. Esto se debi a que supuestamente el libro de GURPS Ciberpunk podra ser usado para preparar crmenes por ordenador. Esta, en efecto, no fue la principal razn para la redada, pero tras el evento ya fue muy tarde para corregir la impresin del pblico.[17] Ms tarde Steve Jackson Games gan el juicio contra el Servicio Secreto, ayudados por la Electronic Frontier Foundation, de mente ms amplia. Este evento alcanz algo de notoriedad, lo que se extendi tambin al libro. Todas las ediciones publicada de GURPS Ciberpunk contienen una cita en la cubierta que dice "El libro que fue decomisado por el Servicio Secreto de los Estados Unidos!". En su interior el libro provee un resumen de la redada y sus consecuencias.
El 2004 trajo numerosas publicaciones nuevas de juegos de rol ciberpunk, destac entre ellas Ex Machina, un juego ms cinematogrfico con cuatro escenarios completos y enfocado en actualizar el lado ldico del gnero a temas corrientes dentro de la ficcin ciberpunk. Estos cambios incluyen un mayor ngulo poltico, transfiriendo la alineacin del gnero e incluso incorporando temas transhumanos. El 2006 vio la largamente esperada publicacin de Ciberpunk V.3 de Talsorian Games', la secuela de Ciberpunk 2020, sin embargo muchos la vieron ms como una edicin transhumanista o postciberpunk que realmente ciberpunk.
Los juegos de rol tambin han producido una de las ms originales tomas del gnero en la forma de la serie de juegos Shadowrun de 1989. Aqu, el escenario es un distpico futuro cercano; sin embargo, tambin incorpora elementos de la fantasa y la literatura, como magia, espritus, duendes y dragones. Las facetas ciberpunk de Shadowrun fueron modeladas en gran parte basadas en los escritos de William Gibson, y la FASA, quienes lo publicaron originalmente, han sido acusados por algunos de copiar el trabajo de Gibson sin siquiera mencionar su influencia. Gibson, mientras tanto, ha mostrado su desagrado por la inclusin de elementos de fantasa dentro de los escenarios que l ayud a desarrollar. Sin embargo, Shadowrun ha introducido a muchos al gnero, y sigue siendo popular entre los jugadores.
El juego de rol Torg, publicado por West End Games tambin incluy una variante del escenario (o cosmos) ciberpunk llamado Cyberpapado. Este escenario fue inicialmente una distopa religiosa medieval que repentinamente sufri un surgimiento tecnolgico. En vez de corporaciones y gobiernos corruptos, el Cyberpapado fue dominado por el Falso Papado de Avignon. En lugar de la Internet, los hackers navegan por la "GodNet", una red comn de computadoras con directo simbolismo religioso, hogar de ngeles, demonios, y otras figuras bblicas. Otro cosmos aparte del juego Torg fue Nippon Tech, el cual incorporaba otros aspectos del ciberpunk como corporaciones dominantes con asesinos profesionales, sin embargo no incluye redes de computadores como parte fundamental del escenario.
El ciberpunk tambin ha sido usado en videojuegos de aventura para computadoras, destacan el ahora freeware Beneath a Steel Sky, publicado por Revolution Software, Neuromancer, publicado por Interplay en 1988, Bloodnet, publicado por Microprose en 1993 y Hell: A Ciberpunk Thriller, por Gametek en 1994. Tambin el ahora abandonware, Flashback. El videojuego de accin y aventura Neuromancer est basado directamente en la novela, incluyendo Chiba City, algunos de los personajes, hacking de bases de datos y plataformas ciberespaciales.
Este estilo lleg a verse plasmado en videojuegos de disparos en primera persona. Algo que se puede apreciar, por ejemplo, en Neotokyo , un mod del videojuego Half-Life 2, situado en un Japn futurista.
El primer libro cubano ciberpunk fue Nova de Cuarzo (1999), de Vladimir Hernndez Pacn. Otra novela "cyber" publicada fue Dioses de nen (2002), de Michel Encinosa F. Uno de los exponentes ms claros del Ciberpunk en Chile es Jorge Baradit, quien ha escrito las novelas Ygdrasil, Kalfukura y Synco, adems de participar o promover proyectos artsticos como PDK: Polica del Karma, Ucrona Chile y Lluscuma. Uno de los grupos espaoles que se autodenomina ciberpunk aparece en Berln en 1989 con autores de diversos fanzines underground que, en 1996, pasaran a publicar en la Web uno de los primeros ezines espaoles. Tras constituirse como asociacin en 2002 sus publicaciones evolucionarn hacia el ciberactivismo abandonando prcticamente la publicacin de relatos. Literariamente la nica aportacin reconocida de este grupo han sido las primeras novelas escritas en castellano para telfonos mviles: La, MAD phreaker, de David de Ugarte y BCN No Future de Javier Lorente. En un contexto ms futurista est 2123 El ao de Moebius, con booktriler de ngel De Aluart. El sueo del Rey Rojo, del autor asturiano Rodolfo Martnez, suele considerarse tambin dentro del gnero. El filsofo y escritor Jons Barnaby, bajo el seudnimo Albert Mut, puede contarse entre las emergentes personalidades del gnero en los ltimos aos, con relatos claramente distpicos y tecnolgicos como La gallina temporal[18] o Phobos B-101.[19]
En cuanto al desarrollo del movimiento en Mxico, se considera que ste se introdujo por medio de la literatura y de all parti para encontrar otros medios de expresin ms populares, como la msica. La primera obra literaria escrita en Mxico y que puede enmarcarse dentro del ciberpunk es el cuento La red de Isidro vila.[20] Sin embargo, la obra que se considera que origin el movimiento en Mxico, fue una novela publicada un par de aos despus que el cuento de vila. La primera calle de la soledad (1994), del entonces joven Gerardo Horacio Porcayo, sirvi de ancla para que muchos escritores de ciencia ficcin tomaran al gnero como algo suyo, y aunque el ciberpunk mexicano nunca termin por germinar completamente, ha perdurado ms de una dcada despus de su nacimiento.
La primera novela de ciencia ficcin que podra considerarse ciberpunk en Paraguay es La Sociedad de las Mentes (2001), de Juan de Urraza, que si bien contiene elementos utpicos que resultan disonantes con el gnero, en realidad los une al mundo virtual, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta como un todo y se mira como unidad con su segunda novela Yronia (2005), que es la continuacin de la misma.
Entre los subgneros del ciberpunk est el steampunk que se ubica en una era victoriana ucrnica pero con una visin negra del mundo. El trmino fue acuado originalmente en 1987 como broma para describir algunas de las novelas de Tim Powers, James Blaylock y Kevin Wayne Jeter, pero con el tiempo William Gibson y Bruce Sterling ingresaron al subgnero con su novela en colaboracin La Mquina Diferencial y el trmino fue empezado a tomarse en serio.[21]
Otro subgnero similar de an muy reciente clasificacin es el que se ha venido a llamar wirepunk, heredero del steampunk, que en lugar de tomar como partida el siglo XIX, se centra en la tecnologa del siglo XX, ahora que ya supone un tiempo pasado. Un ejemplo claro es la saga literaria de Jeanne DuPrau iniciada con City of Ember.
Los inicios de 1990 vieron el nacimiento del biopunk, un estilo derivado construido no sobre la base de la tecnologa sino sobre la biologa. En estas historias la gente es cambiada de varias formas, pero no por medios mecnicos, sino por manipulacin gentica de varios de sus cromosomas. Paul di Filipo es visto como el ms prominente escritor biopunk, aunque Shaper/Mechanist de Bruce Sterling es su mayor influencia.
El gnero emergente llamado postciberpunk contina preocupndose por los efectos de los ordenadores, pero sin dar por supuesta la distopa ni dar tanta importancia a los implantes cibernticos. Tambin heredero del ciberpunk podemos considerar el concepto de singularidad tecnolgica utilizado en la ciencia ficcin ms reciente, que recoge su preocupacin por el desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial hasta el extremo, y el rol que los humanos podramos adoptar en tales circunstancias.
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Biomimetic Underwater Robot Program
Posted: at 6:39 am
We are developing neurotechnology based on the neurophysiology and behavior of animal models. We developed two classes of biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicles (see above). The first is an 8-legged ambulatory vehicle that is based on the lobster and is intended for autonomous remote-sensing operations in rivers and/or the littoral zone ocean bottom with robust adaptations to irregular bottom contours, current and surge. The second vehicle is an undulatory system that is based on the lamprey and is intended for remote sensing operations in the water column with robust depth/altitude control and high maneuverability. These vehicles are based on a common biomimetic control, actuator and sensor architecture that features highly modularized components and low cost per vehicle. Operating in concert, they can conduct autonomous investigation of both the bottom and water column of the littoral zone or rivers. These systems represent a new class of autonomous underwater vehicles that may be adapted to operations in a variety of habitat
We are collaborating with investigators at The University of California, The University of Alabama and Newcastle University to apply principles of synthetic biology to the integration of a hybrid microbot. The aim of this research is to construct Cyberplasm, a micro-scale robot integrating microelectronics with cells in which sensor and actuator genes have been inserted and expressed. This will be accomplished using a combination of cellular device integration, advanced microelectronics and biomimicry; an approach that mimics animal models; in the latter we will imitate some of the behavior of the marine animal the sea lamprey. Synthetic muscle will generate undulatory movements to propel the robot through the water. Synthetic sensors derived from yeast cells will be reporting signals from the immediate environment. These signals will be processed by an electronic nervous system. The electronic brain will, in turn, generate signals to drive the muscle cells that will use glucose for energy. All electronic components will be powered by a microbial fuel cell integrated into the robot body.
This research aims to harness the power of synthetic biology at the cellular level by integrating specific gene parts into bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells to carry out device like functions. Moreover this approach will allow the cells/bacteria to be simplified so that the input/output (I/O) requirements of device integration can be addressed. In particular we plan to use visual receptors to couple electronics to both sensation and actuation through light signals. In addition synthetic biology will be carried out at the systems level by interfacing multiple cellular /bacterial devices together, connecting to an electronic brain and in effect creating a multi-cellular biohybrid micro-robot. Motile function will be achieved by engineering muscle cells to have the minimal cellular machinery required for excitation/contraction coupling and contractile function. The muscle will be powered by mitochondrial conversion of glucose to ATP, an energetic currency in biological cells, hence combining power generation with actuation.
We are also developing neuronal circuit based controllers for both robots and neurorehabilitative devices. These controllers are based on
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