Category Archives: Post Human

The latest study provides an insightful analysis of the broad competitive landscape of the global Human Centric Lighting market, emphasizing the key market rivals and their company profiles.

The globalHuman Centric Lighting Marketis forecasted to be worth USD 7,641.9 Million by 2027, according to a current analysis by Emergen Research.The growing smart LED lighting adoption in the retail, commercial, and residential sectors is forecasted to propel the human-centric lighting market during the forecast period. Several companies strategy to make more of their goods human-centered, adapting to the specific needs of human sociology and psychology, is another key driver for the progress of the human-centric lighting industry. As per Accenture plc, companies need to move from a product-focused strategy towards a human-centric approach to build smart home solutions; this technique can also be applied for all other industries. Moreover, this approach can connect wirelessly and relay data and information, which can assist with incorporating IoT to minimize traffic congestions, which is anticipated to further augment the market growth during the forecast timeframe.

The study finds that how on certain account threats and challenges can act as a roadblock for the business. A thorough evaluation of the Human Centric Lighting market in the light of macro-environment such as social, political, economical as well as technological environment add granularity to the overall research. In addition, the study produces real-time data on vital aspects including sales, profits, gross margin and growth prospects to show how going forward the business will witness a substantial upswing.

To Get Free Sample PDF Copy Of This Report At: https://www.emergenresearch.com/request-sample/234

Strategic Initiatives:

Collaborations among Companies to Increase Business Prospects in Global Market

The research report provides the reader with an in-depth interpretation of the Human Centric Lighting market dynamics, including the crucial drivers, opportunities, threats, and challenges. The report also describes the key business strategies, demand and supply ratios, leading regions, and the renowned market players, in a nutshell, offering a futuristic outlook of the overall Human Centric Lighting industry. The market intelligence report is a prototype of the 360 overview of the global Human Centric Lighting industry, shedding light on the estimated market value, share, growth trends, gross revenue, competitive overview, prominent manufacturers and buyers, available product types, and end-use applications.

List of Key Players Covered in the Report: Osram Licht AG, ES-System SA, Arcluce S.p.A., Koninklijke Philips NV, Fagerhult AB, Zumtobel AG, Glamox AS, Hubbell Inc., The Zumtobel Group, and Legrand SA among others.

Global Human Centric Lighting Market Highlights:

A wide array of strategic initiatives, such as new business deals, mergers & acquisitions, collaborations, joint ventures, technological upgradation, and recent product launches, undertaken by these companies has been discussed in the report. The report analyzes various elements of the markets competitive scenario, such as the regulatory standards and policies implemented across the industry over recent years. Our team of experts has leveraged several powerful analytical tools, such as Porters Five Forces analysis and SWOT analysis, to deliver a comprehensive overview of the global Human Centric Lighting market and pinpoint the fundamental growth trends.

Emergen Research has segmented the global Human Centric Lighting Market on the basis of type, installation, end-use, and region:

Click Here to Read Full Summary of Report: https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/human-centric-lighting-market

To offer more clarity on the current business environment researchers probe into the import and export status, supply chain management, demand and supply, consumption capability and manufacturing capacity. When assessing the size of the industry special consideration is given to the value and volume of the products and services offered on a year on year basis

Key Parameters Analyzed in This Section:

Key Points Covered in This Section:

Report Highlights:

Request customization of the report @ https://www.emergenresearch.com/request-for-customization/234

Thank you for reading our report. If you have any requests for customization of the latest report, kindly get in touch with us. Our team will assist you and ensure the report is designed as per your requirements.

Latest Blog Articles Published by Emergen Research:

Biosensors Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/biosensors-market

Cobots Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/cobots-market

Food Safety Testing System Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/food-safety-testing-system-market

Hyperautomation Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/hyperautomation-market

Deep Neural Networks Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/deep-neural-networks-market

Electric Vehicles Market https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/electric-vehicles-market

Optical Waveguide Markethttps://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/optical-waveguide-market

About Emergen Research

Emergen Research is a market research and consulting company that provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. Our solutions purely focus on your purpose to locate, target, and analyze consumer behavior shifts across demographics, across industries, and help clients make smarter business decisions. We offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across multiple industries, including Healthcare, Touch Points, Chemicals, Types, and Energy. We consistently update our research offerings to ensure our clients are aware of the latest trends existent in the market. Emergen Research has a strong base of experienced analysts from varied areas of expertise. Our industry experience and ability to develop a concrete solution to any research problems provides our clients with the ability to secure an edge over their respective competitors.

Contact Us:

Eric Lee

Corporate Sales Specialist

Emergen Research | Web: http://www.emergenresearch.com

Direct Line: +1 (604) 757-9756

E-mail: [emailprotected]

Visit for More Insights: https://www.emergenresearch.com/insights

Explore Our Custom Intelligence services | Growth Consulting Services

The post Human Centric Lighting Market Top Players, Size, Emerging Trends, Share, Growth, Insights, Industry Analysis, and Forecasts Report 2027 appeared first on Market O Graphics.

Original post:
Human Centric Lighting Market Top Players, Size, Emerging Trends, Share, Growth, Insights, Industry Analysis, and Forecasts Report 2027 - Digital...

Mallah, S. L. et al. COVID-19: Breaking down a global health crisis. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 20(1), 35 (2021).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Josephson, A., Kilic, T. & Michler, J. D. Socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 in low-income countries. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 557565 (2021).

PubMed Google Scholar

De Pue, S. et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing and cognitive functioning of older adults. Sci. Rep. 11, 4636 (2021).

ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Trabelsi, K. et al. Sleep quality and physical activity as predictors of mental wellbeing variance in older adults during COVID-19 lockdown: ECLB COVID-19 international online survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(8), 4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084329 (2021).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Mallapaty, S. et al. How COVID vaccines shaped 2021 in eight powerful charts. Nature 600, 580583 (2021).

ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Sriram, K. et al. Beyond vaccines: Clinical status of prospective COVID-19 therapeutics. Front. Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.752227 (2021).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Jensen, N., Kelly, A. H. & Avendano, M. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for an equity-focused global health agenda. Hum. Soc. Sci. Commun. 8, 15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00700-x (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Troeger, C., Blacker, B. F. & Khalil, I. A. Respiratory disease number 1 killer Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 19902016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 18(11), P1191-1210 (2018).

Google Scholar

Edwards, D. A. et al. Hydration for clean air today. Mol. Front. J. https://doi.org/10.1142/S252973252101001X (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Ghosh, A., Boucher, R. C. & Tarran, R. Airway hydration and COPD. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 72(19), 36373652 (2015).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Moriyama, M., Hugentobler, W. J. & Iwasaki, A. Seasonality of respiratory infections. Annu. Rev. Virol. 7(1), 8391 (2021).

Google Scholar

Lauc, G., Markoti, A., Gornik, I. & Primorac, D. Fighting COVID-19 with water. J. Glob. Health 10, 010344 (2020).

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Chumlea, W. C., Guo, S. S., Zeller, C. M., Reo, N. V. & Siervogel, R. M. Total body water data for white adults 18 to 64 years of age: The Fels Longitudinal Study. Kidney Int. 56, 244252 (1999).

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Ritz, P. et al. Influence of gender and body composition on hydration and body water spaces. Clin. Nutr. 27, 740746 (2008).

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Stookey, J. D., Allu, P. K. R., Chabas, D., Pearce, D. & Lang, F. Hypotheses about sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a risk factor for dying from COVID-19. Med. Hypotheses. 144, 110237 (2020).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Fronius, M., Clauss, W. G. & Althaus, M. Why do we have to move fluid to be able to breathe. Front. Physiol. 3, 146 (2012).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Hou, Y. J. et al. SARS-CoV2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract. Cell 182, 429446 (2020).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Zieliski, J. & Przybylski, J. How much water is lost during breathing?. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol. 80(3), 339342 (2012).

PubMed Google Scholar

DAmato, M. et al. The impact of cold on the respiratory tract and its consequences to respiratory health. Clin. Transl. Allergy 8, 18 (2018).

Google Scholar

Kudo, E. et al. Low ambient humidity impairs barrier function and innate resistance against influenza infection. PNAS 116, 1090510910 (2019).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Barbet, J. P., Chauveau, M., Labbe, S. & Lockhart, A. Breathing dry air causes acute epithelial damage and inflammation of the guinea pig trachea. J. Appl. Physiol. 64, 18511857 (1988).

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Wolkoff, P. The mystery of dry indoor air: An overview. Environ. Int. 121(2), 10581065 (2018).

PubMed Google Scholar

Romaszko-Wojtowicz, A. et al. Relationship between biometeorological factors and the number of hospitalizations due to asthma. Sci. Rep. 10, 9593 (2020).

ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Kudo, E. et al. Influenza worsens dry air Low ambient humidity impairs barrier function and innate resistance against influenza infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116(22), 1090510910 (2019).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Mecenas, P., Bastos, R., Vallinoto, A. & Normando, D. Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 15(9), e0238339 (2020).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Rosen, C. & Simpson, C. Operative Techniques in Laryngology (Springer-Verlag, 2008).

Google Scholar

Finck, C. & Lejeune, L. Structure and oscillatory function of the vocal folds. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience Vol. 19 (ed. Brudzynski, S. M.) 427438 (Elsevier, 2010).

Google Scholar

Zhuang, P. et al. Measurement of phonation threshold power in normal and disordered voice production. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 122(9), 555560 (2013).

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Finklehor, B. K., Titze, I. R. & Durham, P. L. The effect of viscosity changes in the vocal folds on the range of oscillation. J. Voice 1, 320325 (1988).

Google Scholar

Sasaki, C. & Weaver, M. Physiology of the larynx. Am. J. Med. 103(5), 9S-18S (1997).

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Scheinherr, A. Glottal Motion and Its Impact on Airflow and Aerosol Deposition in Upper Airways During Human Breathing. PhD Thesis, Fluids mechanics/Physics. Ecole Centrale Marseille (2015).

Sivasankar, M. & Leyden, C. The role of hydration in vocal fold physiology. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 18(3), 171175 (2010).

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Van Hirtum, A., Bouvet, A. & Pelorson, X. Pressure drop for adiabatic air-water flow through a time-varying constriction. Phys Fluids 30, 101901 (2018).

ADS Google Scholar

Bouvet, A., Pelorson, X. & van Hirtum, A. Influence of water spraying on an oscillating channel. J. Fluids Struct. 93, 102840 (2020).

ADS Google Scholar

Xi, J., Longest, W. & Martonin, T. Effects of the laryngeal jet on nano- and microparticle transport and deposition in an approximate model of the upper tracheobronchial airways. J. Appl Phys. 104, 17611777 (2008).

Google Scholar

Xi, J., Si, A., Dong, H. & Zhong, H. Effects of glottis motion on airflow and energy expenditure in a human upper airway model. Eur. J. Mech. B 72, 2337 (2018).

ADS MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar

Peng, C.-A., Jurman, L. & McCready, M. Formation of solitary waves on gas-sheared liquid layers. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 17(6), 767782 (1991).

CAS MATH Google Scholar

Watanabe, W. & Why, W. inhaling salt water changes what we exhale. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 307(1), 7178 (2007).

ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Stadnytskyi, V., Anfinruud, P. & Bax, A. Breathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing: What drives transmission of SARS-CoV-2?. J. Int. Med. 290, 10101027 (2021).

CAS Google Scholar

Scheuch, G. Breathing is enough: For the spread of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 by breathing only. J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv. 33(4), 230234 (2020).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Field, R. et al. Moisture and airborne salt suppress respiratory droplet generation and may reduce COVID-19 incidence and death. Mol. Front. J. 5, 110 (2021).

Google Scholar

Calmet, H. et al. Nasal sprayed particle deposition in a human nasal cavity under different inhalation conditions. PLoS ONE 14(9), e0221330 (2019).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Alves, M., Kruger, E., Pillay, B., van Lierde, K. & van der Linde, J. The effect of hydration on voice quality in adults: A systematic review. J. Voice 33, 1328 (2019).

Google Scholar

Edwards, D. A. et al. Inhaling to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(50), 1738317388 (2004).

ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Hamed, R., Schenck, D. M. & Fiegel, J. Surface rheological properties alter aerosol formation from mucus mimetic surfaces. Soft Matter 16(33), 78237834 (2020).

ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Crowther, R. S. & Marriott, C. Counter-ion binding to mucus glycoproteins. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36(1), 2126 (1984).

CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Edwards, D. A. et al. A new natural defense against airborne pathogens. QRB Discov. 1, e5 (2020).

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Edwards, D. A., Salzman, J., Devlin, T. & Langer, R. Nasal calcium-rich salts for cleaning airborne particles from the airways of essential workers, students, and a family in quarantine. Mol. Front. J. 4, 110 (2020).

CAS Google Scholar

George, C. E. et al. Airway hygiene in children and adults for lowering respiratory droplet exposure in health and learning environments in clean and dirty air. Mol. Front. J. 4, 4657 (2020).

CAS Google Scholar

Vishnoy, A. Insacog Data Too Confirm Rise of B.1.617 Across States. (India Economic Times, 2021). https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/insacog-data-too-confirm-rise-of-b-1-617-across-states/articleshow/82781103.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.

Edwards, D. A. et al. Exhaled aerosol increases with COVID-19 infection, age, and obesity. PNAS 118, e2021830118 (2021).

CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Read more:
COVID-19 symptoms are reduced by targeted hydration of the nose, larynx and trachea | Scientific Reports - Nature.com

On crossing the finish line in fifth place at the E3 Saxo Bank Classic, an exhausted Biniam Girmay pedaled softly towards the Intermarch-Wanty-Gobert team bus. When he got there and climbed up the steps, performance director Aike Visbeek had a suggestion: how about doing all that again?

Girmays provisional schedule had him slated to compete in France at La Roue Tourangelle, but the preternatural assurance of his debut on the cobbles prompted Visbeek to enact Plan B, having already alerted the Eritreans coach. By the time the 21-year-old had showered and descended the steps once more to speak with a waiting group of reporters, he was able to tell them that, yes, he would be lining out at Gent-Wevelgem two days later.

The rest is a landmark in cycling history.

It was on my mind already, because I saw Biniam was still recovering really well from the races, Visbeek explained in Wevelgem on Sunday evening.

I didnt want to bother him before Harelbeke, because thats a very complicated race with a lot of hills. But I said internally, Listen, if Harelbeke goes really well, I want to change the plan towards Gent-Wevelgem. His trainer was on board, we had a good call about that. And after the race I talked directly to him, before he could talk to the media. We had to ask first.

Girmay, one imagines, didnt need much persuading. His trek over the Paterberg, Oude Kwaremont et al on Friday had been his first meeting of any description with the Flemish Ardennes. He hadnt so much as recced the route beforehand but he rode with the mien of a man developing an immediate fondness for racing amid the cobbles and hills. When the Jumbo-Visma duo of Wout van Aert and Christophe Laporte cruised away towards a remarkable two-up win on the Paterberg, Girmay came closer than anyone else to following.

At Gent-Wevelgem, he navigated the scramble for position on the Kemmelberg and Plugstreets partly through his racing nous and partly by leaning on the experience of teammates like Alexander Kristoff and Adrien Petit.

At E3 he didn't even know whether there were cobbles on the Oude Kwaremont or not, Petit revealed.

Throughout Gent-Wevelgem, Girmay raced not so much with the fearlessness of youth as with the confidence of a man bearing the most precious attribute of all: talent.

When you know all the parcours, maybe it gets a bit overwhelming, and thats also why we didnt want to add stress to his schedule with more recons, Visbeek said.

We have Adrien Petit, we have Aim De Gendt, we have Alexander Kristoff. He trusts those guys, and thats why hes in a perfect situation. He has the guys that guide him. He was in the shadow of Alexander Kristoff, which was perfect. They learn from each other and give motivation to each other.

In the finishing straight in Wevelgem, Girmays race-craft saw him sit at the back of the four-man break that had forged ahead with 24km remaining. Over his radio earpiece, he had been warned that Laporte, second in the Harelbeke, would be the dangerman again here. Girmay understood that it was the kind of sprint where he needed to get his retaliation in first, and so he kicked with 250m to go.

It was a headwind sprint, and I said if he was not on the wheel of Laporte, then he had to go himself because Laporte can go from distance, Visbeek said admiringly. He was in fourth wheel and thats why he went the way he did.

Girmays victory at Gent-Wevelgem had a special resonance for his team, given that Wanty rider Antoine Demoiti tragically lost his life in a crash at this race in 2016. The Eritrean, who arrived at Intermarch-Wanty-Gobert in the middle of last season after Delko ran into financial difficulties, is under contract with the Belgian team until the end of 2024.

A rider whose resum featured a rare victory against a rampant Remco Evenepoel in the junior ranks should not have been short of suitors, but Intermarch-Wanty-Gobert, one of the smallest squads in the WorldTour, was perhaps the ideal landing site.

Its not a luxury team. Its a group with a real family feel to it, said Visbeek, who played a key role in Tom Dumoulins development during his time at Sunweb, another squad that grew organically over the years from modest beginnings.

Signing Alexander Kristoff this year gave us a bit more respect in the bunch, and when we got a good start with Bini and some of the other guys, we claimed our spot and we dont want to give it away. We are a group of nice people who work really hard, and Biniam fits really well with that.

Adrien Petits back catalogue includes leading out Arnaud Dmare for victory in the under-23 World Championships in Copenhagen, but he gave the impression that his stint in Girmays service on Sunday might linger just as long in the memory.

It warms my heart just to think that I helped to bring him up to the front of the bunch before the last time up the Kemmelberg, he said.

People like him, and thats not strange because hes a really nice guy, Visbeek noted.

Hes a winner, but with a human touch and with a smile. When he wins a race, hes very thankful. He goes to every member of the staff to thank them, and you dont see that so often.

Girmay has now performed that round of handshakes and embraces three times at Intermarch-Wanty-Gobert, following his wins at the Classic Grand Besanon Doubs last year and the Trofeo Alcdia in January. There will surely be many more in the years ahead, but not at the Tour of Flanders on Sunday.

Since the depths of winter, it had been agreed that Girmay, whose European base is in San Marino, would return to Eritrea in April to spend time with his family in Asmara. That plan will be respected.

The sponsors will have enjoyed the assembly of television crews waiting for Girmay outside the Zuidwege hotel in Zedelgem on Monday morning, but the team will not insist that he prolongs his stay in Belgium until the Ronde.

He has to go to his family, whom he hasn't seen since January 3. He needs that, insisted directeur sportif Hilaire Van der Schueren, a thought echoed by Visbeek.

I mean, we also have to see the human aspect of it, and hes been away from his family a long time, Visbeek said.

The only person who can decide is Biniam himself, along with his family. For us, there is no pressure. We are very happy and proud of him. Our cycling team is a family. Were known for that. We dont have a big budget, but we invest in the right things and have good contact with our riders.

Working with Girmay, Visbeek added, has been straightforward. Young, talented athletes are not always the most coachable, but Girmay, who took his first steps in European racing as a junior at the UCI World Cycling Centre in Aigle, knows the value of dialogue.

Hes a guy thats down to earth, very friendly and open, Visbeek said.

When he trusts you, he really trusts you, and that also helps to make steps really fast, because we can discuss things with him. He also has a lot of common sense. Hes not bothered by the outside world too much. And improvement is still possible: he can sprint more aerodynamically, and on nutrition he can still improve too.

During his time in Eritrea, Girmay will train in preparation for his Grand Tour debut at the Giro dItalia, and just before the corsa rosa, he will line up with ambition at Eschborn-Frankfurt on May 1. Even if the Ronde is not on the agenda this season, there are plenty of opportunities to shine in the weeks and months ahead.

I think the break will do him good because his first Grand Tour is coming and thats a new situation in his career. Its going to be a learning experience, said Visbeek.

Thanks to Alexander Kristoff, he didnt have all the eyes on him from the beginning of the season, but now he will.

In Leuven last September and now in Wevelgem, Girmay has reached notable milestones for Eritrean and African cycling and the expectation is that more will follow.

Hes aware of the fact that hes doing historical things and he wants to do that for his continent and his nation, said Visbeek, though he added that the weight of history is lightly worn: He wants to win bike races.

Ride like Intermarch-Wanty-Gobert Matriaux with

Read more here:
Winner with a human touch: Girmay finds a home from home at Intermarch - Cyclingnews.com

DELIVERED BYNada Al- Nashif, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights

AT49th session of the Human Rights Council - Agenda Item 10: Enhanced ID on oral updates on Democratic Republic of the Congo

LOCATIONGeneva, Palais des Nation, Room XIX

Mr. President,

Honorable Minister,

Distinguished panelists,

Excellencies,

I am pleased to provide an oral update on the human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in accordance with Resolution 48/20 of the Human Rights Council.

The human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not improved significantly since the last update before this Council. It continues to be compounded by increased and persistent attacks by armed groups against civilians, notably in the eastern provinces. In 2021, the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office (UNJHRO) documented nearly 7,000 cases of human rights violations and abuses throughout the country. Despite the overall decrease of nearly 12% from the previous year, abuses committed by the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) fighters have in fact increased. Their attacks on civilians intensified in North Kivu and Ituri, despite the state of siege in place since May 2021. In addition, there was a significant increase in attacks on civilians by the Nyatura armed group and various Ma-Ma groups in North Kivu, Tanganyika, Maniema, and South Kivu provinces.

I am particularly worried by the shrinking humanitarian space throughout conflict-affected provinces. In 2021, our office documented at least 292 incidents of violence against humanitarian actors, with seven killed, 29 injured and 25 abducted for ransom.

Violence has also particularly affected internally displaced persons. Dozens of people, including women and children, have been killed since January in attacks against IDP sites in Ituri province. Thousands of others have been forced to move to other locations. Since October 2021, there have been at least six attacks against IDP sites affecting over 68 victims. In an attack on 1 February 2022, in Mbudjonal, Djugu territory, Ituri province, 62 internally displaced people from the Hema community were killed, including 14 children and another 39 were reportedly injured, including 23 children, by fighters from the Cooperative de developpement economique du Congo (CODECO). The victims were either shot at or attacked with machetes and knives. In addition, part of the site of the Savo plain including a health centre were looted.

Jappelle les autorits de la Rpublique Dmocratique du Congo prendre des mesures fortes pour mettre un terme cette spirale de violence, faire respecter l'tat de droit et veiller ce que les auteurs de ces graves violations des droits de l'homme et du droit international humanitaire rendent compte de leurs actes.

Excellencies,

The tat de siege imposed in Ituri and North-Kivu provinces continues to have a serious impact on the administration of justice and civic space with several members of civil society organizations and provincial assemblies arrested and detained for criticizing it. As we speak today, 13 members of the Lutte pour le Changement who were arrested on 11 November 2021 are still being detained in Beni for organizing a sit-in in front of the Mayors office.

On a positive note, I welcome the suppression of the Military Operational Court and efforts to support military justice in the treatment of additional cases assigned to judges. I invite the authorities to ensure that the derogations imposed under the state of siege comply with the letter and spirit of article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in light of the Human Rights Committees General Comment No. 29.

Excellencies,

Since October 2021, many efforts have indeed been made by the authorities of the DRC in the fight against impunity for human rights violations. At least 57 members of the Armed Forces of the DRC and the Congolese National Police, as well as at least 83 members of the armed groups, have been convicted of human rights and/or international humanitarian law violations. I welcome these developments towards sustained peace and security. I encourage the Government to ensure that all perpetrators of serious violations are held accountable, regardless of their rank or affiliation.

We have taken note of the verdict rendered on 29 January 2022 by the Military Court of Ex-Kasai Occidental, resulting in the conviction of more than 50 persons including a senior army officer, in relation to the killings of Ms. Zaida Cataln and Mr. Michael Sharp, former members of the United Nations Group of Experts on the DRC. I encourage the authorities to continue their investigations to ensure that all those involved in the murder of the two experts and individuals accompanying them are held to account. As some of the defendants were found guilty on all counts and sentenced to death, I would like to reiterate our Offices opposition to the use of the death penalty in all circumstances. Noting the de facto moratorium on the imposition of the death penalty in the DRC, I call on the authorities to maintain this moratorium and to consider abolishing it in law.

I also welcome the significant progress made in managing the crisis in the Kasai region, including the establishment of a provincial Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission - however, the prioritization of serious cases by the military justice system with the support of international partners, including the UNJHRO remains key. I am concerned about the slow pace of criminal prosecutions, nearly six years after the crisis outbreak. To date, only few of the major judicial cases have passed the preliminary investigation stage. I hope that with the continued support of our Office and partners to judicial authorities, progress will be made towards the realization of the right to justice of victims.

I am similarly encouraged by the positive developments recorded in recent months in the implementation of transitional justice mechanisms throughout the territory of the DRC. Following the establishment of a Joint Committee charged with developing a national roadmap on transitional justice, popular consultations were recently launched in Kalemie, Tshikapa, Goma and Matadi, in order to assess the aspirations of the population, particularly the victims. I commend these efforts as national consultations offer a unique opportunity for victims and their communities to be heard and take part in the decisions affecting them.

As the High Commissioner has repeatedly, noted transitional justice efforts will only be useful if they are anchored in international human rights standards, placing the rights and needs of victims and their families at the center. I therefore encourage the Government to ensure that transitional justice mechanisms are in full compliance with international human rights standards.

The technical assistance team, which includes forensic experts, plays a major role in the fight against impunity and transitional justice. In addition, following the adoption of resolution 48/20 in October 2021, the mandate of the international experts was expanded to cover the entire territory. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Bacre Ndiaye and Marie Thrse Keita, for their dedication, expertise and professionalism in implementing this mandate.

I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to the authorities for their openness and excellent cooperation with our Office and with the international experts. Their political vision in favour of a transformative effort for justice is welcome as is the commitment to local, national and regional ownership of this important endeavour. Our Office encourages all member states to extend their full support to the important work the team of experts.

Excellencies,

While the Congolese people are heading towards elections in 2023, the process is facing delays, including in electoral reforms, and is affected by tensions related to the appointment of members of the Electoral Commission. I call on the Government to take all measures to ensure that the process is non-violent, transparent, inclusive and credible. Efforts to widen the democratic space should continue. Important draft laws have been pending in the parliament for several years. These laws will be instrumental for a greater enjoyment of civil and political rights. The leadership of the Government is needed to ensure that they are presented during the current session of the parliament.

Against this backdrop, the country continues to witness the spread of hate speech and incitement to hostility, with the risk of widespread ethnic and political tension and violence. I welcome efforts by the authorities to prevent hate speech. I am pleased that the Sakata draft law against tribalism, racism and xenophobia has been enlisted for discussion at the National Assembly Our office will continue to implement its technical cooperation activities, including training, capacity building and support of legal reforms.

Enfin, j'aimerais attirer l'attention du Conseil des droits de l'homme sur la ncessit de soutenir davantage le Bureau des droits de l'homme en RDC pendant la mise en uvre du plan de transition conjoint de la MONUSCO. Nous devons poursuivre nos activits de surveillance, d'tablissement de rapports et d'alerte prcoce tout en jouant un rle plus important dans les programmes d'assistance technique travers le pays.

Je vous remercie.

Go here to see the original:
Update on the Democratic Republic of Congo, 29 March 2022 - Democratic Republic of the Congo - ReliefWeb

GENEVA (25 March 2022) A UN expert called today on the international community to accept and adopt the findings in his current report, echoing recent findings by Palestinian, Israeli and international human rights organisations, that apartheid is being practiced by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory.

There is today in the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967 a deeply discriminatory dual legal and political system that privileges the 700,000 Israeli Jewish settlers living in the 300 illegal Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, said Michael Lynk, the UN Special Rapporteur for the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967.

Living in the same geographic space, but separated by walls, checkpoints, roads and an entrenched military presence, are more than three million Palestinians, who are without rights, living under an oppressive rule of institutional discrimination and without a path to a genuine Palestinian state that the world has long promised is their right.

Another two million Palestinians live in Gaza, described regularly as an open-air prison, without adequate access to power, water or health, with a collapsing economy and with no ability to freely travel to the rest of Palestine or the outside world.

The Special Rapporteur said that a political regime which so intentionally and clearly prioritizes fundamental political, legal and social rights to one group over another within the same geographic unit on the basis of ones racial-national-ethnic identity satisfies the international legal definition of apartheid.

Apartheid is not, sadly, a phenomenon confined to the history books on southern Africa, he said in his report to the Human Rights Council. The 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court came into law after the collapse of the old South Africa. It is a forward-looking legal instrument which prohibits apartheid as a crime against humanity today and into the future, wherever it may exist.

Lynk said that Israels military rule in the occupied Palestinian territory has been deliberately built with the intention of enduring facts on the ground primarily through settlements and barricades to demographically engineer a permanent, and illegal, Israeli sovereign claim over occupied territory, while confining Palestinians in smaller and more confined reserves of disconnected land.

This has been accomplished in part through a long-standing series of inhuman(e) acts by the Israeli military towards the Palestinians that have been integral to the occupation, he said. He pointed to arbitrary and extra-judicial killings, torture, the denial of fundamental rights, an abysmal rate of child deaths, collective punishment, an abusive military court system, periods of intensive Israeli military violence in Gaza and home demolitions.

Lynk said a number of recent reports and opinions issued by respected Palestinian, Israeli and international human rights organizations have come to the same conclusion on the practice of apartheid by Israel. He added that leading international personalities including former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, South African Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor and former Israeli Attorney General Michael Ben-Yair have also all called this apartheid.

The Special Rapporteur said the international community bears much responsibility for this present state of affairs. For more than 40 years, the UN Security Council and General Assembly have stated in hundreds of resolutions that Israels annexation of occupied territory is unlawful, its construction of hundreds of Jewish settlements are illegal, and its denial of Palestinian self-determination breaches international law, he said.

The Council and the Assembly have repeatedly criticized Israel for defying their resolutions. They have threatened consequences. But no accountability has ever followed. If the international community had truly acted on its resolutions 40 or 30 years ago, we would not be talking about apartheid today.

To end the practice of apartheid in the occupied Palestinian territory, the Special Rapporteur called on the international community to assemble an imaginative and vigorous menu of accountability measures to bring the Israeli occupation and its apartheid practices in the occupied Palestinian territory to a complete end.

ENDS

*Mr. S. Michael Lynk is the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967

*The Special Rapporteurs, Independent Experts and Working Groups are part of what is known as the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. Special Procedures, the largest body of independent experts in the UN Human Rights system, is the general name of the Councils independent fact-finding and monitoring mechanisms that address either specific country situations or thematic issues in all parts of the world. Special Procedures experts work on a voluntary basis; they are not UN staff and do not receive a salary for their work. They are independent from any government or organization and serve in their individual capacity.*

UN Human Rights, Country Page Israel* and occupied Palestinian territory

*For more information and media requests, please contact Sarah Nobel (sarah.jacquiernobel@un.org)*

*For media inquiries related to other UN independent experts, please contact Jeremy Laurence (+ 41 79 444 7578 / jeremy.laurence@un.org)*

*Follow news related to the UNs independent human rights experts on Twitter @UN_SPExperts.*

Concerned about the world we live in?Then STAND UP for someone's rights today.

http://www.standup4humanrights.org

Originally posted here:
Israel's 55-year occupation of Palestinian Territory is apartheid UN human rights expert - occupied Palestinian territory - ReliefWeb

Breadcrumb Trail Links

'The "day after", if there will still be days and human beings we will have to start again from nothing'

Author of the article:

Publishing date:

VATICAN CITY Pope Francis on Wednesday evoked the specter of a nuclear war, where whoever is left of humanity would have to start all over again on the day after, and appeared to ask God to stop the aggressor in Ukraine.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

The 85-year-old Francis dedicated his address at his weekly general audience to aging and corruption in society, telling the Biblical story of the Great Flood that God used to punish a sinful and corrupt humanity and which only Noah and his family survived.

Our imagination appears increasingly concentrated on the representation of a final catastrophe that will extinguish us, he said, then departing from his prepared text to add: such as that which would happen with an eventual atomic war.

The day after, if there will still be days and human beings we will have to start again from nothing, he said, without specifically mentioning the Ukraine war in that part of the audience, held before several thousand people inside the Vatican.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Minutes later, however, he lowered his voice and using a somber tone, read a prayer about the Ukraine war written by an Italian archbishop.

Lord Jesus Christ, son of God, we implore you to stop the hand of Cain, he said, referring to the Biblical character who turned on his own brother, attacking and killing him.

Francis, who has previously called the war an unacceptable armed aggression, did not name any countries on Wednesday.

The prayer continued, saying: When you (God) have stopped the hand of Cain, take care of him also. He is our brother.

Moscow says its action is designed not to occupy territory but to demilitarize and denazify its neighbor.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Our imagination appears increasingly concentrated on the representation of a final catastrophe

Russia calls its action a special military operation. Previously, Francis implicitly rejected that term, saying it could not be considered just a military operation but a war that had unleashed rivers of blood and tears.

The prayer which the pope read on Wednesday, written by Naples Archbishop Domenico Battaglia, portrayed Jesus as born under the bombs of Kyiv, and dead in the arms of a mother in Kharkiv, or as the 20-year-old sent to the front lines.

Earlier in St. Peters Basilica, the pope met several hundred Italian school children and asked them to think about their counterparts in Ukraine who have to escape from the bombs. They are suffering so much and it is cold there. (Reporting by Philip Pullella; Editing by Alex Richardson)

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Sign up to receive the daily top stories from the National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.

A welcome email is on its way. If you don't see it, please check your junk folder.

The next issue of NP Posted will soon be in your inbox.

We encountered an issue signing you up. Please try again

Postmedia is committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion and encourage all readers to share their views on our articles. Comments may take up to an hour for moderation before appearing on the site. We ask you to keep your comments relevant and respectful. We have enabled email notificationsyou will now receive an email if you receive a reply to your comment, there is an update to a comment thread you follow or if a user you follow comments. Visit our Community Guidelines for more information and details on how to adjust your email settings.

More:
Pope evokes specter of nuclear war wiping out humanity - National Post

1.5 million years remaining: If Homo sapiens survives as long as Homo erectus

How long has Homo Erectus existed?

Homo erectus is an extinct species of archaic humans. It is among the first recognizable members of the genus Homo. It was also the first human ancestor to spread throughout Eurasia,

Homo erectus survived for at least 1.7 million years. The oldest fossils regarded as Homo Erectus are the Dmanisi specimens from present-day Georgia, dated to 1.8 million years ago (Lordkipanidze et al, 2006). The most recent fossils are from present-day Indonesia, and have been dated to 0.1 million years ago (Yokohama et al., 2008).

How large was humanitys future if we survived as long as Homo erectus?

If we Homo sapiens survive as long as Homo erectus we would have 1.5 million years left. Our future would be almost twice as large as shown in the chart in the main text.

Almost 190 trillion children would be born into this world.

This is the calculation:

(1,500,000 years / 88 years per person) * 11,000,000,000 people =

187,500,000,000,000 people =

187.5 trillion people would be born in the next 1.5 million years

[Alternatively you could see this by considering that 1,500,000 years is 1.875-times longer than 800,000 years.]

How long will Earth remain habitable? How long will our sun exist?

Astrophysicist Jillian Scudder, Anders Sandberg, and Toby Ord suggest that our planet will remain habitable for roughly a billion years.

Based on the scenario above this would be a future in which 125 quadrillion children will be born.

This is the calculation:

(1,000,000,000 years / 88 years per person) * 11,000,000,000 people =(1,000,000,000 / 88) * 11,000,000,000 = 125,000,000,000,000,000 people = 125 quadrillion people would be born in this scenario in the next billion years.

A quadrillion is a one followed by 15 zeros (1,000,000,000,000,000).

125 quadrillion is 125 thousand trillion people (According to the short scale).

If humanity survived for as long as the sun exists, 5 billion years.

(5,000,000,000 years / 88 years per person) * 11,000,000,000 people =625,000,000,000,000,000 people =

625 quadrillion people would be born in this scenario in the next 5 billion years.

625 quadrillion is 625 thousand trillion people.

625 quadrillion relative to 100 trillion

Over the next 5 billion years: 625 quadrillion = 625,000,000,000,000,000

Over the next 800,000 years: 100 trillion = 100,000,000,000,000

625,000,000,000,000,000 / 100,000,000,000,000 = 6,250

Two ways to illustrate this:

625 quadrillion relative to todays population

The ratio between todays world population and the future world population:

625,000,000,000,000,000 / 7,953,952,577 = 78,577,285

The ratio between future people and all people alive today would be 78.6 million to one.

78,577,285 meter are 78,577 kilometer

Making the beach 17 meter wide means it would be 4,622km long (78,577/17). These are 2872 miles.

View post:
The Future is Vast: Longtermism's perspective on humanity's past, present, and future - Our World in Data

As Russias invasion of Ukraine completed its third week, sieges tightened around Kyiv, Mariupol, Chernihiv, and Kharkiv, and Russia fired missiles into the heart of urban centres, targeting hospitals, schools, and high-rise apartment blocks.

The United Nations says more than three million Ukrainians are now refugees, and two million are internally displaced. Ukrainian officials say many thousands of civilians have died.

A childrens hospital. A maternity hospital. How did they threaten the Russian Federation? asked Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in his nightly video address on March 9, after Russiabombedhospitals in Mariupol and Zhytomyr.

Bombs also fell on central Kyiv all week, as Russian troops,apparentlyunable toadvance, sent missiles from 15km away.

Russian troops are methodically turning our life into a hell. People day and night have to sit underground without food, water or electricity, the head of the Kyiv region, OleksiyKuleba, said on Ukrainian television.

Russia escalated psychological warfare on Ukrainians and especially on the port of Mariupol. A Russian air attack hit a supposedly safe corridor to the city on March 10, while Russian troops pillaged a convoy of humanitarian aid meant for the city on March 12, and blocked another two days later.

Separately, a Russian air attack hit a westbound train evacuating civilians from the east on March 12, killing one.

Those who do make it to Poland, Romania, and other European Union destinations have often been traumatised by the sight of destruction, the death of loved ones, and family separation.

I just talked to Yana, a 13-year-old teenager from Mykolaiv, evacuated with her family, said Zoran Stevanovich, a UNHCR communications officer. She is not fully grasping the situation they are in. They dont know where they are going to go, but shes happy she has a [wi-fi] hotspot The elderly are probably the most vulnerable, and in the most difficult situation mentally, he told Al Jazeera.

United States Department of Defense spokesman John Kirby said on March 9 that the US is looking into providing Ukraine with anti-aircraft defence systems, rather than approving the transfer of Polish MiG-29 fighter jets. Poland has been eager to transfer its MiG-29s to Ukraine, but its prime minister, Mateusz Morawiecki, said it must be approved by all NATO members.

International sanctions tightened further in the third week of war, with the EU and the US announcing a new round of co-ordinated bans of Russian imports.

The US House of Representatives approved a ban on Russian oil imports to the US by a majority of 414-17 on March 10. The following day, the US led a new round of sanctions, backed by the G7. These include depriving Russia of its trade privileges under WTO membership, cutting off financing from multilateral institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, and banning the import of luxury goods, such as vodka, seafood, and diamonds.

On March 14, the French presidency of the EU said member states had agreed upon a fourth package of sanctions against Russia, including revoking most favoured nation trade status, and a ban on iron, steel, and luxury goods.

There were signs that Russia is straining under combined military and financial pressure.

The World Bank said that Russia was in default territory, as the country became increasingly isolated from the global economy. Russia itself said that the US had declared an economic war against it.

Russia is a poor country, it turns out, and not in a position to finance an extensive campaign, Thanos Veremis, professor emeritus of history at Athens University, told Al Jazeera. Russia didnt want to show this, because a shroud of mystery is better than the truth.

To get it out of what is rapidly turning into a quagmire, Russian president Vladimir Putin welcomed unpaid mercenaries from Syria, and US officials told media on March 13 that Russia had asked China for direct military assistance, raising the prospect that China might also offer its ally financial assistance.

The US quickly moved to pressure China not to assist Russia, with the US National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan meeting with Chinese foreign policy chief Yang Jiechi on March 14.

We are communicating directly and privately to Beijing that there absolutely will be consequences if China helps Russia against sanctions, he told CNN. We will not allow that to go forward and allow there to be a lifeline to Russia from these economic sanctions from any country anywherein the world, Sullivan said.

As it weakened Russia, the US strengthened Ukraine, with the US Congress approving a $13.6bn package of military and humanitarian aid on March 10.

The wars international economic effect is starting to show in the numbers. IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said on March 10 that the war in Ukraine, along with sanctions against Russia, have led to a contraction in global trade, and the IMF is to lower its global growth forecast next month.

It had already revised its global growth forecast for 2022 downwards by half a percentage point in January to 4.4 percent, citing renewed mobility restrictions due to the Omicron variant of the coronavirus and high inflation due to energy costs and supply disruptions.

Hopes for a negotiated settlement have risen slightly.

On March 10, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and his Ukrainian counterpart Dmytro Kulebamet in Turkey, in the highest-level talks since the war began. There was no ceasefire agreement, but Lavrov left open the possibility of further talks and a meeting between the two countries presidents.

Russian and Ukrainian negotiators expressed optimism on March 13. I think that we will achieve some results literally in a matter of days, said Ukrainian negotiator Mykhailo Podolyak.

Russian negotiator Leonid Slutsky was also positive.

According to my personal expectations, this progress may grow in the coming days into a joint position of both delegations, into documents for signing, Slutsky said.

I imagine [the Russians] wish it were all over by now, and they are trying to find a solution in talks, said Veremis.

The nub of negotiations will be the Crimea, he believes.

It seems[Putin]wants theentire littoral,which wouldlandlock Ukraine. Are these negotiations real or sham for the Russians to show they are negotiating and not intransigent?

Here is the original post:
Human costs mount in the third week of war in Ukraine - Al Jazeera English

Breadcrumb Trail Links

'I'm of the view his safe reintegration into the community is a relevant objective'

An ex-paramedic who told a couple he was a human-hunter before menacing them with a machete has been handed a seven-month sentence.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Owain Wyn Jones, 54, was also ordered to serve two years probation for the incident that occurred on a remote forestry road west of Sundre on Sept. 18, 2020.

Provincial Court Judge Ken McLeod had already found Jones guilty in January of two counts each of assault and intimidation, and one of possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose.

He was also convicted of obstructing a police officer in an incident on Nov. 2, 2020, in which he had to be pulled from his vehicle by Mounties.

McLeod acquitted Jones of additional assault and intimidation charges involving the couples two young boys who were in the back of their vehicle when Jones approached with a machete, finding there was insufficient evidence he knew the children were present.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Grayson Short and Morgan Allen came across Jones that afternoon on a roadway on Crown land.

Short testified he was driving with Allen and their two sons when they came upon a log barricade with a truck parked behind it.

When he sought to see why the road was blocked, Short told court just as I looked up . . . the owner of the vehicle stepped out . . . dragging a machete by his side.

Short testified he told Jones he was hoping to do some hunting when the accused replied, Im hunting humans.

That led a frightened Short to back up his vehicle and beat a retreat, with a machete-wielding Jones chasing after him and his family.

McLeod said the crime had a traumatic effect on the family, particularly on Ms. Allen, and it did have the effect of compelling the family to leave the area.

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

He said at least one of the couples children was also affected to some extent by the experience.

Because Jones has been in remand since the fall of 2020 he wont have to serve any more time, but the two years probation was something the accused had opposed as excessive and piling on, noted McLeod.

But the judge said two psychiatric assessments conducted last year point to substance-abuse problems and post-traumatic stress resulting from Jones paramedic career.

It appears Mr. Jones encountered some very challenging circumstances during his time as a paramedic that obviously had an impact, said McLeod, as Jones sat in the prisoners box with a bandage over a swollen left eye.

I found (Jones actions and mindset) threatening from a legal sense but also unusual.

And although he cant be forced to undergo treatment for those problems, the judge said he hopes Jones will use the probation time to do just that.

Im of the view his safe reintegration into the community is a relevant objective, said McLeod, who noted Jones has no prior criminal record.

There are some long-standing issues Mr. Jones needs to deal with.

BKaufmann@postmedia.com

Twitter: @BillKaufmannjrn

This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.

Sign up to receive daily headline news from the Calgary Herald, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.

A welcome email is on its way. If you don't see it, please check your junk folder.

The next issue of Calgary Herald Headline News will soon be in your inbox.

We encountered an issue signing you up. Please try again

Postmedia is committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion and encourage all readers to share their views on our articles. Comments may take up to an hour for moderation before appearing on the site. We ask you to keep your comments relevant and respectful. We have enabled email notificationsyou will now receive an email if you receive a reply to your comment, there is an update to a comment thread you follow or if a user you follow comments. Visit our Community Guidelines for more information and details on how to adjust your email settings.

Read this article:
'Human hunter' sentenced to seven months for chasing couple with machete - Calgary Herald

You may well have spent hours wondering what your laptop is up to as it takes its time to boot up. Scientists have asked the same question of the human brain: How exactly does it restart after being anesthetized, in a coma, or in a deep sleep?

Using a group of 30 healthy adults who were anesthetized for three hours, and a group of 30 healthy adults who weren't as a control measure, a 2021 study reveals some insights into how the brain drags itself back into consciousness.

It turns out that the brain switches back on one section at a time, rather than all at once and abstract problem-solving capabilities, as handled by the prefrontal cortex, are the functions that come back online the quickest. Other brain areas, including those managing reaction time and attention, take longer.

"Although initially surprising, it makes sense in evolutionary terms that higher cognition needs to recover early," said anesthesiologist Max Kelz, from the University of Pennsylvania.

"If, for example, someone was waking up to a threat, structures like the prefrontal cortex would be important for categorizing the situation and generating an action plan."

A variety of methods were used to measure what was happening in the brain, including electroencephalography (EEG) scans and cognitive tests before and after going under. These tests measured reaction speed, memory recall, and other skills.

Analyzing the EEG readings, the researchers noted that the frontal regions of the brain where functions including problem-solving, memory, and motor control are located became particularly active as the brain began to recover.

A comparison with the control group showed that it took about three hours for those who had been anesthetized to recover fully.

The team also followed up with the group participants about their sleep schedules in the days after the experiment. The experience didn't appear to negatively affect sleeping patterns in those who had been anesthetized.

"This suggests that the healthy human brain is resilient, even with a prolonged exposure to deep anesthesia," said anesthesiologist Michael Avidan, from Washington University.

"Clinically, this implies that some of the disorders of cognition that we often see for days or even weeks during recovery from anesthesia and surgery such as delirium might be attributable to factors other than lingering effects of anesthetic drugs on the brain."

A lot of surgical procedures simply wouldn't be possible without anesthesia, an effective and controlled way of turning off consciousness in the brain something that can happen involuntarily in the case of a coma.

Despite their widespread use, we don't really understand how anesthetics work in precise detail, even if we have figured out how to use them safely. There are plenty of ideas about how the brain deals with these drugs, but no concrete evidence as yet.

The recent findings can not only help with treatments and patient care after major operations involving anesthesia, for example but also in giving scientists a better understanding of the brain and how it responds to disruption.

"How the brain recovers from states of unconsciousness is important clinically but also gives us insight into the neural basis of consciousness itself," said anesthesiologist George Mashour, from the University of Michigan.

The research was published in eLife.

A version of this study was first published in May 2021.

See the original post:
Here's How The Human Brain Reboots Itself After The Deep Sleep of Anesthesia - ScienceAlert