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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Can vaccines be delivered via the lungs instead of by injection?

Posted: October 15, 2012 at 10:21 pm

Public release date: 15-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Vicki Cohn vcohn@liebertpub.com 914-740-2100 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News

New Rochelle, NY, October 15, 2012In addition to the obvious benefit of eliminating the need for an injection, new vaccine delivery methods via the lungs offer particular advantages for protecting against infectious agents that enter the body through the respiratory track. A comprehensive review article that presents the current status, challenges, and opportunities of pulmonary vaccine delivery is published in Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. The article is available free online on the Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery website.

In "Pulmonary Vaccine Delivery: A Realistic Approach?" Wouter Tonnis and coauthors from University of Groningen and National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Bilthoven), The Netherlands, describe the unique physiology and immune responsiveness of the respiratory track that make pulmonary vaccine delivery such an attractive alternative to traditional injections. Although pulmonary vaccination is still a young field, with much more research needed, evidence suggests administration of a vaccine to the lungs can induce a local immune response more effectively than conventional types of vaccine delivery, in addition to stimulating antibody production throughout the body. This could be especially important for combating pathogens that cause pulmonary diseases.

"The lung is an immunologic powerhouse that remains largely unexplored. Theoretically we should be able to avoid needles and simply inhale our vaccines," says Editor-in-Chief Gerald C. Smaldone, MD, PhD, Professor and Chief, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at SUNY-Stony Brook.

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About the Journal

Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery is an authoritative peer-reviewed journal published bimonthly in print and online. It is the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. The Journal is the only authoritative publication delivering innovative articles on the health effects of inhaled aerosols and delivery of drugs through the pulmonary system. Topics covered include airway reactivity and asthma treatment, inhalation of particles and gases in the respiratory tract, toxic effects of inhaled agents, and aerosols as tools for studying basic physiologic phenomena. Complete tables of content and a sample issue may be viewed on the Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery website.

About the Publisher

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers is a privately held, fully integrated media company known for establishing authoritative peer-reviewed journals in many promising areas of science and biomedical research, including Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, and Microbial Drug Resistance. Its biotechnology trade magazine, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN), was the first in its field and is today the industry's most widely read publication worldwide. A complete list of the firm's 70 journals, books, and newsmagazines is available online on the Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers website.

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Can vaccines be delivered via the lungs instead of by injection?

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Myriad Genetics to Announce First Fiscal Quarter 2013 Results on Monday, November 5, 2012

Posted: at 10:21 pm

SALT LAKE CITY, Oct. 15, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Myriad Genetics, Inc. (MYGN) today announced that it will issue financial results for the first fiscal quarter 2013 following the close of market on Monday, November 5, 2012.

The Company will also host a conference call on Monday, November 5, 2012 at 4:30 P.M. Eastern to review the financial results. Participating on the call will be: Peter Meldrum, President and Chief Executive Officer, Mark Capone, President of Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. and Jim Evans, Chief Financial Officer.

To listen to the call, interested parties may dial 800-354-6885 or 303-223-2680. All callers will be asked to reference reservation number 21607424.

The conference call will also be available through a live webcast at http://www.myriad.com.

A replay of the call will be available two hours after the end of the call for seven days and may be accessed by dialing 800-633-8284 or 402-977-9140 and entering reservation number 21607424.

About Myriad Genetics

Myriad Genetics is a leading molecular diagnostic company dedicated to making a difference in patient's lives through the discovery and commercialization of transformative tests to assess a person's risk of developing disease, guide treatment decisions and assess risk of disease progression and recurrence. Myriad's portfolio of molecular diagnostic tests are based on an understanding of the role genes play in human disease and were developed with a commitment to improving an individual's decision making process for monitoring and treating disease. Myriad is focused on strategic directives to introduce new products, including companion diagnostics, as well as expanding internationally. For more information on how Myriad is making a difference, please visit the Company's website: http://www.myriad.com

Myriad, the Myriad logo, BRACAnalysis, Colaris, Colaris AP, Melaris, TheraGuide, Prezeon, OnDose, Panexia and Prolaris are trademarks or registered trademarks of Myriad Genetics, Inc. in the United States and foreign countries. MYGN-F, MYGN-G

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Myriad Genetics to Announce First Fiscal Quarter 2013 Results on Monday, November 5, 2012

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Genetics Society of America announces 2013 award recipients

Posted: at 10:21 pm

Public release date: 15-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Phyllis Edelman pedelman@genetics-gsa.org 301-634-7302 Genetics Society of America

BETHESDA, MD -- October 15, 2012 -- The Genetics Society of America (GSA) is pleased to announce its 2013 award recipients. The five individuals honored are recognized by their peers for their outstanding achievements and contributions to the community of geneticists. They will receive their awards at GSA conferences during 2013.

"This year's award winners are an outstanding group of individuals who have all contributed in such powerful ways to the field of genetics in research, in education, and in fostering the genetics community. The GSA awards provide an opportunity for the genetics community as a whole to say a heartfelt thank you and to recognize those whose impressive achievements have advanced the science of genetics," said Phil Heiter, PhD, President of GSA.

The recipients of the 2013 GSA Awards are as follows:

Additional information about each of the awards and the recipients' achievement is listed below.

Recipient: Thomas D. Petes, PhD, Duke University Award: The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal

Dr. Petes is the Minnie Geller Professor in Genetics in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, NC. He has made seminal research contributions that have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. His insights into comprehending genome stability and instability extend far beyond this model system, laying the foundation for much of our knowledge about how human cells replicate, protect, repair and combine their chromosomes. This has provided crucial understanding in identifying the gene defects of the most common form of hereditary colon cancer and in other human diseases.

In addition to his scientific achievements, Dr. Petes has mentored numerous outstanding scientists and has been an active member of GSA, having served as both secretary (1995) and president (2002) of the Society. He has been honored by election to the National Academy of Sciences (1999) and as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2005), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005), and the American Academy of Microbiology (2009).

The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal is named in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866), the classical geneticist who was a founder of modern genetics and the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recipient for his studies of Drosophila and "the role played by the chromosome in heredity." The Morgan Medal recognizes genetics researchers whose body of work over their lifetime has substantively added to knowledge in the field and consequently has had great impact on its direction.

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Genetics Society of America announces 2013 award recipients

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Master-builder of the Human Genetics Unit

Posted: at 10:21 pm

Walking up the stairs of the Faculty of Medicine, which reminded me of a colonial English Mansion with an imposing regal atmosphere, I finally found the Office of the Dean.

In his spacious office sat Professor Rohan W. Jayasekara, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine who is a pioneer in the field of Medical Genetics in Sri Lanka. He is the person who established the first Human Genetics Unit in the country in 1983. Professor Jayasekara appeared to be extremely affable with a most friendly disposition and he immediately put one at ease. This is his interview with Reminiscences of Gold.

Professor Rohan Jayasekara

I was born in Colombo and had my upbringing in Mount Lavinia. I was the only child in the family. The childhood I spent in the early 50s was a laid back setup where things moved at a leisurely pace. Children got their education but at the same time they enjoyed their childhood. School began at 8.45 am and finished at 3.15 in the afternoon. So after a good breakfast, we went to school with a lunch break of one hour from 12.15pm - 1.15pm. We could even play a cricket match continuing the next day. Classes finished at 3.15 pm and those who wanted to play sports could stay on in the college.

Others came home and played the usual cricket, rugby and football in our garden. All the neighbours were one family. My father was an old Peterite so he sent me to St. Peters. There was strict discipline at St. Peters but at the same time there was a lot of freedom and we had a proper moulding. I owe so much to my old school. The important thing during that era was that we didnt have television. I remember coming to the British Council very regularly because I used to finish two books every week. We developed our reading habits which helped improve our command of the language, explained Jayasekara.

He joined the Faculty of Medicine at the Peradeniya University in 1967 where he spent five years. Those were the best years of my life and it was one of the most beautiful universities in the world. We had a balanced life. We thoroughly enjoyed seeing plays in the Open Arts Theatre. There were very dedicated teachers and there were the likes of Professor Bibile who had musical evenings in their homes. It was an enriching experience. I always felt that the graduates of Peradeniya had a kindred spirit. Maybe because we lived together, ate and drank together, enjoyed, celebrated and cried together. The 1971 JVP insurrection was the only tragic experience we had. Some lost their lives.

Jayasekera joined the Faculty of Medicine as a lecturer in 1974. He left the island in 1977 for his postgraduate studies at the Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Its a beautiful university town with friendly people. We learnt not only the subject matter but also other character moulding traits: how to communicate with people, how to be polite and how to disagree with people and how to control oneself. I have never seen any British professional throwing tantrums. Not even under the harshest of provocations. I have never seen my boss losing his temper. They had a way about them.

I had a very interesting experience during my stay in England. Besides my Ph.D. certificate, I also have a certificate from the Chief Constable of Northern England, the equivalent of our IGP there because I helped them arrest red handed a gang of car thieves. I used to work on the fourth floor of the Human Genetics Unit from where I could see the car park. One day I looked down at the car park and saw my car there. Fifteen minutes later I noticed that my red car was missing. So I phoned the Police. A week later they came home and knocked on the door and the people in my flat thought that I had committed a crime. My car had been found in Glasgow because some football hooligans had taken it there. It had been full of empty bottles of beer. A few months later, when I was looking down at the car park, I saw some guys trying to open some cars in the car park. I quickly rang the cops, and in five minutes, four panda cars rushed in and they caught the thieves red handed. Then they came up to the fourth floor looking for Dr. J and I identified myself. Three weeks later I got a letter from the Chief of Police saying : we greatly appreciate your action which helped us in arresting the car thieves and breaking a ring of crime that has been going on there. My boss Professor Roberts said: Chum, this is more valuable than your Ph.D. certificate. I felt happy because I did something good for the community.

Jayasekara returned to the island in 1980 having obtained a Ph.D. in Cytogenetics, which was a pioneering field at the time. The study of Human Genetics has far-reaching consequences for the health of any nation. Jayasekara established the first Human Genetics Unit in the country in 1983. When I came back from England, I was determined not to waste my knowledge and skills so I decided to start the unit. With the initial assistance of the WHO, I managed to build it up. Now we have collaborations and link programmes with several institutes abroad. We conduct teaching programmes for other faculties, institutes and colleges.

We have trained five doctors as clinical geneticists. Now it can run on its own and it is quite independent. I dont even have to sight the place because it is running really well. Im blessed with good people. Now there are 30 people in the unit. Our biggest problem is the lack of space and that is the only constraint. We have an abundance of talent. People are enthusiastic and they need to be encouraged and nurtured. Our talent is unmatched anywhere in the world. So my ambition is to see that every main town has a Human Genetics Unit.

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Jumping DNA rides aboard a virus, which infects a giant virus, which infects an amoeba, which infected a woman’s eye …

Posted: at 10:21 pm

Earlier this year, a 17-year-old French woman arrived at her ophthalmologist with pain and redness in her left eye. She woman had been using tap water to dilute the cleaning solution for her contact lenses, and even though they were meant to be replaced every month, she would wear them for three. As a result, the fluid in her contact lens case had become contaminated with three species of bacteria, an amoeba called Acanthamoeba polyphaga that can caused inflamed eyes.

The mystery of the womans inflamed eyes was solved, but Bernard La Scola and Christelle Desnues looked inside the amoeba, they found more surprises.

It was carrying two species of bacteria, and a giant virus that no one had seen beforethey called it Lentille virus. Inside that, they found a virophagean virus that infects other viruseswhich they called Sputnik 2. And in both Lentille virus and Sputnik 2, they found even smaller genetic parasites tiny chunks of DNA that can hop around the genomes of the virus, and stow away inside the virophage. They called these transpovirons.

So, the poor red eyes of the French patient were carrying an entire world of parasites, nested within one another like Russian Matryoshka nesting dolls. The transpovirons were hidden in the virophage, which infected the giant virus, which infected the amoeba, which infected the womans eyes.

Rise of the virophages

The same team found the first virophage Sputnik back in 2008, under similar circumstances. In dirty water from a Parisian cooling tower, they had isolated an amoeba that contained a new giant virus mamavirus which was infected by Sputnik (named after the Russian for fellow traveller). Mamavirus a virus as big as some bacteria creates large viral factories inside the amoeba, where it makes new copies of itself. Sputnik hijacks these factories to replicate itself at mamavirus expense. It was a groundbreaking discoveryproof that viruses themselves can get sick. Just as they infect cells, virophages can infect them.

The world of virophages continued to grow. Last year, Matthias Fischer and Curtis Suttle discovered a second one Mavirus inside another giant virus called CroV. Weeks later, Sheree Yau announced a third virophage OLV infecting the giant viruses of Antarcticas Organic Lake. Yau also searched through genetic databases for sequences that looked like OLV, and found matches from the Galapagos Islands, Panama, the USA and elsewhere in Antarctica. An entire world of virophages lay waiting to be found.

In Sputnik 2, La Scola and Desnues have discovered the fourth virophage. More importantly, they found its DNA inside that of its Lentille virus host. This proves that, just as other viruses such as HIV and herpes can insert their DNA into animal genomes, Sputnik 2 can insert its DNA into viral ones. This could explain why distantly related giant viruses often carry similar genes. By hopping in and out of their genomes, virophages could be acting as vehicles that transfer genes from one giant virus to another.

Transpovirons

Next, the team did scoured the DNA they recovered from Lentille virus for fragments that didnt belong into either Lentilles or Sputnik 2s genomes. Its a process that team leader Didier Raoult describes as looking in the trash. He says, If you want to see something really bizarre, you have to look where you didnt know to look in the first place. And he was right.

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Jumping DNA rides aboard a virus, which infects a giant virus, which infects an amoeba, which infected a woman’s eye ...

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RainDance Technologies and Integrated DNA Technologies to Develop Reagents and Consumables for Digital PCR

Posted: at 10:21 pm

LEXINGTON, Mass. & CORALVILLE, Iowa--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

RainDance Technologies, Inc., the Digital Biology Company, and Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) Inc., the world leader in oligonucleotide synthesis, today announced a collaboration focused on consumables specifically tailored to perform the fast-growing application of digital PCR. Under the terms of the agreement, the companies will work together on the development of reagents compatible with the RainDrop Digital PCR System. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed.

The RainDrop Digital PCR System is a breakthrough research platform that is transforming the performance of molecular assays by enabling digital answers across a number of important applications including low-frequency tumor allele detection, gene expression, copy number variation, and SNP measurement. Built using RainDances proven RainStorm picodroplet technology, the RainDrop System generates up to 10 million picoliter-sized droplets per sample. Since each droplet encapsulates no more than a single molecule, researchers can quickly determine the absolute number of droplets containing specific target DNA and compare that to the number of droplets with background, wild-type DNA.

We have achieved a new gold standard in sensitivity, quantitation and multiplexing through enhancements in every aspect of system and reagent refinement, said Rena McClory, Ph.D., Marketing Director for Digital PCR at RainDance Technologies. We are pleased to be working with market leaders such as IDT on the development and broad availability of best-in-class reagents in support of our new RainDrop Digital PCR System.

IDT is a leader in manufacturing and developing custom oligonucleotideproductsfor use in the research and diagnostic life science markets.This includesdesign and synthesis ofdual-labeled probes for gene expression and genotyping as part of the PrimeTime qPCR product family. Founded by Dr. Joseph Walder in 1987, IDTs development has been guided by an uncompromising approach to quality, a belief in the value of good service, and a determination to minimize consumer costs.

We are pleased to be working with RainDance in supporting scientists who are seeking to apply the powerful attributes of digital PCR to their research projects, said Stephen Gunstream, Senior Vice President of Marketing and Strategy at IDT. Digital PCR is redefining the science of directly quantifying and amplifying nucleic acids and will open the doors to an exciting era of new discoveries.

For more information about the RainDrop Digital PCR System, please visit http://www.RainDanceTech.com.

About RainDance Technologies

RainDance Technologies, the Digital Biology Company, is pioneering the use of high-throughput picodroplet-based analysis in human health and life science research. The company's core RainStorm technology generates millions of discrete droplets that can encapsulate a single molecule, cell or reaction and be digitally analyzed and sorted one at a time. The power, precision and simplicity of picodroplets enable researchers to answer complex questions with unprecedented sensitivity and quantitation. The complete RainDance solution includes automated instrumentation, customizable bioinformatics and high-value consumables and reagents for applications including targeted next-generation DNA sequencing, methylation, digital PCR. Based in Lexington, Massachusetts, the company supports scientists around the world through its international sales and support operations and a global network of distributors and service providers. For more information, please visitwww.RainDanceTech.com.

For research use only. Not for use in diagnostics procedures.

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Leonard Lerman, 87; senior lecturer at MIT researched DNA

Posted: at 10:21 pm

Using tools he often had made himself, Leonard Lerman took great care in making precise measurements during experiments he performed to further the understanding of DNA.

A simple way to state it is that he was a deeply quantitative man, said Tom Maniatis, chairman of the biochemistry and molecular biophysics department at Columbia University, who had worked with Dr. Lerman as a graduate student at Vanderbilt University.

Discoveries he made about what can unwind the strands of DNA, and other research throughout his career, helped Dr. Lerman become a key figure in the field of molecular biology.

He was both a deep and brilliant man, and also a clever man, in the sense that he always had great ideas and techniques, Maniatis said.

Dr. Lerman, formerly a senior lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, died Sept. 19 in his Cambridge home of a chronic neurological disease. He was 87.

He did lots of things that served for the increased understanding of the structure of DNA and the things that interacted with DNA, said Maurice Fox, a professor emeritus of molecular biology at MIT.

Dr. Lerman, Maniatis said, saw the world through mathematics and could use mathematical and physical properties of molecules to predict what would occur.

As a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, Dr. Lerman worked with Linus Pauling, who in 1954 was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry and has often been referred to as one of the founders of molecular biology.

Dr. Lerman set out to prove his hunch that antibodies have two binding sites to bond with antigens, which are any foreign substances that prompt an immune response. After achieving that goal, he graduated from Cal Tech with a doctorate in chemistry in 1950 and went on to join the faculty of the University of Colorado.

The 1950s were an active time for DNA research. Dr. Lerman was determined to find out more about chemicals that attach to DNA strands and make them unwind, often causing mutations. The way certain chemicals attach to the strands is called intercalation, and it occurs between adjacent base pairs in double-stranded DNA.

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The $1,000 Genome Is Almost Here- Are We Ready?

Posted: at 10:21 pm

The era of the $1000 genome, which is all but upon us already, is a new era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of full genome sequencing for an individual or patient drops to roughly $1,000.

Think about what personalized medicine can do: having access to your own genome information will open the doors to dozens of men and women wishing to find out if they have gene variants associated with Alzheimers, diabetes, heart disease or cancer. In some circumstances this genome map will also help your doctor determine which drugs you should consider taking and at what dosage, which if accurate enough would be much more efficient than the current approach. Sounds great doesnt it?

You probably heard something like this back in 2000 when Bill Clinton mentioned the completion of the Human Genome Project in a speech and suggested that humanity can cure any disease and reveal the secrets of our evolution. Well, back then we didnt have a clue what this 3 billion letter code would bring upon us in terms of storing and handling it and properly analysing it. Only the most savvy IT experts and bioinformaticians foresaw what the technical impact would be, and the side effect of the ensuing flood of data certainly didnt make revealing the secrets of evolution particularly easy.

Twelve years on, the target users of the $1000 genome are scientists at R&D companies and academic institutions, and the occasional wealthy businessman or celebrity such as Ozzy Ozbourne. But so far theyve all paid much more than $1000. Steve Jobs, for example paid $100,000 for his genome to be sequenced and analyzed, when he was fighting with cancer. Admittedly the higher price was a year or so ago, so with the continuing decline in sequencing costs you may well now get a number closer to the $1000 if it is just for sequencing, but without analysis.

If some analysis needs to be done, have a look at this article in Forbes which describes a $4000 genome scan but only covering a fraction 0.02% of the full genome. This type of sequencing is often used for sequencing targeted areas of cancer tissues in order to find the mutations which triggered the cancer.

The $1000 genome figure refers to a full genome scan, much more than what is covered in the Forbes example. Whole genome sequencing covers the complete genome, all 3 billion bases of it, 99.9% of which is identical to every other human, and indeed 99% identical to chimpanzees and bonobos.

Life Technologies announced this year that they can already scan the full genome for $1000, and another company called Geniachip claims to go beyond this and deliver the same results for just $100. It will be interesting to see how good the quality of this $100 genome is!

Given that 99.9% of the genome is identical in all individuals, full genome sequencing is largely unnecessary at least, if we believe that we are sure that all the information we need is in the remaining 0.1%. The recently published ENCODE project found some individually unique traits within that supposedly constant 99.9% genetic sequence which means that we definitely do not know as much about what makes each genome individual as we might have previously thought.

Exome sequencing is a lighter option which will cover only the 1% of your genome that is coding sequence i.e. translated into proteins within your body. This type of sequence will still not include the features that the ENCODE project suggests might exist in the non-coding regions, but it is suited well to current knowledge about the individual variations that can be found in humans. It is offered to the general public by 23andMe and other similar companies and can cost as little as $299 when offered as a commercial service.

To sequence the genome is just the start. Storing it and analysing it can turn out quite pricey. To store only the basic sequence data (no quality scores or ambiguous results) from your fully sequenced human genome you will need roughly 780MB. This can easily be stored on a DVD, which is not expensive at all, but for companies sequencing many human genomes, and certainly for any research where the quality information is as important as the sequence itself, they will need much bigger storage than a single DVD. In-house data centers are the default choice, but the growth in data is outpacing the growth in storage available in these facilities. That is why many of them have embraced the power of the cloud technologies, such as Amazon Web Services.

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Einstein establishes the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Human Aging Research

Posted: at 10:20 pm

Public release date: 15-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Kim Newman sciencenews@einstein.yu.edu 718-430-3101 Albert Einstein College of Medicine

October 15, 2012 (BRONX, NY) Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University has received a $3 million grant from the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research to establish the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Human Aging Research. The grant will fund research to translate recent laboratory and animal discoveries into therapies to slow human aging.

Aging contributes to many of the debilitating and costly diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes that burden the United States and many other countries. This complex but universal condition causes individual cells and the body as a whole to decline in function. Finding the mechanisms that underlie the aging process may lead to treatments that slow aging, prevent or limit common diseases, and allow people to live healthier, longer lives.

"Unless we find protective mechanisms to delay aging, we will not make progress against age-related diseases," said Nir Barzilai, M.D., co-director of the new center as well as director of the Institute for Aging Research, the Ingeborg and Ira Leon Rennert Chair in Aging Research, and professor of medicine and of genetics at Einstein. "With this valuable grant from the Paul F. Glenn Foundation, we hope to make significant advances toward understanding the aging process and improving human health."

"The generosity of Paul F. Glenn and his foundation is a welcome shot in the arm for aging research in the United States, which is chronically underfunded," said Jan Vijg, Ph.D., co-director of the new center, the Lola and Saul Kramer Chair in Molecular Genetics, and professor and chair of genetics and professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at Einstein. "This grant will help Einstein to maintain its position as one of the world's leaders in this rapidly growing field."

"Paul F. Glenn has been a visionary in aging research for more than 30 years," said Ana Maria Cuervo, M.D., Ph.D., co-director of the new center, the Robert and Rene Belfer Chair for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, and professor of developmental and molecular biology, of anatomy and structural biology and of medicine at Einstein. "Some of us got to know him when we were still graduate students and he came to scientific conferences to see the data as it was being developed. Paul's personal approach to science has made a big difference to many of us in the field of aging research and has contributed to the career development of many young investigators."

The funding, in the form of pilot and feasibility study grants, is targeted to several specific research projects: uncovering the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that protect humans against aging and age-related diseases, testing the effectiveness of the first-generation pro-longevity therapies, and developing novel preventive and therapeutic interventions against cellular aging in humans.

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Drs. Barzilai and Cuervo are also co-directors of Einstein's Institute for Aging Research and, together with Dr. Vijg, of the Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging. Both centers are funded by the National Aging Institute, part of the National Institutes for Health.

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A Pig, a Girl, and a Spider: 'Charlotte's Web' at 60

Posted: at 10:20 pm

Some books are so much a part of our childhood experience that when we hear their titles we can almost smell the pages of the book itself, remember where we were when we first opened it, and conjure up entire scenes and memories of reading it for the first or many times thereafter. Charlotte's Web is one of those books. Today, the most famous book by the masterful E.B. White has turned 60. It is no worse for wear in terms of readability and resonance, even amid a world of Y.A. dystopias, fantasies, and futuristic plots and themes. The simple tale of a pig, a girl, and a spider, beginning with a life saved (Wilbur's, by the girl, Fern, and later by Charlotte the spider) and ending with a deathbut then new lifeis threaded through with the personal conflicts, conversations, and camaraderie of the various barnyard creatures involved. It's one for the ages.

We all know the plot, right? This should come as a spoiler to no one:

Wilbur, a tiny piglet, the runt of the litter, is saved by 8-year-old Fern Arable, who begs her dad to let her keep him as a pet. He does, but after Wilbur is old enough, nursed to health by a bottle, the pig is sent to live on Fern's Uncle Homer's farm. Fern gets older and stops visiting so often, and poor Wilbur gets lonely, until he meets a new friend: Charlotte the spider. When it becomes clear (with the help of an old sheep on the farm) that Wilbur is being fattened up because he's intended as a holiday meal, wise Charlotte promises to save him and begins to spin webs that will convince the humans that Wilbur is a pig beyond the pale. Wilbur becomes famousin another time, Wilbur would have had a reality showleft to live out his years in peace on the farm, but happily ever after has complications.

As an added perk for the semantic-minded, Charlotte is kind of a word-nerd: Upon her webs, illustrated in the book by Garth Williams, she writes "some pig," "terrific," "radiant," and "humble." As Eudora Welty wrote in her 1952 New York Times review of the book, of the character of the spider, "When her friends wake up in the morning she says 'Salutations!'in spite of sometimes having been up all night herself, working." It's worth noting that Charlotte is a great female charactersmart, brave, loyal, and doing what she needs to do, even if she's spider rather than human; Fern, also, is an empowered, courageous girl, even at just 8 years old.

Welty added, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done. What it all provesin the words of the minister in the story which he hands down to his congregation after Charlotte writes 'Some Pig' in her webis 'that human beings must always be on the watch for the coming of wonders.'''

Sixty years later, White's children's classic is one of the most-read books of all time. Brooklyn children's librarian Rita Meade told me, "Charlotte's Webhas been a staple on school reading lists for what seems likeforever, and every timea kidrequests it,I tell them 'Oh, you're going to love this book.'I don't have the heart to tell them how sad it is, of course, but I guess it's something that every kid has to experience for him or herself."

It is, in fact, terribly sad. Of course, that's some of the beauty of it; like other deeply tragic and moving kids' books (A Bridge to Terabithia, for example) readers befriend and learn to love characters right along with the other characters in those books who are doing the sameand then, when those characters are so unfairly wrenched from us, we suffer along with their book-based friends. Of course, death is a part of life, and that's one of the messages of these children's books. But there's redemption in that love and friendship having been there before death, which is one reason we rely on these these books as formative reading material. As Charlotte tells Wilbur, "You have been my friend. That in itself is a tremendous thing. I wove my webs for you because I liked you. After all, whats a life, anyway? Were born, we live a little while, we die. A spiders life cant help being something of a mess, with all this trapping and eating flies. By helping you, perhaps I was trying to lift up my life a trifle. Heaven knows anyones life can stand a little of that."

In an NPR piece today in honor of the book's 60th, author Michael Sims, who wrote The Story of Charlotte's Web, about White's life and famous novel, reveals that when the writer narrated the audiobook of his work in 1970, he couldn't resist the emotional pull either:

"He, of course, as anyone does doing an audio book, had to do several takes for various things, just to get it right," Sims says. "But every time, he broke down when he got to Charlotte's death. And he would do it, and it would mess up. ... He took 17 takes to get through Charlotte's death without his voice cracking or beginning to cry."

Meade adds, of the book's longevity, "I think it's been around for so long because of the honesty of the characters and the way they convey their feelingseven though most of them aren't human, [we get a whole barnyard of characters, in fact] they feel and expresshuman emotions and that makes these emotionsmore easily relatable to kids. It's a great book forstarting discussionsabout difficult issueswith young readers," she says. "It's just a great book anyway."

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A Pig, a Girl, and a Spider: 'Charlotte's Web' at 60

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