Category Archives: Mars Colonization

NASA Animation: 'How We Are Going to the Moon'

An animated short produced by NASA details how the agency plans on returning to the moon by 2024 through its Artemis program.

NASA

The countdown is on.

A video starring Iroquois JuniorHigh School seventh-graders is goingto the moon this coming fall.

"We'll be on the moon forever. Maybe aliens one day in the future will see us and say, 'Look at this Ir-o-quois group,'" teacher Lindsey Bloomster said.

Bloomster's seventh-grade S.T.E.M. class made the video for NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return American astronauts to the moon by 2024.

In preparation, NASA will hire private companies todeliver Artemis science and technology to the lunar surface over the next three years. The Iroquois video and videos from other school classes will be compiled and launched in the first quarter-million-mile, UPS-stylespace delivery in November.

The videos are part of NASA's Artemis Project Pledge, in which next-generation adults pledge to valuescience, technology, engineering and math, or S.T.E.M., education. Iroquois students spent the week before spring break researching the Artemis program andcreating their pledges, including "to prepare the Artemis generation to be (Iroquois) Brave explorers."

Students also produced and edited the video.

"The fun part about the project was putting it all together, saying our parts and seeing it come together," said Ben Moffett, 13.

More: SpaceX mission scheduled to blast off with Edinboro University grad

Bloomster and Iroquois Junior-Senior High Principal Douglas Wilson will join the students aboard this fall'smoon shot. Both have small speaking parts in the video.

Wilson originally declined Bloomster's invitation to be part of the project but later thought better of it, Bloomster said.

"He said, 'You know what? I want to be on the moon,' " she said.

And Wilson's contribution was ahit.

"We really liked seeing your principal speak so strongly about partnering with community," NASA's Moon to Mars Team saidin an emailed thank-youto the Iroquois class for its "AMAZING" video. "We are excited that you are joining the other pledgees in preparing the Artemis Generation to explore."

Artemis astronauts going to the moon in person for the first time in a half-century will include the first woman on the moon. The four-astronaut teamwill remain on the lunar surface for about a week. Subsequent Artemis teams will set up a base camp at the lunar South Pole.

Their mission: To explore, colonize and learn what they can on the moon.

Their next giant leap for mankind: Mars.

"I think going to the moon some day would be fun, and being an astronaut and seeing what they do," said Hunter Chew, 13. "I wouldn't want to go to Mars.That's too far away from Earth."

More: Q&A: Behrend planetarium director talks lunar landing

The students' class projects this year also included creating circuit games, building bridges and rubber-band racecars, and experimenting with computer-aided 3-D design.

"I like them to be able to do things and had been worried that, with COVID, we'd just have to do research all year," Bloomster said.

But the school was closed just twice, and briefly, due to COVID-19 cases.

The students last week built their own rockets, and the countdown to launch is on.

"It will be really fun to send them off and see how they go," Hunter said.

Astronauts last visited the moon almost 50 years ago, via Apollo 17 in 1972.The Artemis program is named for the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology.

More: From the archive: Erie reacts to man landing on the moon

Contact Valerie Myers at vmyers@timesnews.com. Follow her on Twitter @ETNmyers.

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To the moon: Greetings and a message from young Iroquois earthlings - GoErie.com

Writer-director Neil Burger is well known for his provocative cinematic projects, most notably 2006's period-set magician movie "The Illusionist," 2011's psychological thriller "Limitless," and a trio of "Divergent" films adapted from author Veronica Roth's young adult sci-fi novels.

Now Burger has his eyes fixed on the stars with his new science fiction adventure flick, "Voyagers," which revolves around the perils inside a generation spaceship carrying 30 home-grown candidates on a one-way mission to settle an exoplanet 86 years from Earth.

Lionsgate will release "Voyagers'' nationwide on April 9. The film'syouthful cast includes Tye Sheridan, Lily-Rose Depp, Fionn Whitehead, Chant Adams, Isaac Hempstead Wright, Viveik Kalra, Archie Madekwe, Quintessa Swindell, Madison Hu, and Colin Farrell. The premise finds the crew discovering that they're being drugged with an emotional suppressant called "The Blue," and centers on the heightened chaos that ensues when they stop drinking their medicine.

Related: Astronauts on Mars missions could suffer cognitive and emotional problems

Here's the official "Voyagers" synopsis:

"With the future of the human race at stake, a group of young men and women, bred for intelligence and obedience, embark on an expedition to colonize a distant planet. But when they uncover disturbing secrets about the mission, they defy their training and begin to explore their most primitive natures. As life on the ship descends into chaos, they're consumed by fear, lust, and the insatiable hunger for power."

Space.comspoke with Burger on the genesis of "Voyagers," what sort of mood and visual style he hoped to attain, the origins of the azure-hued cocktail known as "The Blue," his inspiration for the plot, and visiting SpaceX to create a realistic set environment for his actors.

Space.com: What was the creative seed for writing and directing "Voyagers?"

Neil Burger: I was interested in human nature in a vacuum. We've seen other space movies that are going to a distant planet, but I wanted to delve into the idea of what's it really like to be confined on one of these ships if we were really going to go someplace and how does that work. It's not a shopping mall in space, you need to conserve weight and conserve fuel and it's all the bare minimum. It's tight quarters so we designed this set with these long narrow hallways leading to confined compartments. So then it's how do people hold up under that kind of pressure for their entire lives. And if things do start to break down whats that look like?

Space.com:You've explored elements of human potential and limitations in other movies. How does "The Blue" operate as a narrative device in the screenplays framework?

Burger:Basically, they put these young people on the ship who are going to just live their lives and procreate on the ship and have the next generation and then the next generation, and that's how they're going to get there. The mission planners have accounted for everything, so they have them on what we call "The Blue." Its like a sedative. It's something making them docile and dulled down so that they don't act out and procreate at the right time to conserve food. They don't know that's what its doing to them, they think it's some vitamin supplement.

But they're super smart and one of them hacks into a computer and stumbles upon the truth of what this is. So he and his friend go off of it and they suddenly awaken to this emotion and human sensation that they've never felt before. In a way, going off the drug is like being on a drug for them. It's intoxicating. Slowly the whole crew goes off of it and all hell breaks loose.

Related: Is Interstellar Travel Really Possible?

Space.com: What were some of your influences and inspirations in creating a mood and tone for "Voyagers?"

Burger: Because I wanted it to be about human nature in a vacuum, I wanted to strip everything down with the ship. Which sort of makes sense they'd have a minimal craft to take them there. So simple rooms and simple corridors all in white. I like that because it featured the human aspect of it. Certainly the ship is a character but it's just white ceilings and white floors. And I also saw it, because of the confinement and claustrophobia, as a little bit like a submarine movie. So I looked a lot at "Das Boot" to see how those sailors were dealing with the stressors of being confined underwater. This is different, but it's a similar thing.

Space.com: In your research, what were some shocking or surprising facts you discovered about colony ships and space travel?

Burger:Once I came up with the idea, for me it always has to be based in reality. I wanted it to all ring true. The most wonderful thing we did is spend time at SpaceX in California. [SpaceX's headquarters and rocket factory are in Hawthorne, Calif.] We went there and went through the whole design process and hung out with their engineers and got to sit in a capsule and see how their controls were done. So that was very informative, what they were working on, and to see how they were simplifying everything. You look at these old spaceships or even old airplanes and theres a million different switches and toggles. They brought it all down to basically an iPad's worth of touchscreens. It was just inspiring to be there.

Space.com: Would you climb aboard a starship and blast into space if given the chance?

Burger: I would go up in space, yeah. I think it would be amazing. People don't realize the stresses it puts on you. I would love to do it.

You live your life on Earth and get into all your petty concerns and worries. To be up in the heavens looking down would put it all in perspective.

"Voyagers" launches into theaters Friday, April 9. The PG-13 movie runs 1 hour, 48 minutes.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

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Director Neil Burger's 'Voyagers' launches a colony ship to the stars - Space.com

April 6, 2021

COVID-19 has impacted lives across the globe in a variety of ways. Some have lost loved ones, others have lost their jobs or their homes, and many suffered isolation from friends and family. In Nicole Andersons case, it meant staying eight months in Australia before claiming her new job at Arizona State University.

Anderson, the new director at ASUs Institute for Humanities Research (IHR), safely arrived on U.S. soil in March and is about four weeks into her new job, ready to resume her life and career.

She's also ready to share her experience and wealth of knowledge with the ASU community. Anderson's research interests are interdisciplinary and span fields such as cultural theory and practice, art theory, posthumanism, animal and environmental studies, ethics, bioculture, biopolitics, poststructuralism and continental philosophy.

ASU News spoke to Anderson about the past year, what the future might bring and how she can help students understand the importance of the humanities.

Question: You were originally supposed to arrive at ASU about a year ago, but the pandemic struck. What was the past year like for you?

Answer: It has been a challenging year for everyone everywhere in different ways. For me, over the last year my aim was to keep those around me in Sydney, as head of a large school/department, as well as myself amidst uncertainty around obtaining a visa, challenging government travel restrictions and cancelled flights focused, motivated and forward-looking. That was helped by the fact that I felt incredibly fortunate and privileged to have the support of ASU in general and in particular my colleagues Dean Jeffrey Cohen and Ron Broglio, associate director of IHR, as well as the patience of the wonderful IHR staff. The empathy and generosity extended to me during this past year is testament to the strong leadership and values of ASU. I look forward to repaying that incredible generosity.

Q: Why are the humanities critical right now in 2021?

A: One way I tried to explain the humanities to my inquisitive young nephew once was to tell him it concerns the way we think about ourselves. I even gave him the idea that if we ever colonize Mars, he could think of the humanities as providing diverse tools philosophy, history, politics, literature, art, media and so on to represent, communicate, transform, shape or create the new world we might live in (Mars) and understand the world (Earth) we came from and the history of human endeavor; in other words, our story. What is critical is how and for what purpose we tell those stories.

For this reason, I believe that the problems we face today such as climate change denial; sexual, gender and racial discrimination; poverty; and the role of technology to name but a few are not merely technical and economical in nature, but have to do with what and how human beings are taught to value and how they go about interpreting their world. To change values and perspectives it is not enough to present facts: Cimate science denial is an example. What makes the humanities critical right now is that it can provide a narrative that includes ethical and social justice rhetoric and stories around these issues that the general public can understand and that presents another interpretation or view of the world, with which they can interact. Part of what the humanities can do is turn the facts into the compelling stories that need to be told and influence and change the way people view the world.

Q: How can the humanities create just, ethical and sustainable worlds?

A: As we all know in the past few years there has been increasing public skepticism around "facts" and with that an escalation of tensions in many areas of thought. The humanities provides the visual, oral and digital communication skills about who we are and where we are going, and through the myriad forms of story can continue to shape the cultural, social, political and ethical imagination in socially just and inclusive ways. How the humanities can do this is through research and translating that research into our teaching. It comes down to how we collaborate with each other as well as the sciences and industry here, now, today. It is about the relevance of what is learnt in the classroom and in our research and the way we connect, convey or communicate that to students and/or the general public, so that better more thoughtful approaches to issues can be embraced.

Q: Tell me briefly what it is that the Institute for Humanities Research does and what is the scope of its work?

A: The IHR exists to facilitate research in all its varied forms. It supports research projects, it increasingly enables internal and external grants and fellowships that bring visibility to the university, and it puts on events that address the issues we are facing today in order to inspire and generate ideas and further interdisciplinary collaborations. A distinctly modern initiative is working with the sciences because they are impacting our lives more dramatically every day.

Q: What do you hope you will bring to the institute and how will it change or evolve?

A: The IHR has increased research and grown an inspiring program of events see the newsletters due to a range of previous directors, including the amazing work of founding director Sally Kitch and Cora Fox. More recently this is particularly due to the strong leadership of both Elizabeth Langland and Ron Broglio. Also the work that has been done by IHR staff: Elizabeth Grumbach, Lauren Whitby, Celina Osuna, Barbara Dente and Sarah Moser, has been incredibly professional and outstanding. My aim is not to come in and simply change things for the sake of it, but to respect their legacy by building on the work they have done and in consultation with them, the faculty and the university.

So it is for these reasons that as director of IHR I would want to continue to promote and support the various ways that humanities research already fosters an understanding of how humans continue to shape, traditions, customs and cultures; foster the values of dignity, agency and equity; and continue to situate the institute as the facilitator in inter- and cross-disciplinary research collaborations; making ASU greater than the sum of its parts. In and through all of this, at the same time the IHR could develop as a provider or facilitator of significant and innovative contributions and solutions to industry, government, community and the real-world problems of our times, and to increasingly engage and involve all ASU students and faculty.

Q: Whats the best thing you think youll like about ASU and living in the States?

A: ASU represents the best of the United States in enabling opportunities and possibilities to contribute to effecting positive and socially just changes for a better world for all. Also the inter- and cross-disciplinary work that is allowed to happen at ASU is incredibly exciting because it is empowering and innovative.

Top photo: Nicole Anderson is the new director of ASUs Institute for Humanities Research. She earned her PhD from the University of Sydney. She recently served as the head/dean of a large interdisciplinary department (Media-Communications, Creative Arts, Language and Literature) at a leading university in NSW, Australia. Anderson is the co-founder and chief editor of the journal Derrida Today, published by Edinburgh University Press, and the founder and executive director of the Derrida Today Conferences. Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU News

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Meet the new director of ASU's Institute for Humanities Research - ASU Now

The rivalry between SpaceX and Boeing has the hallmarks of David and Goliath.

One is a titan of industry, the poster-child of Americas ambitions to explore the cosmos and a key enabler of the Apollo programme that landed the first human being on the Moon.

The other is a young upstart venture run by an eccentric multibillionaire entrepreneur and made up of a rag-tag bunch of engineers, some of whom used to build water towers.

But out of a dream of landing a greenhouse on Mars using a converted Russian ballistic missile to kick-start human colonisation, SpaceX rose to the top of the worlds burgeoning commercial space sector. It now challenges established aerospace legacy companies like Boeing for accolades and Nasa funding.

Nearly 50 years after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to journey into outer space, a duopoly on American human spaceflight is emerging between the two rivals, with both competing for the spotlight as Nasa seeks to return to the Moon and send astronauts to Mars for the first time.

The two companies have already competed in the high-stakes field of human spaceflight.

SpaceX beat Boeing on its own turf last year, defying expectations to become the first American mission to deliver astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) since 2010.

A second crewed SpaceX mission to the orbital station is planned for later this month, and the company is also planning the first space flight crewed entirely by civilians.

I'm convinced the first person to step foot on Mars will arrive there riding a Boeing rocket.

Dennis Muilenburg, Boeing

The Inspiration4 mission will launch four people, including sponsor Jared Isaacman, into space on board a Crew Dragon capsule modified with an observation dome.

Boeings Starliner spacecraft has yet to complete its second uncrewed test flight. Originally planned for last week, that mission has been put off, again, until May.

Plagued by software issues, the Starliner failed to rendezvous with the ISS during a 2019 flight in a major embarrassment for the company, which has had a hand in almost every crewed Nasa space mission.

The first Crew Dragon launch marked the end of an era in which only government-owned spacecraft were capable of making giant leaps for mankind in space.

The fortunes of Boeing and SpaceX rest on the success of two wildly different rockets, with each company hoping its design will help to usher in a new era in human space exploration.

Nasa plans to land the first woman and the next man on the lunar surface by 2024, under its Artemis programme, and those astronauts will probably fly to the Moon on a Boeing rocket.

It is the prime contractor for the programmes Space Launch System (SLS), a colossal rocket more powerful than anything Nasa has yet built.

In its final configuration, the 108-metre-tall craft is designed to carry a payload of 46 tonnes to the Moon with the aim of supporting exploration efforts.

The SLS project passed a significant development milestone this year when engineers successfully tested four of the spacecrafts giant engines, capping off a nearly year-long test campaign to validate the rockets design.

But despite the recent successful test, SLS is now three years behind schedule and nearly $3 billion over budget.

Critics of the project say Nasa should move on from the expendable rockets proven but expensive technologies, like its two solid fuel boosters.

The space agency this month began to review the affordability of the SLS. It has already spent more than $20bn on the project, with each future launch of the rocket priced at an additional $2bn.

The high costs associated with the traditional expendable design, similar to that of the shuttle programme of the 1980s, make the innovative offerings of commercial competitors such as SpaceX a tempting proposition. Its smaller but reusable Falcon Heavy rocket costs as little as $90 million to fly.

In another blow to Boeings lunar ambitions, lander designs from rivals SpaceX, Blue Origin and Dynetics were all chosen ahead of its own proposal for continued development under the Artemis programme.

The three winning designs were together awarded nearly a billion dollars in funding, well short of the $3.3bn Nasa had asked for to fund the landing section, which will actually carry astronauts down to the surface from the rocket another set-back for the project.

SpaceX proposed a version of its Starship spacecraft to ferry passengers and cargo between lunar orbit and the surface.

It is the most radical of the three designs, and the lunar-optimised Starship could negate the need for the SLS, instead hitching a ride to our nearest celestial neighbour on the super heavy booster the company is developing.

This raises serious questions over the value of the Boeing-managed project, with many wondering why Nasa is still funding the SLS at all.

Former Nasa administrator Jim Bridenstine, who stepped down from his post as head of the space agency shortly after the SLS engine test in January, said last year that the Boeing spacecraft was the only rocket thats going to be human rated by 2024 that will take humans to the Moon.

But since then, opposition to the project grew as costs ballooned.

The Bloomberg news agencys editorial board in February published a scathing takedown of the SLS project, calling on President Joe Biden to scrap the heavy-lift rocket, citing spiralling costs and increasing delays.

With the programme still well behind schedule, Nasa may have to push back the ambitious 2024 Moon landing target put in place by the Trump administration.

Top Nasa officials regularly voiced doubts about the 2024 deadline, which was brought forward from 2028 by president Donald Trump shortly before the 50th anniversary of the first Moon landings.

President Biden gave his support to the agencys goal of returning humans to the lunar surface after speculation about the new administrations stance on the Artemis project.

Nasas Artemis missions are due to begin before the end of this year with an uncrewed flight around the Moon.

That flight is intended as a dry run for the 2024 mission carrying astronauts, which will then be followed by a later mission in which humans will spend about a week on the Moon.

Meanwhile, the development of SpaceXs Starship continues at breakneck speed, with the company conducting a flurry of flight tests at its facility in Southern Texas in recent months.

Although its tests frequently ended in spectacular fashion, with prototype Starships regularly bursting into unplanned fireballs during flight or while landing, SpaceX has ambitious targets for lunar exploration.

The company hopes to carry out the first commercial mission to the Moon and plans to fly Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa and eight other civilians around the Moon in a Starship.

As with the Artemis programme, the mission will be preceded by an unmanned Starship flight.

NASA's Mars Perseverance rover as it acquired this image using its onboard Left Navigation Camera (Navcam). AFP

NASA's Mars Perseverance rover using its Left Mastcam-Z camera (a pair of cameras located high on the rover's mast). AFP

NASA's Mars Perseverance rover as it acquired this image using its onboard Right Navigation Camera (Navcam) on Mars. AFP

The surface of Mars directly below NASA's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using the rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The surface of Mars directly below Nasa's Mars Perseverance rover, seen using rover's down-look camera. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

A Nasa illustration shows a diagram added over the 21-metre parachute deployed during the descent of the Perseverance rover to Mars. Systems engineer Ian Clark used binary code to spell out 'Dare Mighty Things' in the orange and white strips. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / AP

The Perseverance rover descends to the surface of Mars. A key objective of Perseverance's mission on Mars is to search for signs of ancient microbial life. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / EPA

The heatshield drifts away following separation from Nasa's Perseverence rover, during its descent to Mars. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / EPA

A close-up of Nasa's Perseverance rover during its descent to Mars. The rover will gather data on the planet's geology and past climate, paving the way for human exploration of the Red Planet. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / EPA

Martian dust swirls up as Nasa's Perseverance rover descends to the surface of the Red Planet. The mission aims to be the first to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / EPA

The 21-metre parachute attached to Nasa's Perseverance rover begins to open to slow down the descent to Mars. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / EPA

A portion of a panorama made up of individual images taken by the navigation cameras aboard Nasa's Perseverance rover reveal the Martian landscape. Nasa / JPL-Caltech / Reuters

The ultimate goal of Nasas Artemis programme, however, is to prepare for the much more challenging task of landing humans on Mars.

Boeing and SpaceX have set their sights on this goal.

In 2016, Boeing's chief executive at the time, Dennis Muilenburg, threw down the gauntlet to Elon Musk.

"I'm convinced the first person to step foot on Mars will arrive there riding a Boeing rocket," he said at a public event hosted by The Atlantic magazine held in Chicago.

The SpaceX founder responded simply with a tweet: Do it.

The exchange kicked off a new kind of space race between the two companies, and Nasa is expected to exploit the rivalry, as it did with the crewed missions to the ISS, to stimulate healthy competition on innovation and cost.

Boeing hopes its SLS will be used for a manned Nasa mission to the Red Planet, and the US space agency is planning to make that happen in the late 2030s or early 2040s.

Mr Musk, who has said he does not care if his company is beaten to the milestone of landing the first humans on Mars, has frequently changed the target date for his companys first manned mission there.

In March this year he told his 50 million Twitter followers that SpaceX would be landing rockets on the Martian surface well before 2030.

SpaceX is assembling the next prototype Starship, and Mr Musk recently unveiled the first test craft of its Super Heavy booster.

The companys founder says the next prototype Starship, SN15, will feature a range of upgrades over previous versions.

Boeings rivals in Boca Chica are planning to attempt a first orbital flight with their space craft later this year.

Updated: April 7, 2021 08:38 PM

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Boeing v SpaceX: the rivalry shaping the future of space exploration - The National

Last month, Science Timesreported that the Russian space agency Roscosmos and China's National Space Administration (CNSA) recently agreed on building a lunar base called International Scientific Lunar Station and a satellite to orbit around the Moon.

The International Scientific Lunar Station is said to rival NASA's Gateway program, which will build a rival space station developed by an alliance of different countries in the next decade.

This announcement is in preparation for the 60th anniversary of Yuri's Nightthat marked the beginning of human spaceflight on April 12, 1961.

(Photo: YouTube)China and Russia To Build Moon Base (Without SpaceX or NASA) Screenshot from YouTube/Toasty Business

Building a lunar will give many benefits to space agencies around the globe and the world as a whole. It will be the first step to test humanity's capabilities and technologies to one day colonize Mars, according toThe Next Web.

Also, a lunar base would serve as a station for various scientific activities, like observing the Sun and other objects in the cosmos.

The lunar base will help scientists in researching astronomy and could assist in developing a variety of important advanced technologies and capabilities, like robotics, utilization of resources, in-space propulsion, optical communication, space additive manufacturing via 3D printing, and more.

ALSO READ:Soyuz MS-18 Upcoming Launch to ISS Mark 60 Years of Human Spaceflight [WATCH]

They say that space is now the new battleground and having a lunar base means a great deal in the space race. It will help establish subsequent Mars missions and other cosmological activities.

It is a signal of a significant breakthrough in space flight, high-value extraterrestrial resources, power and communication, space habitats for the crew, and facilities that will lessen the risks on the technical and financial aspects of future space missions.

The space race is a competition between nations, particularly the US and the Soviet Union, to show superiority in spaceflight. It is like a continuation of the Cold War in the 20th century that pitted the ideologies of capitalism and communism, according to one exhibit from the National Air and Space Museum.

The crew who will live in the International Lunar Research Station would work together by developing and sharing the infrastructure but also enhancing their capabilities and talents, TNWreported.

Their scientific research would include resource mining and processing, technology development, and human exploration on the Moon that perhaps one day could open tourism.

In the 20th century, both Americans and Russians achieved their first interplanetary flyby by sending spacecraft, and astronauts, and cosmonauts to space. Also, other nations have sent their rockets and satellites in the '60s and '70s.

But according to Space.com, these are all just a sideshow of the real space race at the time. With NASA's Apollo program, the space agency's engineers embarked on a series of space missions to place the first human footprints on the lunar surface.

Although there are more American and Societ missions after the successes of NASA's Apollo program, it is believed that the 20th-century space race has been won by the United States. But as the Cold War wound down, both countries agreed to cooperate in space and created the International Space Stationin 1998.

In this 21st century, more countries are joining the space race that is why the joint project of Russia and China is a significant move in winning the current space race. Even private companies are also becoming a part of this monumental event in history.

Tomorrow's winner of the space race is yet to be determined with more players coming in, which is expected to have more win-lose scenarios than the past century.

RELATED ARTICLE: Russia and China Join Forces to Build Station Around the Moon, Rivaling NASA's Planned Gateway

Check out more news and information on Spaceand Moonon Science Times.

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Moon Exploration: Why China and Russia are Teaming Up for a Lunar Base - Science Times

China and Russia are committed to collaborating on lunar colonisation, joining the tier of corporate titans and governments who recognize space is not only the last frontier, but a geopolitical endgame.

The world is in the grips of a new space race, nearly 52 years after the first.

In the 20th century, the world saw its first space race between Cold War superpowers, as the United States and Soviet Union first competed to build the best intercontinental ballistic missile capable of delivering a nuclear payload. The fierce missile competition would bleed over into a race to see who could make it to space, and the moon first.

The competition between global powers is back on as Russia and China announced a strategic agreement between Russian and Chinese space agencies on March 23 to build an international science station on the moon together.

Roscosmos, the Russian space agency and Chinas National Space Administration emphasized their commitment to cooperating with all international partners, and their respect for parity distribution of rights and obligations.

But for China at least, a latecomer to the original space race, this is the largest space endeavour its ever taken. Its cooperation with Russia is essential to getting the project off the ground, and into orbit. The details of the agreement bring cooperation at nearly every level, including planning, design, development, and execution not to mention running the lunar station.

For many, this move brings China deeper into Russias political orbit, following earlier commitments to cooperate on spaceship development in November 2017.

Space tribes

The announcement drew concern in the United States, given that China and Russia have yet to sign NASAs Artemis Accords in 2020. The landmark accords, signed by 8 spacefaring nations, commit to the peaceful exploration of the solar system, including Mars, the moon, and the asteroid belt.

Russia refused to sign the accords, after Dmitry Rogozin, Roscosmos director, criticized them as too political.

They see their program not as international, but similar to NATO, Rogozin told a Russian magazine.

There is America, everyone else must help and pay. To be honest, we are not interested in participating in such a project, he adds.

Strategic dilemma

China struck back aggressively at NASAs Artemis Accords, describing it as an Enclosure Movement, seeking colonisation and claiming sovereignty over the moon.

The moon, no longer the barren rock, is changing into a priceless gateway outpost for the earth. No longer just a symbol of a nations proficiency in spaceflight, the moon offers water ice, solar power, and rare elements such as platinum, titanium, scandium and yttrium.

The Chinese space administration has taken notice of this, with one report detailing a $10 trillion return on investments from an Earth-Moon economic zone planned for 2050. Chinas plan to set up a base on the moon dates back to 2002.

Aside from its economic wealth, the moon is also envisioned as a refuelling station. Whoever can build the first fuel refinement facility on the moon, will be able to refuel or even build rockets in space, giving them unfettered access to the remainder of the solar system.

Chinese scientists made plans to use lunar water and ice to create propellant, while relying on the ease of launching spacecraft from the moon (22 times less gravity) to turn the moon into a springboard for further expansion.

China plans to build a permanent presence on the moon by 2036. Russia ambitiously plans to begin resource extraction after first building a lunar base in a decades-long plan between 2025 and 2040.

Paradigm shift

The colonisation of the moon will have deep ramifications for earths geopolitics and economy.

Promising returns in the trillions of dollars, the new source of unparalleled wealth will give governments deeper pockets for spending, and is expected to usher in a new era of military build-up and technological development as countries square off to protect their new economic lifelines.

For some countries, the race is about proving their ascendancy overall. China aims to become the worlds foremost space power by 2045, right before the Peoples Republics 100th year anniversary. China and Russia have both expressed opposition to the freehand given to private interests in space, fearing commercialization and the rise of new megacorporations worth trillions of dollars.

Money from money

Privatized or not, most of the worlds countries are likely to be adversely affected.

Companies like Planetary Resources, founded as early as 2012, were quickly joined by Deep Space Industries and dozens of others hoping for a slice of the pie.

The growth of private space resource companies is backed by pro-establishment banks like Goldman Sachs, one of a handful of banks able to finance projects of this magnitude.

A report by Goldman Sachs believes fervently in the lucrative profit asteroid mining promises. The endeavour has a high psychological barrier, but isnt difficult in terms of actual financial and technological barriers, it reports.

A university of California Technology study says that mining an asteroid would cost roughly $2.6 billion. Thats not much higher than most NASA missions. Even a rare mineral mine on earth needs around $1 billion in set-up costs. But one football field-sized asteroid in space could contain as much as $50 billion in rare earth minerals alone.

Deep ramifications

This could have devastating effects on the earths economy. While the space resources will undoubtedly lead to the creation of entirely new careers, the glut of rare earth minerals previously valuable because they are finite could end up crashing rare earth markets altogether.

If that doesnt happen, countries without access to space mining programs are going to be left far behind countries and private companies that have reached a multi-planetary status, able to leverage off-world income. For many, this promises an era of monopoly and unfair competition.

For successful companies like SpaceX, international law is vague about what it takes to claim a planet as your own. Deeper ethical issues arise, including whether an employer has the right to control reproduction in hostile space environments. Another pressing question is what separates colonial employees from indentured labourers, with future Martian settlers likely facing a one-way ticket in exchange for a lifetime of labour. More critically, if Mars is settled by a private company, what kind of government will it use, if any?

Geopolitically, space resource mining also promises economic supremacy to a few nations over the vast majority of earth, bringing near limitless pockets to a tiny minority, and with it concentrated power in a way humanity has never experienced before.

Private interests

In the US, the new frontier is finally within reach, after a generation of private spaceflight companies has lowered the bottom line by introducing reusable, self-landing rockets. At the forefront is Elon Musks SpaceX, driving down industry costs by an order of magnitude while still proving to be an incredibly lucrative industry to the multimillionaire.

The US governments Space Shuttle cost a prohibitive$60,000 to take one kilogram into low-earth orbit. In sharp contrast, SpaceX has driven the cost down to $784 per kilogram with its efficient and reusable Falcon 9 rocket. It's a bigger rocket, nearing the end of its development, aims to bring that cost down to $50 per kilogram. That aims to be less expensive than most international delivery services, promising a revolution in spaceflight.

Meanwhile, multi-billionaire Jeff Bezos has also taken a step back from Amazon, to focus on other projects including Blue Origin, a rival spaceflight company that succeeded in creating its own reusable, self-landing rockets as well.

Blue Origin lags behind SpaceX and orbital transportation contracts, missing out on a multi-billion dollar deal to deliver US military and security launches in 2022. The contract was picked up by SpaceX and the United Launch Alliance, featuring aerospace giants Boeing and Lockheed Martin Corporations.

Succeeding where states couldnt, SpaceX and Blue Origin are in a fight to win the rights for a multi-billion dollar contract to build the moon lander needed for NASAs bid to return to the moon.

NASA is expected to announce the dates for its second moon landing mission by April 2021, but its mission is expected to occur in 2024.

Whether Blue Origin succeeds in winning the contract or not, private sector activity is at its highest as a new breed of American companies eye the void for varying reasons.

Bezos is angling to sell high atmosphere tourist trips to space, satellite delivery, and a lander. This puts it in direct competition with Virgin Galactic, which also adopted a tourism-heavy business model. SpaceX on the other hand, has its eyes set on the colonisation of Mars, while welcoming a lunar base that could serve as a staging point for humanitys spread throughout the solar system.

Not to be left out, space mining companies are also lining up for the opening of the new frontier. Their hopes are pinned on companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin further driving down the costs of taking mining equipment into space.

If SpaceXs largest rocket passes testing, it will immediately put Elon Musk in the position of being able to directly tap into incredible mineral wealth, while opening the door for private investment in the new space race. For Russia and China, theyre already late to the game and catching up is a matter of survival.

The sentiment is echoed across the world, with more nations joining the spacefaring club, including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.

Source: TRT World

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The race for space colonisation and limitless wealth is already here - TRT World

A series of novels that have been turned into a TV show offers one of the most realistic visions of what the colonization of space might actually be like.

Why you should read and watch: "The Expanse" imagines a future where human beings have moved into space without growing much beyond the often unjust political and economic systems of today.

How it works: Set in the 24th century, when humanity has managed to colonize Mars and part of the asteroid belt, "The Expanse" views space not as the final frontier, but as merely the latest backdrop for age-old geopolitical struggles albeit without the "geo."

Context: "The Expanse" is an example of "hard sci-fi," meaning it largely operates under the constraints of science as we know it.

Analog for "Star Trek" fans: The 1990s series "Deep Space Nine."

Yes, but: Still fun!

The bottom line: Do read the books and watch the show.

Go deeper: "Super Sad True Love Story" keeps coming true

Originally posted here:
"The Expanse" offers a realistic depiction of space colonization - Axios

The June 2018 launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to rendezvous with the ISS. Photo: Bill Jelen/Unsplash.

Last month, NASAs Perseverance rover landed on the surface of Mars to much fanfare, just days after probes from the UAE and China entered orbit around the Red Planet. The surge in Martian traffic symbolises major advancements in space exploration. It also presents an opportune moment to step back and consider not only what humans do in space, but how we do it including the words we use to describe human activities in space.

The conversation around the language of space exploration has already begun. NASA, for instance, has been rooting out the gendered language that has plagued Americas space program for decades. Instead of using manned to describe human space missions, it has shifted to using gender-neutral terms like piloted or crewed. But our scrutiny of language shouldnt stop there. Other words and phrases, particularly those that invoke capitalism or colonialism, should receive the same treatment.

To some extent, language influences the way we think and understand the world around us. A dramatic example comes from the Pirah tribe of the Brazilian Amazon, whose language contains very few terms for describing numbers or time. A capitalist culture in which time equals money likely wouldnt make sense to them. Similarly, language likely affects humans thoughts and beliefs about outer space. The words scientists and writers use to describe space exploration may influence who feels included in these endeavours both as direct participants and as benefactors and alter the way people interact with the cosmos.

Take, for example, John F. Kennedys 1962 Moon Speech, in which he three times used the words conquer and conquest. While Kennedys rhetoric was intended to bolster U.S. morale in the space race against the USSR, the view of outer space as a venue for conquest evokes subjugation and exploitation and exemplifies an attitude that has resulted in much destruction on Earth. By definition, conquering involves an assertion of power and mastery, often through violence. Similarly, former President Donald Trump is the most recent American president to use the term Manifest Destiny to describe his motives for exploring space, tapping into a philosophy that suggests humanitys grand purpose is to expand and conquer, regardless of who or what stands in the way.

In a recent white paper, a group comprising subject-matter experts at NASA and other institutions warned of the hazards of invoking colonial language and practice in space exploration. The language we use around exploration can really lead or detract from who gets involved and why they get involved, Natalie B. Trevio, one of the papers coauthors, told me.

Also read: Astronomers May Not Like It but Astronomy and Colonialism Have a Shared History

Trevio, who researched decolonial theory and space exploration for her PhD at Western University in Canada, is a member of an equity, diversity and inclusion working group that makes equity-related recommendations in the planetary science research community. She notes that certain words and phrases can be particularly alienating for Indigenous people. How is an Indigenous child on a reserve in North America supposed to connect with space exploration if the language is the same language that led to the genocide of his people?

In a 2020 perspective for Nature Astronomy, Aparna Venkatesan of the University of San Francisco, also a coauthor of the recent white paper, wrote with colleagues that in the dialects of the Indigenous Lakota and Dakota, the concept of thought being rooted in language, space, and place is epitomised by the often used phrase mitakuye oyasin, explained by Lakota elders as a philosophy that reminds everyone that we all come from one source and so need to respect each other to maintain wolakota or peace. Its difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile the ideas of wolakota and conquest, especially given the increasing weaponisation of space.

Trevio argues that the word frontier, the guiding metaphor for American space exploration, is also problematic. The crossing of new frontiers because frontiers always must be pushed or crossed is inevitably tied to nationalism, and nationalism is tied to conquest, and conquest is tied to death, she says. When humans push frontiers, they often do so with the belief that it is their right as individuals or as representatives of a country or state. Throughout history, this sense of entitlement has been taken as license to wipe out Indigenous people and fauna, pollute rivers, and otherwise demonstrate ownership and mastery.

Foundational concepts such as conquest, frontier, and Manifest Destiny, can affect not only how people think about space but also how they act toward it. In their Nature Astronomy paper, Venkatesan and her colleagues argue that in addition to promoting colonialist ideals, such concepts promote space capitalism and a lack of regulation. Potent symbols of this trend are the more than 3,000 operational satellites currently orbiting Earth, many of them privately owned.

For people who use the stars to navigate, or who incorporate celestial bodies into cultural, spiritual, and religious practices, this intrusion into the skies threatens to compromise a way of life. And it is a sobering reminder that space and the sky dont really belong to everyone after all. The lack of protections and regulations for the night sky as well as monetary incentives for commercial satellites, which make up almost 80 percent of U.S. satellites make it vulnerable to the highest bidder.

Treating space as the Wild West frontier that requires conquering continues to incentivise claiming by those who are well-resourced, writes Venkatesan and her colleagues. In fact, the staking of claims in space has already begun, with space tourism predicted to develop into a lucrative industry, and with the U.S. government opening the doors to commercial endeavours such as the mining of asteroids and the colonisation of Mars.

While scientists often devote themselves to questions of feasibility, scalability, and affordability, they rarely give as much thought and effort to questions of inclusivity and morality. In the space community, when ethics or values or planetary protection come up, theyre immediately coded as feminine and theyre immediately coded as not as important, Trevio told me. For many scientists, she says, thinking about ethics isnt nearly as important as building the rovers that are going to go to the moon.

Also read: Why Astronomers Are Up in Arms Against SpaceXs Starlink Satellites

The act first, ask questions later approach typifies the mindset that has led some to argue that humans need to colonise space to survive. But attitudes and ethics cannot be applied retroactively. Science might get people to Mars, but without ethics, what are the chances of survival?

In Kennedys words, space exploration is our species most dangerous and greatest adventure. It makes sense to address factors that influence human behaviour in space and that will ultimately determine our odds of success there sooner rather than later. That includes asking everyone, not just NASA or Elon Musk, what we want an interplanetary future of humanity to look like. Would we want futuristic Mars settlements to operate like modern-day Earth towns, or could we do better?

Crafting a code of ethics for space exploration may seem daunting, but our words offer a potential starting point. Space is one of few places humans have gone that thus far remains peaceful. Why, then, use the language of war, imperialism, or colonialism to describe human actions there? Eliminating the language of genocide and subordination from the space discourse is one easy step anyone can take to encourage the great leaps for humankind that we dream of for the future, on Earth and beyond.

Joelle Renstrom is a science writer who focuses on robots, AI, and space exploration. She teaches at Boston University.

This article was originally published on Undark. Read the original article.

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We Shouldn't Invoke Colonialist Language To Justify Missions To the Cosmos - The Wire Science

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For most of the last couple of hundred years, people believed that Mars was inhabited.

Well-regarded astronomers thought they saw large structures on the planets surface that they ascribed to Martian civilization. These are the famous Martian canals.

The idea was that the inhabitants constructed a network of canals to carry water from the ice caps of Mars to the rest of the planet where it was needed. Of course, modern space probes have revealed that Mars is a dry planet and there were never any canals.

Our solar system is mostly composed of two distinct kinds of planets.

Gas giants, such as Jupiter, Saturn and the other outer planets, and terrestrial planets, such as Mercury, Venus, Mars and, of course, Earth.

If you are searching for life, you do not have a lot of choice in the solar system. Life as we know it must have three things: a solid surface to stand on, an atmosphere and a source of water. Of the terrestrial planets, Mercury is too small to hold an atmosphere and Venus is too hot for liquid water to exist on the surface.

Earth, of course, teems with life, so that leaves Mars as the only reasonable choice to find life. Unfortunately, Mars appears to be devoid of water.

Since Earth and Mars were formed by the same processes, why isnt Mars wet?

There are plenty of hints that Mars did have lots of water on the surface. We can see large geological formations that look just like similar water-created features on Earth.

We can see what look like meandering channels and deltas that resemble the formations at the mouths of rivers. Our robotic probes have found chemical evidence of water. When the surface was scratched by the robots, we saw what appeared to be water ice in the scrape.

As well, minerals were found that only could have been formed in the presence of water.

Today, it is pretty much settled that Mars, at one time, was wet. So, what happened to the water?

It appears a couple of different processes removed Mars water.

First, Mars lost its magnetic field. These fields are generated by liquid iron in a planets core. As the iron circulates, currents of electricity are generated and this creates a magnetic field that shields the planet from the action of the sun.

The sun spews huge amounts of charged particles from its surface every second. These particles stream out in all directions and sometimes strike the planets as they orbit the sun.

On Earth, the solar wind is deflected from the planet by its magnetic field.

Because Mars has no such magnetic shield, the solar wind strikes the planets atmosphere and, almost like sandpaper, strips it of molecules. Over billions of years, the atmosphere of Mars has been almost completely stripped away. By this process, any water in the atmosphere also would be stripped away.

This probably accounts for 10 per cent to 70 per cent of the water that was on Mars. The percentage depends on how much water the planet started with.

The rest of the water is almost certainly beneath the surface and chemically bound to rock layers. This happens on Earth, too, but our planet is volcanically active and the water is brought back to the surface.

The water on Mars might be available for humans to use if we colonize the planet, but it would be energetically inefficient to pry the water loose from the rock that it is bound to.

Only the future will tell if we can make Mars suitable for habitation.

Tim Philp has enjoyed science since he was old enough to read. Having worked in technical fields all his life, he shares his love of science with readers weekly. He can be reached by e-mail at: tphilp@bfree.on.ca.

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What happened to water on Mars? - Brantford Expositor

SpaceX's Starship will make it to Mars within the 2020s according to its owner, Mr Musk. As SpaceX prepares to test its latest Starship prototype, the SN11, Mr Musk is thinking further ahead. The South African-born billionaire has made no secret of his desire to reach the Red Planet and has been working tirelessly to perfect Starship.

When it does, the rocket will be ready to take humans to Mars.

Now, Mr Musk said SpaceX will send the rocket to the Red Planet by the end of the 2020s.

Mr Musk said on Twitter: "SpaceX will be landing Starships on Mars well before 2030.

"The really hard threshold is making Mars Base Alpha self-sustaining."

Mars Base Alpha is the code-name for the first human base on the Red Planet.

For humans to settle there, there will need to be a constant supply of food, energy and water.

SpaceX has said of the Starship: This capability will enable a fully reusable transportation system designed to carry both crew and cargo on long-duration, interplanetary flights and help humanity return to the Moon, and travel to Mars and beyond."

Starship will take the first humans around the Moon in a commercial voyage in 2023.

READ MORE:SpaceX: Elon Musk releases stunning image of SN10

It will take three days to get to the moon, loop behind it, and three days to get back."

When the plans were first announced in 2018, the businessman said he wanted to take eight artists with him on the mission called dearMoon.

However, he has now said that has "evolved" as every single person who is doing something creative could be called an artist.

Including pilots and technical staff, there will be a total of 10 to 12 people on board the Starship.

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Elon Musk says the SpaceX Starship will get to Mars 'well before' 2030 - Daily Express