Category Archives: Genetic Engineering

B3 Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering
Revision video for OCR unit B3.

By: Lucy Owen

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B3 Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering - Video

1. Introduction - Gender Equations In FreeThought (Malayalam) By Rukshana Mahamood
A feminist student #39;s take on the gender roles and representation of genders across realms of thought. Rukshana Mahamood is an undergraduate student of Genetic Engineering in Chennai. Aspiring...

By: Kerala Freethinkers Forum Official

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1. Introduction - Gender Equations In FreeThought (Malayalam) By Rukshana Mahamood - Video

Gender Equations In FreeThought (Malayalam - FULL) By Rukshana Mahamood
A feminist student #39;s take on the gender roles and representation of genders across realms of thought. Rukshana Mahamood is an undergraduate student of Genetic Engineering in Chennai. Aspiring...

By: Kerala Freethinkers Forum Official

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Gender Equations In FreeThought (Malayalam - FULL) By Rukshana Mahamood - Video

2. Dissecting Genders- by Religion, Society and Science (Malayalam) By Rukshana Mahamood
A feminist student #39;s take on the gender roles and representation of genders across realms of thought. Rukshana Mahamood is an undergraduate student of Genetic Engineering in Chennai. Aspiring...

By: Kerala Freethinkers Forum Official

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2. Dissecting Genders- by Religion, Society and Science (Malayalam) By Rukshana Mahamood - Video

17 hours ago Credit: eugenesergeev / Fotolia.com

Only two mechanisms can move molecules in a fluid. They can follow a temperature gradient or an electrical potential. LMU physicists have modeled how migration of DNA molecules is affected by their charge, the salt species, and salt concentration present in the solution.

Thermophoresis is the migration of molecules in a temperature gradient, migration in an electrical field is termed electrophoresis. Each molecular species reacts to these forces in accordance with its physical characteristics, which determine the velocity and direction of its movement. Some congregate where it is warmer, others prefer the cold; some are drawn to the positive, others move toward the negative pole of a field gradient.

The research group led by Dieter Braun, Professor of Systems Biophysics at LMU and a member of the Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), specializes in the investigation of the thermophoresis of biomolecules. Indeed, their work has given rise to a commercial spin-off, which has developed a rapid and economical analytical method for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

In their latest project, Braun and his colleagues have taken a closer look at how DNA molecules behave in temperature gradients set up within aqueous salt solutions, and constructed a theoretical model that allows them to account for this behavior from first principles. "We have combined several theories that have been proposed to describe why and how molecules move along a temperature gradient," explains Maren Reichl, who is first author on the new study. "Their electrical charge, the composition and concentrations of the salts in the solution, and the ambient temperature all play a role in how they move. We have measured the effects of these factors experimentally and compared them with our theoretical predictions."

Interplay of local and global fields

The experiments were carried out in a narrow glass capillary with a diameter of 50 micrometers, filled with a buffered salt solution containing specially designed DNA molecules. A temperature gradient is set up in the solution by heating it locally with a laser. Maren Reichl explains how the behavior of the DNA molecules is detected: "The DNA is labeled with a fluorescent dye, and we use a fluorescence microscope to follow how the DNA migrates away from the heated spot usually toward cooler regions. The level of fluorescence remaining in the heated spot tells us what fraction of the molecules migrates when we raise the temperature of the irradiated volume by 4 degrees, say. And we record the experiment on video, so we can also measure how fast the molecules move out."

The team found that two factors are primarily responsible for the movement of the molecules. The intrinsic negative charge on each DNA molecule is shielded locally by the positive ions (produced upon dissolution of the added salts) in its immediate vicinity. As a result, an electrical field is generated in the minuscule space between the charged DNA and the counterions surrounding it, which thus acts as a tiny capacitor. The second relevant factor is the global electric field that scales with the temperature gradient. This arises from the so-called Seebeck effect the tendency of ions in the solution to become concentrated in cooler or warmer regions of the liquid, with positive and negative ions moving in opposite directions. This charge separation generates a potential difference, which also influences the movement of the molecules by inducing electrophoresis.

Based on the interplay of local and global electric fields, one can precisely predict their overall effect on a given molecular species. For instance, DNA molecules tend migrate at slower rates in concentrated salt solutions, because the many free ions in the solution more effectively screen the charge on the DNA strands. DNA also moves more slowly in a sodium fluoride solution than in sodium chloride because the electric field associated with the former species more strongly retards the movement of the DNA molecules.

Professor Dieter Braun summarizes the wider significance of the work as follows: "We have, for the first time, convincingly demonstrated that the non-equilibrium phenomenon of thermophoresis can be predicted on the basis of local thermodynamic equilibria. In the next step, we plan to study how molecules compete for the coveted slots in the cold zone. And, of course, we will address the question of why uncharged molecules migrate at all."

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Researchers model how migration of DNA molecules is affected by charge, salt species, and salt concentration

From the Gate News ~ Genetic Engineering... Turning Stem Cells into Sperms Cells
http://www.blogtalkradio.com/gocchurch Matthew 24:37 But as the days of Noah were, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.

By: Hebrew #39;s Truth Consequences

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From the Gate News ~ Genetic Engineering... Turning Stem Cells into Sperms Cells - Video

Health Ranger calls for increased science education in America to combat scientific illiteracy
Scientific illiteracy has run rampant across America, with many scientists, doctors and journalists unable to carry on intelligent conversations about toxic heavy metals or the difference between...

By: TheHealthRanger

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Health Ranger calls for increased science education in America to combat scientific illiteracy - Video

Cybersix 04 Yashimoto, Private Eye (English Dub)
The evil and psychotic Dr. Von Reichter, a member of the SS and the Nazi party, is an expert in genetic engineering. He initially began his work in concentration camps during World War II,...

By: Anime

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Cybersix 04 Yashimoto, Private Eye (English Dub) - Video

Genetic Engineering By Anna from Germany
Genetic Engineering By Anna from Germany.

By: Genn Kla

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Genetic Engineering By Anna from Germany - Video

A specially formed material that can provide custom broadband absorption in the infrared can be identified and manufactured using "genetic algorithms," according to Penn State engineers, who say these metamaterials can shield objects from view by infrared sensors, protect instruments and be manufactured to cover a variety of wavelengths. "The metamaterial has a high absorption over broad bandwidth," said Jeremy A. Bossard, postdoctoral fellow in electrical engineering.

"Other screens have been developed for a narrow bandwidth, but this is the first that can cover a super-octave bandwidth in the infrared spectrum."

Having a broader bandwidth means that one material can protect against electromagnetic radiation over a wide range of wavelengths, making the material more useful. The researchers looked at silver, gold and palladium, but found that palladium provided better bandwidth coverage.

This new metamaterial is actually made of layers on a silicon substrate or base. The first layer is palladium, followed by a polyimide layer. On top of this plastic layer is a palladium screen layer. The screen has elaborate, complicated cutouts -- sub wavelength geometry -- that serve to block the various wavelengths. A polyimide layer caps the whole absorber.

"As long as the properly designed pattern in the screen is much smaller than the wavelength, the material can work effectively as an absorber," said Lan Lin, graduate student in electrical engineering. "It can also absorb 90 percent of the infrared radiation that comes in at up to a 55 degree angle to the screen."

To design the necessary screen for this metamaterial, the researchers used a genetic algorithm. They described the screen pattern by a series of zeros and ones -- a chromosome -- and let the algorithm randomly select patterns to create an initial population of candidate designs. The algorithm then tested the patterns and eliminated all but the best. The best patterns were then randomly tweaked for the second generation.

Again the algorithm discarded the worst and kept the best. After a number of generations the good patterns met and even exceeded the design goals. Along the way the best pattern from each generation was retained. They report their results in a recent issue of ACS Nano.

"We wouldn't be able to get an octave bandwidth coverage without the genetic algorithm," said Bossard. "In the past, researchers have tried to cover the bandwidth using multiple layers, but multiple layers were difficult to manufacture and register properly."

This evolved metamaterial can be easily manufactured because it is simply layers of metal or plastic that do not need complex alignment. The clear cap of polyimide serves to protect the screen, but also helps reduce any impedance mismatch that might occur when the wave moves from the air into the device.

"Genetic algorithms are used in electromagnetics, but we are at the forefront of using this method to design metamaterials," said Bossard.

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Genetic approach helps design broadband metamaterial