Category Archives: Quantum Physics

It turns out that agroup calling themselvesthe Lazarus Project has been keeping humanity afloat by jumping the whole world back in time whenever natural events or human actions threaten a mass extinction event, to use their language. And while most people dont remember the alternate timelines, George has somehow woken up to them. Hes a mutant, and he joins the group of time-traveling world savers rather than be alone in the crazy-making do-overs.

As George goes deeper into the secret society of the Project, Essiedu works well as an everyman, both skeptical and excited. Its noteworthy to see a Black man in this part, a hero and a human, a flawed character we empathize with. The show doesnt remark on his race in the four episodes available for critics to screen, while it does note others, demonstrating that it knows what its doing. And The Lazarus Project keeps pushing, allowing Essiedu to flex his acting chops, sometimes comedic and at others heart-wrenching.

George is put through these paces by a set of arbitrary rules that the show doesnt explain, even though they determine everyones fate. George does ask how it works, but his guide and time-traveling mentor Archie (Anjli Mohindra) brushes aside his query (and that of the audience)by saying youd need to understand quantum physics for the answer to make sense. The basic gist is that they have a checkpoint of July 1st that they reset to if things go bad. Make it to the next July, and that year is locked.

And reset they do. The Lazarus Project offers up a pretty grim view of humanity in which we, as a group, regularly do ourselves in (thanks, nuclear weapons), and it takes the extraordinary actions of a few rogue heroes to keep that from happening again and again.

While all this sounds noble, it gets thorny for those who do remember the time resets. What if they get pregnant? Give birth? Lose a loved one? How do they balance their personal needs with humanitys? And if most dont remember, why cant they hit the reset button when needed?

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TNTs The Lazarus Project Uses Suspense Trapping to Ask Smart ... - Roger Ebert

By 2027 over $16bn will be invested in quantum computing. That compares with less than $5bn today. Quantum technology has the scope to be a global game changer in the world of technology, perhaps on a par with artificial intelligence.

Quantum technology is currently experiencing something of an arms race, as it is seen as a critical enabler for future industries. It leverages the laws of quantum mechanics to produce exponentially higher performance for certain types of calculations. It offers the possibility for major technology breakthroughs across a number of end markets.

Quantum Exponential [AQUIS:OBIT] is a London-listed company that invests in a portfolio of private opportunities within the quantum computing space. The company anticipates it will generate the majority of its revenue from M&A deals in the sector, especially in the private space. It is projecting a x10 increase in the number of deals in the sector over the next five years, mainly due to academic innovation.

Quantum Exponential likes to get into deals early, usually as a Series A or Series B investor and has carved out a reputation for backing companies in what is a highly specialised space. It prioritises deals with solid, underlying science which look ready to be commercialised in the near future. The objective is to create a portfolio of 8-10 cutting-edge investments which the company can harvest in years 7-10.

The companys latest deal was Oxford Quantum Circuits, which it announced in February. OQC designs unique super conducting circuits and successfully raised 38m last year as part of a Series A fund raise, the largest in this sector in the UK. OQC is regarded as one of the leading quantum computing companies in Europe, making its computers available via private cloud and Amazon Braket.

The deal in this case was co-led by Lansdowne Partners, a heavyweight in the European venture capital space.

Leading the team at Quantum Exponential is Steven Metcalfe, who has 30 years of experience in the world of capital markets. The CIO is Stuart Nicol, who has led UK venture teams for more than 20 years and has a number of big VC deals under his belt.

The investment team includes investment manager Anthony Lyall who is a family office investor, backed up the technical expertise of Dr Oliver Cohen (PhD in Quantum Physics from the University of London). Sourcing of new deals is considered to be incredibly important in this area, and there is stress on maintaining the right networks within the academic community to be able to identify future winners.

It should be stressed that quantum technology is not just about quantum computing, although this is important. It also has applications in higher performance measurement and application in areas like imaging and underground mapping. Another use area is secure communications e.g. unhackable encryption keys.

Quantum Exponential has made investments across all of these areas. It does not back pie in the sky companies; there is considerable focus on revenue generation and some of its companies are already signing revenue earning contracts or nearing large scale production.

Given that so many of the companies in the sector are at a very early stage, by necessity they can really only be accessed by private investors through venture capital specialists, in this case with a very focused listed opportunity.

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Quantum Exponential: building a cutting edge quantum technology ... - The Armchair Trader

IMDEA Software and IMDEA Networks Institutes participate together with six other partners (Instituto Nacional de Tcnica Aeroespacial, Centro Espaol de Metrologa, Fundacin Vithas, Universidad Autnoma de Madrid, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid and Universidad Complutense de Madrid) in the MADQuantum-CM project, funded by the Community of Madrid, the Spanish State through the Plan for Recovery, Transformation and Resilience, and the European Union through the NextGeneration EU funds. The objective of the project is the expansion of MadQCI, the new quantum communications network of the Community of Madrid.

Quantum computing and quantum communications have the potential to become a paradigm shift in computer networks. In this sense, MadQCI will connect, through a metropolitan fiber optic deployment, data centers of the universities of the Community of Madrid and the IMDEA Software and IMDEA Networks Institutes. The network will allow the permanent hosting of quantum communications equipment, enabling the validation of new key exchange technologies, as well as the development of use cases and innovations that take advantage of the infrastructure, which will be deployed by REDIMadrid, the advanced data network of the Community of Madrid, managed by IMDEA Software.

"Quantum key exchange technology has a very large disruptive potential, as it guarantees key exchange and consequently secure communications between remote centers," explains Csar Snchez, director of REDIMadrid, Senior Researcher at IMDEA Software and principal investigator at IMDEA Software on the project. "Europe has a world leadership in quantum technologies, and in the coming years we will see many academic as well as industrial advances in quantum communications," he continues.

"This technology will not only improve the performance and capacity of networks, but will change the very foundations, completely changing computing platforms," as Albert Banchs, Deputy Director of IMDEA Networks and principal investigator of the project at IMDEA Networks, explains. Furthermore, "quantum communications will be beneficial, from a social point of view, as they help to create highly sensitive data transmission networks based on a process called quantum key distribution, or QKD, which takes advantage of the laws of quantum physics to protect data. This technology is already used, for example, by financial institutions, but extending it to other areas would require major innovations. The project will also help to foster the development of new local quantum technology companies," says Ignacio Berberana, Senior Research Engineer at IMDEA Networks and a participant in the project together with the Institute's Edge and Global Computing research groups.

MADQuantum-CM aims to show how quantum security solutions can be used throughout the scientific network infrastructure of the Community of Madrid in a transparent manner. Among its aims is also to create several testbeds and demonstrations to show how quantum networks and communications can be used by potential stakeholders. As Berberana points out, two of the areas to be explored in this project will be the application of quantum cryptography and quantum communications to support new networks, such as the future 6G networks.

In addition, it seeks to develop an innovation and training ecosystem to help grow the technology and supply chains for quantum communications technologies and services in Madrid and Spain (through collaboration with other regional quantum communications projects). The network infrastructure deployed by the project is expected to form the basis of a permanent quantum network that will enable continued innovation beyond its lifetime. Ultimately, these projects build on the extensive quantum communications expertise of their participants.

"In the case of IMDEA Software, its participation in the European OpenQKD project, which culminated at the beginning of 2023, made it possible to build on the REDIMadrid network the largest European quantum communications testbed, the germ of the current MadQCI network", highlights Snchez. "In the case of IMDEA Networks, the project is based on the results of the European 5G Vinni and OpenQKD projects," says Berberana.

*The Madrid Community Complementary Quantum Communications Plan (MADQuantum-CM) is funded by the Community of Madrid and MCIN with NextGenerationEU funds from the European Union's Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRM), in the framework of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan of the Spanish State (PRTR-C17.I1).

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IMDEA Software and IMDEA Networks work to deploy in the ... - EurekAlert

Ian Hacking, a Canadian philosopher widely hailed as a giant of modern thought for game-changing contributions to the philosophies of science, probability and mathematics, as well as for his widely circulated insights on issues like race and mental health, died on May 10 at a retirement home in Toronto. He was 87.

His daughter Jane Hacking said the cause was heart failure.

In an academic career that included more than two decades as a professor in the philosophy department of the University of Toronto, following appointments at Cambridge and Stanford, Professor Hackings intellectual scope seemed to know no bounds. Because of his ability to span multiple academic fields, he was often described as a bridge builder.

Ian Hacking was a one-person interdisciplinary department all by himself, Cheryl Misak, a philosophy professor at the University of Toronto, said in a phone interview. Anthropologists, sociologists, historians and psychologists, as well as those working on probability theory and physics, took him to have important insights for their disciplines.

A lively and provocative writer if often a highly technical one, Professor Hacking wrote several landmark works on the philosophy and history of probability, including The Taming of Chance (1990), which was named one of the best 100 nonfiction books of the 20th century by theModern Library.

His many honors included, in 2009, theHolberg Prize, an award recognizing academic scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, law and theology. In 2000, he became the first Anglophone to win a permanent position at the College de France in Paris, where he held the chair in the philosophy and history of scientific concepts until he retired in 2006.

His work in the philosophy of science was groundbreaking: He departed from the preoccupation with questions that had long concerned philosophers. Arguing that science was just as much about intervention as it was about representation, he helped bring experimentation to center stage.

Regarding one such question whether unseen phenomena like quarks and electrons were realormerely the theoretical constructs ofphysicists Professor Hacking argued for reality in the case of phenomena that figured in experiments. He cited as an example an experiment at Stanford that involved spraying electrons and positrons into a ball of niobium to detect electric charges. So far as I am concerned, he wrote, if you can spray them, theyre real.

His book The Emergence of Probability (1975), which is said to have inspired hundreds of books by other scholars, examined how concepts of statistical probability have evolved over time, shaping peoples understandingnot just of arcane fields like quantum physicsbut also of everyday life.

I was trying to understand what happened a few hundred years ago that made it possible for our world to be dominated by probabilities, he said in a 2012 interview with the journal Public Culture. We now live in a universe of chance, and everything we do health, sports, sex, molecules, the climate takes place within a discourse of probabilities.

As the author of 13 books and hundreds of articles, including many in The New York Review of Books and its London counterpart, he established himself as a formidable public intellectual.

Whatever the subject, whatever the audience, one idea that pervades all his work is that science is a human enterprise, Ragnar Fjelland and Roger Strand of the University of Bergen in Norway wrote when Professor Hacking won the Holberg Prize.

To Professor Hacking, they said, science is always created in a historical situation, and to understand why present science is as it is, it is not sufficient to know that it is true, or confirmed. We have to know the historical context of its emergence.

Influenced by the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, Professor Hacking argued that as the human sciences have evolved, they have created categories of people, and that people have subsequently defined themselves as falling into those categories. Thus does human reality become socially constructed.

I have long been interested in classifications of people, in how they affect the people classified, and how the effects on the people in turn change the classifications, he wrote in Making Up People, a 2006 article in The London Review of Books.

I call this the looping effect, he added. Sometimes, our sciences create kinds of people that in a certain sense did not exist before.

In Why Race Still Matters, a 2005 article in the journal Daedalus, he explored how anthropologists had developed racial categories by extrapolating from superficial physical characteristics, a method that has had lasting effects, including racial oppression. Classification and judgment are seldom separable, he wrote. Racial classification is evaluation.

Similarly, he once wrote, in the field of mental health, the word normal uses a power as old as Aristotle to bridge the fact/value distinction, whispering in your ear that what is normal is also right.

In his influential writings about autism, Professor Hacking charted the evolution of the diagnosis and its profound effects on those diagnosed, which in turn broadened the definition to include a greater number of people.

Encouraging children with autism to think of themselves that way can separate the child from normalcy in a way that is not appropriate, he told Public Culture. By all means encourage the oddities. By no means criticize the oddities.

His emphasis on historical context also illuminated what he called transient mental illnesses, which appear to be so confined to their time that they can vanish when times change.

For instance, he wrote in his book Mad Travelers (1998), hysterical fugue was a short-lived epidemic of compulsive wandering that emerged in Europe in the 1880s, largely among middle-class men who had become transfixed by stories of exotic locales and the lure of travel.

His book Rewriting the Soul (1995) examinedthe short-lived concern with the supposed epidemic known as multiple personality disorder, whicharosearound 1970 from a few paradigm cases of strange behavior.

It was rather sensational, he wrote, summarizing the phenomenon in the London Review article. More and more unhappy people started manifesting these symptoms. First, he added, a person had two or three personalities. Within a decade the mean number was 17.

This fed back into the diagnoses, and became part of the standard set of symptoms, he argued, creating a looping effect that expanded the number of those apparently afflicted to the point that Professor Hacking recalled visiting in 1991 a split bar catering to them, which he compared to a gay bar.

Within just a few years, however, multiple personality disorder was renamed dissociative identity disorder, a change that was more than an act of diagnostic housecleaning, he wrote.

Symptoms evolve, he added, patients are no longer expected to come with a roster of altogether distinct personalities, and they dont.

Ian MacDougall Hacking was born on Feb. 18, 1936, in Vancouver, British Columbia, the only child of Harold and Margaret (MacDougall) Hacking. His father managed cargo on freighter ships and was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his service in the Canadian Army during World War II. His mother was a milliner.

Ians intellectual tendencies were unmistakable from an early age. When he was 3 or 4 years old, he would sit and read the dictionary, Jane Hacking said. His parents were completely baffled.

He studied mathematics and physics at the University of British Columbia and, after graduation in 1956, went on to Trinity College Cambridge, where he earned a doctorate in 1962.

In addition to his daughter Jane, Professor Hacking is survived by another daughter, Rachel Gee; a son, Daniel Hacking; a stepson, Oliver Baker; and seven grandchildren. His wife, Judith Baker, died in 2014. His two previous marriages, to Laura Anne Leach and the science philosopher Nancy Cartwright, ended in divorce.

Even in retirement, Professor Hacking maintained his trademark sense of wonder.

In a 2009 interview with the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail, conducted in the garden of his Toronto home, he pointed to a wasp buzzing near a rose, which he said reminded him of the physics principle of nonlocality the direct influence of one object on another distant object which was the subject of a talk he had recently heard by the physicist Nicolas Gisin.

Professor Hacking wondered aloud, the interviewer noted, if the whole universe was governed by nonlocality if everything in the universe is aware of everything else.

Thats what you should be writing about, he said. Not me. Im a dilettante. My governing word is curiosity.

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Ian Hacking, Eminent Philosopher of Science and Much Else, Dies ... - The New York Times

No matter who you are, where you are, or how quickly youre moving, the laws of physics will appear exactly the same to you as they will to any other observer in the Universe. This concept that the laws of physics dont change as you move from one location to another or one moment to the next is known as the principle of relativity, and it goes all the way back not to Einstein, but even farther: to at least the time of Galileo. If you exert a force on an object, it will accelerate (i.e., change its momentum), and the amount of its acceleration is directly related to the force on the object divided by its mass. In terms of an equation, this is Newtons famous F = ma: force equals mass times acceleration.

But when we discovered particles that moved close to the speed of light, suddenly a contradiction emerged. If you exert too large of a force on a small mass, and forces cause acceleration, then it should be possible to accelerate a massive object to reach or even exceed the speed of light! This isnt possible, of course, and it was Einsteins relativity that gave us a way out. It was commonly explained by what we call relativistic mass, or the notion that as you got closer to the speed of light, the mass of an object increased, so the same force would cause a smaller acceleration, preventing you from ever reaching the speed of light. But is this relativistic mass interpretation correct? Only kind of. Heres the science of why.

Schematic animation of a continuous beam of light being dispersed by a prism. If you had ultraviolet and infrared eyes, youd be able to see that ultraviolet light bends even more than the violet/blue light, while the infrared light would remain less bent than the red light does. The speed of light is constant in a vacuum, but different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds through a medium.

The first thing its vital to understand is that the principle of relativity, no matter how quickly youre moving or where youre located, is still always true: the laws of physics really are the same for everyone, regardless of where youre located or when youre making that measurement. The thing that Einstein knew (that both Newton and Galileo had no way of knowing) was this: the speed of light in a vacuum must be exactly the same for everyone. This is a tremendous realization that runs counter to our intuition about the world.

Imagine youve got a car that can travel at 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph). Imagine, attached to that car, youve got a cannon that can accelerate a cannonball from rest to that exact same speed: 100 kilometers per hour (62 miles per hour). Now, imagine your car is moving and you fire that cannonball, but you can control which way the cannon is pointed.

As shown in an episode of Mythbusters, a projectile fired backward from a forward-moving vehicle at the exact same speed will appear to fall directly down at rest; the velocity of the truck and the exit velocity from the cannon exactly cancel each other out in this take.

This is what we commonly experience and also lines up with what we expect. And this is also experimentally true, at least, for the non-relativistic world. But if we replaced that cannon with a flashlight instead, the story would be very different. You can take a car, a train, a plane, or a rocket, traveling at whatever speed you like, and shine a flashlight from it in any direction you like.

That flashlight will emit photons at the speed of light, or 299,792,458 m/s, and those photons will always travel at that same exact speed.

That speed that the photons travel at will be the same as ever, the speed of light, not only from your perspective, but from the perspective of anyone looking on. The only difference that anyone will see, dependent on how fast both you (the emitter) and they (the observer) are moving, is in the wavelength of that light: redder (longer-wavelength) if youre mutually moving away from each other, bluer (shorter-wavelength) if youre moving mutually toward each other.

An object moving close to the speed of light that emits light will have the light that it emits appear shifted dependent on the location of an observer. Someone on the left will see the source moving away from it, and hence the light will be redshifted; someone to the right of the source will see it blueshifted, or shifted to higher frequencies, as the source moves toward it.

This was the key realization that Einstein had when he was devising his original theory of Special Relativity. He tried to imagine what light which he knew to be an electromagnetic wave would look like to someone who was following that wave at speeds that were close to the speed of light.

Although we dont often think of it in these terms, the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave means:

This was cemented in the 1860s and 1870s, in the aftermath of the work of James Clerk Maxwell, whose equations are still sufficient to govern the entirety of classical electromagnetism. You use this technology daily: every time an antenna picks up a signal, that signal arises from the charged particles in that antenna moving in response to those electromagnetic waves.

Light is nothing more than an electromagnetic wave, with in-phase oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of lights propagation. The shorter the wavelength, the more energetic the photon, but the more susceptible it is to changes in the speed of light through a medium.

Einstein tried to think of what it would be like to follow this wave from behind, with an observer watching electric and magnetic fields oscillate in front of them. But, of course, this never occurs. No matter who you are, where you are, when you are, or how quickly youre moving, you and everyone else always sees light move at exactly the same speed: the speed of light.

But not everything about light is the same for all observers. The fact that the observed wavelength of light changes dependent on how the source and the observer are moving relative to one another means that a few other things about light must change as well.

This last part is critical for our understanding, because momentum is the key link between our old school, classical, Galilean-and-Newtonian way of thinking and our new, relativistically invariant way of thinking that came along with Einstein.

The size, wavelength, and temperature/energy scales that correspond to various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. You have to go to higher energies, and shorter wavelengths, to probe the smallest scales. Ultraviolet light is sufficient to ionize atoms, but as the Universe expands, light gets systematically shifted to lower temperatures and longer wavelengths.

Light, remember, ranges in energy tremendously, from gamma ray photons at the highest energies down through X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light (from violet to blue to green to yellow to orange to red), infrared light, microwave light, and finally radio light at the lowest energies. The higher your energy-per-photon, the shorter your wavelength, the higher your frequency, and the greater the amount of momentum that you carry; the lower your energy-per-photon, the longer your wavelength, the lower your frequency, and the smaller your momentum is.

Light can also, as Einstein himself demonstrated with his 1905 research into the photoelectric effect, transfer energy and momentum into matter: massive particles. If the only law we had was Newtons law the way were used to seeing it as force equals mass times acceleration (F= ma) light would be in trouble. With no mass inherent to photons, this equation wouldnt make any sense. But Newton himself didnt write F= ma like we often suppose, but rather that force is the time rate of change of momentum, or that applying a force causes a change in momentum over time.

The inside of the LHC, where protons pass each other at 299,792,455 m/s, just 3 m/s shy of the speed of light. Particle accelerators like the LHC consist of sections of accelerating cavities, where electric fields are applied to speed up the particles inside, as well as ring-bending portions, where magnetic fields are applied to direct the fast-moving particles toward either the next accelerating cavity or a collision point.

So, what does that mean momentum is? Although many physicists have their own definition, the one Ive always liked is, Its a measure of the quantity of your motion. If you imagine a dockyard, you can imagine running a number of things into that dock.

A large superyacht, MotorYacht GO, crashed into the Saint Maartens Yacht Club dock. The large amount of momentum in the yacht caused it to crash through wood, concrete, and even reinforced steel as it destroyed the dock. Momentum, for very large masses moving even at slow speeds, can be disastrous.

The problem is, going all the way back to Newton, that the force you exert on something is equal to a change in momentum over time. If you exert a force on an object for a certain duration, its going to change that objects momentum by a specific amount. This change doesnt depend on how fast an object is moving alone, but only by the quantity of motion it possesses: its momentum.

So what is it, then, that happens to an objects momentum when it gets close to the speed of light? Thats really what were trying to understand when we talk about force, momentum, acceleration, and velocity when we near the speed of light. If an object is moving at 50% the speed of light and it has a cannon thats capable of firing a projectile at 50% the speed of light, what will happen when both speeds point in the same direction?

You know you cant reach the speed of light for a massive object, so the naive thought that 50% the speed of light + 50% the speed of light = 100% the speed of light has to be wrong. But the force on that cannonball is going to change its momentum by exactly the same amount when fired from a relativistically-moving frame-of-reference as it will when fired from rest. If firing the cannonball from rest changes its momentum by a certain amount, leaving it with a speed thats 50% the speed of light, then firing it from a perspective where its already moving at 50% the speed of light must change its momentum by that same amount. Why, then, wouldnt its speed be 100% the speed of light?

A simulated relativistic journey toward the constellation of Orion at various speeds. As you move closer to the speed of light, not only does space appear distorted, but your distance to the stars appears contracted, and less time passes for you as you travel. StarStrider, a relativistic 3D planetarium program by FMJ-Software, was used to produce the Orion illustrations. You dont have to break the speed of light to travel 1,000+ light-years in less than 1,000 years, but thats only from your point of view.

Understanding the answer is the key to understanding relativity: its because the classical formula for momentum that momentum equals mass multiplied by velocity is only a non-relativistic approximation. In reality, you have to use the formula for relativistic momentum, which is a little bit different, and involves a factor that physicists call gamma (): the Lorentz factor, which increases the closer you move to the speed of light. For a fast-moving particle, momentum isnt just mass multiplied by velocity, but mass multiplied by velocity multiplied by gamma.

Travel the Universe with astrophysicist Ethan Siegel. Subscribers will get the newsletter every Saturday. All aboard!

Applying the same force that you applied to an object at rest to an object in motion, even in relativistic motion, will still change its momentum by the same amount, but all of that momentum wont go into increasing its velocity; some of it will go into increasing the value of gamma, the Lorentz factor. For the earlier example, a rocket moving at 50% the speed of light that fires a cannonball at 50% the speed of light will result in a cannonball traveling at 80% the speed of light, with a Lorentz factor of 1.6667 along for the ride. The idea of relativistic mass is very old and was popularized by Arthur Eddington, the astronomer whose 1919 solar eclipse expedition validated Einsteins theory of General Relativity, but it takes a certain liberty: it assumes that the Lorentz factor () and the rest mass (m) get multiplied together, an assumption that no physical measurement or observation can test for.

Time dilation (left) and length contraction (right) show how time appears to run slower and distances appear to get smaller the closer you move to the speed of light. As you approach the speed of light, clocks dilate toward time not passing at all, while distances contract down to infinitesimal amounts.

The whole point of going through all of this is to understand that when you moveclose to the speed of light, there are many important quantities that no longer obey our classical equations. You cant just add velocities togetherthe way Galileo or Newton did;you have to add them relativistically.

You cant just treat distances as fixed and absolute; you have to understand thatthey contract along the direction of motion. And you cant even treat time as though it passes the same for you as it does for someone else; the passage of time is relative, anddilates for observers moving at different relative velocities.

A light-clock, formed by a photon bouncing between two mirrors, will define time for any observer. Although the two observers may not agree with one another on how much time is passing, they will agree on the laws of physics and on the constants of the Universe, such as the speed of light. A stationary observer will see time pass normally, but an observer moving rapidly through space will have their clock run slower relative to the stationary observer.

Its tempting, but ultimately incorrect, to blame the mismatch between the classical world and the relativistic world on the idea of relativistic mass. For massive particles that move close to the speed of light, that concept can be correctly applied to understand why objects can approach, but not reach, the speed of light, but it falls apart as soon as you incorporate massless particles, like photons.

Its far better to understand the laws of relativity as they actually are than to try and shoehorn them into a more intuitive box whose applications are fundamentally limited and restrictive. Just as is the case with quantum physics, until youve spent enough time in the world of relativity to gain an intuition for how things work, an overly simplistic analogy will only get you so far. When you reach its limits, youll wish you had learned it correctly and comprehensively the first time, all along.

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Does mass increase when nearing the speed of light? - Big Think

You know a story is going to be fun when it starts with a question that makes you laugh: What is the most boring number in the world? It's a legitimate mathematical question, and it turns out there are interesting numbers (prime numbers, powers of 2) and not-so-interesting numbers. You can probably anticipate the paradox: If a number is especially boring, doesn't that make it interesting? Theoretical physicist Manon Bischoff, who is an editor for our partner publication Spektrum in Germany, showshow to sort numbers for boringness and why it matters.

I admit I was skeptical when we first started discussing a story proposal about treating a person with multiple personalities. Weren't some of the classic cases exaggerated or made up? But the fascinating account of Ella by therapist and anthropologist Rebecca J. Lesterexplains how dissociative identity disorder can develop and manifest. It's a hopeful and generous story that takes us inside the therapeutic process and reveals how someone can start to heal from extreme trauma.

When a weather disaster strikes, people want to know whether climate change is to blame. And if so, to what degree? The field of attribution science has advanced dramatically in the past decade. As investigative journalist Lois Parshley writes, researchers are now able to say how much worse or more likely floods, hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, and other disasters were made by the human-caused climate crisis. This knowledge can help people respond to unfolding disasters and plan for future ones.

Drug-resistant hookworms are spreading among pet dogs, and researchers have traced their origins to greyhounds raised for racing. The parasites can kill puppies and occasionally cause nasty infections in people. Science journalist Bradley van Paridon describes how the superparasite evolved and traveled through greyhound racetracks, rescue dogs and dog parks.

Electrons move in mysterious ways. They're too fast to observe in detail as they jump through crystals or perform feats of quantum tunneling that let them escape energy barriers. To understand the bizarre properties of matter, physicists are creating models made of light. Physicist Charles D. Brown II shares how his light-based version of graphene lets him study how particles behave in a crystal lattice. In the author's words, Quantum physics is a trip!

Some of the most distinctive languages on Earth are still spoken, but just barely, by people who live on the Andaman Islands off the coast of India. Andamanese people arrived to the archipelago about 50,000 years ago, and according to genetic and linguistic studies, they were largely isolated until recently. Linguist Anvita Abbi worked with the last speakers of several local languages to preserve and understand their heritage. She discovered that the grammar of Andamanese languages is fundamentally based on the parts of the body, unlike any known language family.

What's the future of fusion? Is it always going to be another 20 or 30 or 50 years away? In our cover story, author Philip Ball examines recent advances in fusion energy, including the first reaction that created more energy than was used to trigger it. Fusion will not be part of our urgently needed transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. But there's still a chance it could succeed ... in another 20 or 30 or 50 years. Ball cuts through the hype and explores the physical limitations and opportunities of the energy that powers stars.

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Answering Questions about Boring Numbers, Disasters, Fusion, and ... - Scientific American

In theaters June 2

THE PLOT:

Miles Morales (Shameik Moore) a.k.a. Spiderman, is now a household name in Brooklyn NY, saving citizens from those who wish to harm them. Yet, being a superhero is lonely as Miles longs to see Gwen (Hailee Steinfeld) again Spiderwoman from an alternate universe.

As Miles struggles to break free from his parents image of him as a kid, he encounters The Spot (Jason Schwartzman) a local villain hell-bent on getting revenge on Miles for transforming him into what he has become.

With The Spot creating havoc, Gwen and other Spidermen and women from alternate universes work to stop him, but Miles discovers a truth from his allies that, for him, is just as sinister as any villainous plan and he plans to stop it.

KENTS TAKE:

Spiderman: Across the Spider-verse is the second chapter in the ongoing Sony animated Spiderman series and is the first half of a two-part story.

Miles is back and is still working through his feelings and situation. His uncle turned out to be The Prowler and is now dead. He learned that he is not the only Spiderman in the universe and has fallen for Gwen, a Spiderwoman in an alternate universe. Spiderman is also a local celebrity in Brooklyn, and this celebrity comes with pitfalls, such as the guest-hosting of Jeopardy, the failed baby powder endorsement, and his attempt to grow a moustache. Miles is a teenager through and through, pushing back at his parents who still see him as a kid while he fights to be heard and understood.

Directors Joaquin Dos Santos, Kemp Powers and Justin K. Thompson bring us a vibrant, colorful, and wildly creative animated feature. Mixing and matching animation styles, this film will keep viewers attention throughout its 2 hours and 15-minute running time. Using interesting and unusual perspectives, we follow Miles and Gwen as they traverse Brooklyn and the multiverse following their spidey-senses to lead them to a truth that is very relevant to Miles.

Writers Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Dave Callaham manage to pull off a rare occurrence creating a sequel to a successful film that is as good, if not better than the first film. This film is not political, it isnt preachy, and it certainly isnt your traditional superhero film what it is, is an action-packed coming-of-age story about a regular kid who is special and the struggles he endures as he transitions from childhood to adulthood. This heartfelt, emotional film isnt sappy, its real, real life, real feelings in an unreal setting. A setting with splashes of color, hidden places, dark shadows, freedom, beauty, and wonder. Miles likes Gwen and Gwen likes him back, but this isnt a sappy romance, its the awkward moments, the unspoken words and the silences that define their relationship.

The cast is excellent and adds depth to this feature, but the strength of performance by Shameik Moore as Miles elevates this film and creates an honesty that is vital to its success.

Another notable strength of this film is its soundtrack. From modern rap to classic R&B, this soundtrack covers a diverse musical palette and weaves perfectly into the story helping to define and create moods.

Spiderman: Across the Spider-verse is the first Summer Blockbuster to hit theaters and its recommend that this cool, action-packed, memorable story be seen on the big screen. This is one of those instances where getting caught in a spiders web will be a positive experience.

LYNNS TAKE:

Pop art, quantum physics and pathos collide in a grand superhero spectacle, resulting in this Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, sequel being a mind-blowing amalgamation of next-level animation like but surpassing the 2018 original.

However inventive and clever it is, though, about half of the storyline is incoherent and panders to fan service -- and the sensory-overload-on-steroids style is overwhelming and exhausting. Yet, were all locked in.

This 2 hour and 20- minute eye-popping extravaganza takes place across six dimensions, has 240 characters in it and had over 1,000 animators working on it the most ever.

The Spider-Man mythology, easily relatable for teens who understood creator Stan Lees metaphors for figuring out their place in the world, began as a socially inept high school student who was bitten by a radioactive spider, and thus developed superpowers. That was in 1962, and in fighting crime in his subsequent Marvel Comics issues, Peter Parker would eventually learn with great power comes great responsibility.

Since 2002, there have been eight live-action Spider-Man movies, plus his role in The Avengers franchise, not to mention a past TV series, Broadway musical, video games and books.

The three co-directors Joaquim Dos Santos, Kemp Powers, and Justin K. Thompson mash parts of the old films with elements of the comic books. That comic imagery, added in with drawing and painting styles of the 20th and 21st centuries, results in a visually stunning work. Art historians will be in for a treat.

And comic book fans will be delirious about the Easter eggs no doubt courtesy of cheeky producers Phil Lord and Chris Miller who finally won an Oscar for directing the first movie (previously robbed for The Lego Movie) but only co-wrote this script with David Callaham, a veteran of the first and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings.

I understand their desire to throw in as many gags for the super-fans, but that darn muddled narrative lets the rest of us down. And their need to fiddle with the Spider-Man canon to keep it fresh and interesting. Sure, there are compelling human emotional touches (dead relatives, loved ones in peril), but the hyper-kinetic storytelling weakens the overall effect for those not in the zone.

Another sticking point is that the middle entry in this animated world ends with a cliffhanger, then states Miles will return in Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse. It is set for a March 29, 2024, release -- frustrating to viewers who like things resolved before waiting for another one, because this one just ends without a resolution.

And if you did not see Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse released four and a half years ago, you will be lost here. As a quick recap, Miles Morales, a black Hispanic Brooklynite, was juggling his life between being in high school and a Spider-Man, but when Wilson Kingpin Fisk uses a super collider, he finds out that others from across the Spider-Verse have been transported to his dimension.

This time, 15-year-old Miles remains on Earth 42, but as he discovers more multi-verses, he meets dozens of other Spider-People. In this global take, we meet a Spider-Man India (Karan Soni), a cockney street punk Spidey named Hobie (Daniel Kaluuya), a snarling, hulking vampire Spidey Miguel OHara (Oscar Isaac), and a pregnant Spider-Woman, motorcycle mama Jessica Drew (Issa Rae). Saving the world is tough business, and there are existential crises happening.

Miles mentor, Peter Parker (Jake Johnson), is shown as a young father, married to MJ (Zoe Kravitz), who brings his baby along for the adventures. Sad girl Gwen Stacy (Hailee Steinfeld) is a combo grrrl rocker and a Spider-Girl whose anguished storyline is equal to Miles.

While one can applaud the energy and the dazzling visuals of non-stop action, characters are often frazzled, and the pace is so frenetic that you feel like you are trapped in this parallel universe too. Whos good, whos evil, and who may be both?

Shameik Moore has returned to voice Miles, and hes dandy as the angsty teen who is exasperating to his parents because of his time-management skills (they dont know hes keeping the bad guys in check, at least his neighborhood in Queens).

His parents are voiced by Brian Tyree Henry and Luna Loren Valdez, joining a slate of major talent whose vocal work is solid but does not immediately identify them. Yet, its easy to place J.K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson, SNLs Rachel Dratch as the principal, and Jason Schwartman as the revenge-seeking villain The Spot (a standout).

Hyper and hypnotic, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse has pushed forward the genre and is a fun fan experience. The propulsive score by composer Daniel Pemberton is also a plus. I give the animation an A+ but the story a B-.

Its a lot to juggle sci-fi, action, adventure, family, comedy, drama, and fantasy in one animated feature, and this film does display heart, even if the movie cant stand on its own.

After two decades of superhero comics ruling the bombastic blockbuster box office, whats next? Has art opened another dimension? One of the Spider-Verses greatest strengths is that it still surprises, and these multiverses show no signs of maxing out.

One thing is for certain, the enthusiasm for this head-spinning series is not waning anytime soon (even with the grumbling about waiting for the next sequel). Its as if weve hopped on one of the wildest amusement parks rides ever, and we need to see where it leads.

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Spiderman: Across the Spider-verse | Reel World | timesnewspapers ... - Webster-Kirkwood Times, Inc.

Were not getting to absolute zero anytime soon. The temperature at which all energy in an object drops to zero, our inability to reach it is enshrined in the third law of thermodynamics.

One version of the law states that in order to reach absolute zero, wed have to either have infinite time or infinite energy. Thats not happening any time soon, so out the window go our hopes of achieving a total lack of energy.

Or do they?

A team from the Vienna University of Technology in Austria wanted to see if there was alternate route to absolute zero. And they found one in an interesting placequantum computing.

The researchers entered into their research with the intent of trying to generate a version of the third law of thermodynamics that jived cleanly with quantum physics. Because the regular version that so many physicists know and love doesnt quite fit nicely into the quantum world.

Disagreements between classical and quantum physics happen all the timeits why so much time and effort goes into trying to find a unified theory of physics that encompasses both sets of rules. That doesnt mean classical physics is wrong, it just means its limited in ways that we didnt expect when we first were figuring out how the universe works.

The third law of thermodynamics, despite how fundamental it is, is one of those surprisingly limited aspects of classical physics. In saying that we cant reach absolute zero without infinite time or infinite energy, it doesnt fully take a fundamental aspect quantum physicsinformation theoryinto account.

A principle of information theory called the Landauer principle states that there is a minimum, and finite, amount of energy that it takes to delete a piece of information. The catch here is that deleting information from a particle is the exact same thing as taking that particle to absolute zero. So, how is it possible that it takes a finite amount of energy to delete information and an infinite amount of energy to reach absolute zero, if those two things are the same?

It's not a total paradoxyou could take an infinitely long time. But that doesnt tell the whole story. The team discovered a key parameter that would get it done a whole lot fastercomplexity. It turns out that if you have complete, infinite control over an infinitely complex system, you can bring fully delete information from a quantum particle without the need for infinite energy or infinite time.

Now, is infinite complexity with infinite control more achievable than infinite time or infinite energy? No. Were still dealing with infinities here.

But this discovery does emphasize known limitations in the functionality of quantum computers. Namely, once we start saving information on those things, were never going to be able to fully scrub the information from the quantum bits (known as qubits) making up our information storage centers.

According to experts, thats not going to present a practical issue. Machines that operate absolutely perfectly already dont exist, so theres no reason to hold quantum computers to an unreachable standard. But it does teach us a bit more about exactly what building and operating these futuristic machines is going to take.

When it comes to quantum, were just getting started.

Associate News Editor

Jackie is a writer and editor from Pennsylvania. She's especially fond of writing about space and physics, and loves sharing the weird wonders of the universe with anyone who wants to listen. She is supervised in her home office by her two cats.

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There's a Secret Way to Get to Absolute Zero. Scientists Just Found It. - Popular Mechanics

A team at the University of Portsmouth has achieved unprecedented precision in measurements through a method involving quantum interference and frequency-resolving sampling measurements. This breakthrough could enhance imaging of nanostructures and biological samples, and improve quantum-enhanced estimation in optical networks.

A team of researchers has demonstrated the ultimate sensitivity allowed by quantum physics in measuring the time delay between two photons.

By measuring their interference at a beam-splitter through frequency-resolving sampling measurements, the team has shown that unprecedented precision can be reached within current technology with an error in the estimation that can be further decreased by decreasing the photonic temporal bandwidth.

This breakthrough has significant implications for a range of applications, including more feasible imaging of nanostructures, including biological samples, and nanomaterial surfaces, as well as quantum-enhanced estimation based on frequency-resolved boson sampling in optical networks.

The research was conducted by a team of scientists at the University of Portsmouth, led by Dr. Vincenzo Tamma, Director of the UniversitysQuantum Science and Technology Hub.

Dr. Tamma said: Our technique exploits the quantum interference occurring when two single photons impinging on the two faces of a beam-splitter are indistinguishable when measured at the beam-splitter output channels. If, before impinging on the beam splitter, one photon is delayed in time with respect to the other by going through or being reflected by the sample, one can retrieve in real time the value of such a delay and therefore the structure of the sample by probing the quantum interference of the photons at the output of the beam splitter.

We showed that the best precision in the measurement of the time delay is achieved when resolving such two-photon interference with sampling measurements of the two photons in their frequencies. Indeed, this ensures that the two photons remain completely indistinguishable at detectors, irrespective of their delay at any value of their sampled frequencies detected at the output.

The team proposed the use of a two-photon interferometer to measure the interference of two photons at a beam splitter. They then introduced a technique based on frequency-resolving sampling measurements to estimate the time delay between the two photons with the best possible precision allowed by nature, and with an increasing sensitivity at the decreasing of the photonic temporal bandwidth.

Dr. Tamma added: Our technique overcomes the limitations of previous two-photon interference techniques not retrieving the information on the photonic frequencies in the measurement process.

It allows us to employ photons of the shortest duration experimentally possible without affecting the distinguishability of the time-delayed photons at the detectors, and therefore maximizing the precision of the delay estimation with a remarkable reduction in the number of required pairs of photons. This allows a relatively fast and efficient characterization of the given sample paving the way to applications in biology and nanoengineering.

The applications of this breakthrough research are significant. It has the potential to significantly improve the imaging of nanostructures, including biological samples, and nanomaterial surfaces. Additionally, it could lead to quantum-enhanced estimation based on frequency-resolved boson sampling in optical networks.

The findings of the study are published in the journal Physical Review Applied.

Reference: Ultimate Quantum Sensitivity in the Estimation of the Delay between two Interfering Photons through Frequency-Resolving Sampling by Danilo Triggiani, Giorgos Psaroudis and Vincenzo Tamma, 24 April 2023, Physical Review Applied.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.044068

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Photon Precision: How Quantum Physicists Shattered the Bounds of Sensitivity - SciTechDaily

IN NOVEMBER 1997, a young physicist named Juan Maldacena proposed an almost ludicrously bold idea: that space-time, the fabric of the universe and apparently the backdrop against which reality plays out, is a hologram.

For many working in the fields of particle physics and gravity at the time, Maldacenas proposal was as surprising as it was ingenious. Before it was published, the notion of a holographic universe was way out there, says Ed Witten, a mathematical physicist at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton (IAS), New Jersey. I would have described it as wild speculation.

And yet today, just over 25 years on, the holographic universe is widely revered as one of the most important breakthroughs of the past few decades. The reason is that it strikes at the mystery of quantum gravity the long-sought unification of quantum physics, which governs particles and their interactions, and general relativity, which casts gravity as the product of warped space-time.

Then again, you might wonder why the idea is held in such high regard given that it remains a mathematical conjecture, which means it is unproven, and that the model universe it applies to has a bizarre geometry that doesnt resemble our universe.

The answer, it turns out, is twofold. First, the holographic conjecture has helped to make sense of otherwise intractable problems in particle physics and black holes. Second, and more intriguing perhaps, physicists have finally begun to make headway in their attempts to demonstrate that the holographic principle applies to the cosmos we actually reside in.

Maldacena, now also at the IAS, was originally inspired by two separate branches of

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Do we live in a hologram? Why physics is still mesmerised by this idea - New Scientist