Category Archives: Quantum Computing

A team of researchers from the Department of Applied Physics at Aalto University in Finland has invented a quantum-circuit refrigerator, which can reduce errors in quantum computing.

Photo of the centimeter-sized silicon chip, which has two parallel superconducting oscillators and the quantum-circuit refrigerators connected to them. Image credit: Kuan Yen Tan / Aalto University.

How quantum computers differ from the computers that we use today is that instead of normal bits, they compute with quantum bits (qubits), the physicists said.

The bits being crunched in your laptop are either zeros or ones, whereas a qubit can exist simultaneously in both states. This versatility of qubits is needed for complex computing, but it also makes them sensitive to external perturbations.

Just like ordinary processors, quantum computers also need a cooling mechanism.

In the future, thousands or even millions of logical qubits may be simultaneously used in computation, and in order to obtain the correct result, every qubit has to be reset in the beginning of the computation, they said.

If the qubits are too hot, they cannot be initialized because they are switching between different states too much.

This is the problem Aalto University physicists Mikko Mttnen, Kuan Yen Tan and co-authors have developed a solution to.

The nanoscale refrigerator invented by the team solves a massive challenge: with its help, most electrical quantum devices can be initialized quickly. The devices thus become more powerful and reliable.

I have worked on this gadget for five years and it finally works, Tan said.

The team cooled down a qubit-like superconducting resonator utilizing the tunneling of single electrons through a 2-nm-thick insulator.

The authors gave the electrons slightly too little energy from an external voltage source than what is needed for direct tunneling.

Therefore, the electron captures the missing energy required for tunneling from the nearby quantum device, and hence the device loses energy and cools down.

The cooling can be switched off by adjusting the external voltage to zero.

Then, even the energy available from the quantum device is not enough to push the electron through the insulator.

Our refrigerator keeps quanta in order, Dr. Mttnen said.

We now plan to cool actual quantum bits in addition to resonators and want to lower the minimum temperature achievable with the refrigerator and make its on/off switch super fast.

The research is published in the journal Nature Communications.

_____

Kuan Yen Tan et al. 2017. Quantum-circuit refrigerator. Nature Communications 8, article number: 15189; doi: 10.1038/ncomms15189

This article is based on text provided by Aalto University.

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Researchers Invent Nanoscale 'Refrigerator' for Quantum ... - Sci-News.com

A new quantum computing process has been developed by a team of Chinese researchers that may one-day help crack complex digital algorithms used in encryption. It involves using diamonds to break encryption and could be used in quantum code-breaking in the not too distant future.

The new type of quantum device was built inside a diamond in order to break down the number 35 into its factors of five and seven. Led by quantum physicist Professor Du Jiangfeng, the development of this new process may be just what we need to crack the encryption. Du Jiangfeng and team fired lasers ad microwave beams at particles inside the diamonds nitrogen-vacancy center. Results from the experiment demonstrated that the particles locked inside the diamond were able to yield the solution in just two microseconds.

Quantum computers are extremely powerful tools that can solve complex equations in fractions of a second, hence why so many people are trying to be the first to develop a workable model. Not only will they be responsible for achieving one of the greatest feats in all of history, but theyll also make a lot of money from it too.

In a similar experiment, researchers from Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico and Harvard University embedded two silicon atoms in a diamond matrix in order to demonstrate how to successfully bridge quantum computers on an atomic level. Here, the team used an ion beam implanter to swap over the diamonds carbon atom with a larger silicon atom. With regards to the Chinese experiment, its the first time researchers factorized a number built on solid material and could even favor certain numbers of six or more digits.

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China's New Type of Quantum Computing Device, Built Inside a Diamond - TrendinTech

May 9, 2017 by Tom Abate Researchers are developing quantum computers based on light rather than electricity. At Stanford, new materials could be the key to progress in this field. Credit: iStock/Pobytov

For 60 years computers have become smaller, faster and cheaper. But engineers are approaching the limits of how small they can make silicon transistors and how quickly they can push electricity through devices to create digital ones and zeros.

That limitation is why Stanford electrical engineering Professor Jelena Vuckovic is looking to quantum computing, which is based on light rather than electricity. Quantum computers work by isolating spinning electrons inside a new type of semiconductor material. When a laser strikes the electron, it reveals which way it is spinning by emitting one or more quanta, or particles, of light. Those spin states replace the ones and zeros of traditional computing.

Vuckovic, who is one of the world's leading researchers in the field, said quantum computing is ideal for studying biological systems, doing cryptography or data mining in fact, solving any problem with many variables.

"When people talk about finding a needle in a haystack, that's where quantum computing comes in," she said.

Marina Radulaski, a postdoctoral fellow in Vuckovic's lab, said the problem-solving potential of quantum computers stems from the complexity of the laser-electron interactions at the core of the concept.

"With electronics you have zeros and ones," Radulaski said. "But when the laser hits the electron in a quantum system, it creates many possible spin states, and that greater range of possibilities forms the basis for more complex computing."

Capturing electrons

Harnessing information based on the interactions of light and electrons is easier said than done. Some of the world's leading technology companies are trying to build massive quantum computers that rely on materials super-cooled to near absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which atoms would cease to move.

In her own studies of nearly 20 years, Vuckovic has focused on one aspect of the challenge: creating new types of quantum computer chips that would become the building blocks of future systems.

"To fully realize the promise of quantum computing we will have to develop technologies that can operate in normal environments," she said. "The materials we are exploring bring us closer toward finding tomorrow's quantum processor."

The challenge for Vuckovic's team is developing materials that can trap a single, isolated electron. Working with collaborators worldwide, they have recently tested three different approaches to the problem, one of which can operate at room temperature a critical step if quantum computing is going to become a practical tool.

In all three cases the group started with semiconductor crystals, material with a regular atomic lattice like the girders of a skyscraper. By slightly altering this lattice, they sought to create a structure in which the atomic forces exerted by the material could confine a spinning electron.

"We are trying to develop the basic working unit of a quantum chip, the equivalent of the transistor on a silicon chip," Vuckovic said.

Quantum dots

One way to create this laser-electron interaction chamber is through a structure known as a quantum dot. Physically, the quantum dot is a small amount of indium arsenide inside a crystal of gallium arsenide. The atomic properties of the two materials are known to trap a spinning electron.

In a recent paper in Nature Physics, Kevin Fischer, a graduate student in the Vuckovic lab, describes how the laser-electron processes can be exploited within such a quantum dot to control the input and output of light. By sending more laser power to the quantum dot, the researchers could force it to emit exactly two photons rather than one. They say the quantum dot has practical advantages over other leading quantum computing platforms but still requires cryogenic cooling, so it may not be useful for general-purpose computing. However, it could have applications in creating tamper-proof communications networks.

Color centers

In two other papers Vuckovic took a different approach to electron capture, by modifying a single crystal to trap light in what is called a color center.

In a recent paper published in Nano Letters, her team focused on color centers in diamond. In nature the crystalline lattice of a diamond consists of carbon atoms. Jingyuan Linda Zhang, a graduate student in Vuckovic's lab, described how a 16-member research team replaced some of those carbon atoms with silicon atoms. This one alteration created color centers that effectively trapped spinning electrons in the diamond lattice.

But like the quantum dot, most diamond color center experiments require cryogenic cooling. Though that is an improvement over other approaches that required even more elaborate cooling, Vuckovic wanted to do better.

So she worked with another global team to experiment with a third material, silicon carbide. Commonly known as carborundum, silicon carbide is a hard, transparent crystal used to make clutch plates, brake pads and bulletproof vests. Prior research had shown that silicon carbide could be modified to create color centers at room temperature. But this potential had not yet been made efficient enough to yield a quantum chip.

Vuckovic's team knocked certain silicon atoms out of the silicon carbide lattice in a way that created highly efficient color centers. They also fabricated nanowire structures around the color centers to improve the extraction of photons. Radulaski was the first author on that experiment, which is described in another NanoLetters paper. She said the net results an efficient color center, operating at room temperature, in a material familiar to industry were huge pluses.

"We think we've demonstrated a practical approach to making a quantum chip," Radulaski said.

But the field is still in its early days and electron tapping is no simple feat. Even the researchers aren't sure which method or methods will win out.

"We don't know yet which approach is best, so we continue to experiment," Vuckovic said.

Explore further: Simultaneous detection of multiple spin states in a single quantum dot

More information: Marina Radulaski et al. Scalable Quantum Photonics with Single Color Centers in Silicon Carbide, Nano Letters (2017). DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05102

Journal reference: Nano Letters

Provided by: Stanford University

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New materials bring quantum computing closer to reality - Phys.org - Phys.Org

Quantum computers finally seem to be coming of age with promises of quantum supremacy by the end of the year. But theres a problemvery few people know how to work them.

The bold claim ofachieving "quantum supremacy"came on the back of Google unveiling a new quantum chip design. The hyperbolic phrase essentially means building a quantum device that can perform a calculation impossible for any conventional computer.

In theory, quantum computers can crush conventional ones at important tasks like factoring large numbers. Thats because unlike normal computers, whose bits can either be represented as 0 or 1, a quantum bitor qubitcan be simultaneously 0 and 1 thanks to a phenomenon known as superposition.

Demonstrating this would require thousands of qubits, though, which is well beyond current capabilities. So instead Google plans to compare the computers ability to simulate the behavior of a random arrangement of quantum circuits. They predict it should take 50 qubits to outdo the most powerful supercomputers, a goal they feel they can reach this year.

Clearly the nature of the experiment tips the balance in favor of their chip, but the result would be impressive nonetheless, and could act as a catalyst to spur commercialization of the technology.

This year should also see the first commercial universal quantum computing service go live, with IBM giving customers access to one of its quantum computers over the cloud for a fee. Canadian company D-Wave already provides cloud access to one of its machines, but its quantum computers are not universal, as they can only solve certain optimization problems.

But despite this apparent impetus, the technology has a major challenge to overcome. Programming these devices is much harder than programming conventional computers.

For a start, building algorithms for these machines requires a certain level of understanding about the quantum physics that gives qubits their special properties. While you dont need an advanced physics degree to get your head around it, it is a big departure from traditional computer programming.

Writing in ReadWrite, Dan Rowinski points out, Writing apps that can be translated into some form of qubit-relatable code may require some very different approaches, since among other things, the underlying logic for digital programs may not translate precisely (or at all) to the quantum-computing realm.

And while there are a number of quantum simulators that can run on a laptop for those who want to dip their toes in the water, real quantum computers are likely to behave quite differently. The real challenge is whether you can make your algorithm work on real hardware that has imperfections, Isaac Chuang, an MIT physicist, told Nature.

Convincing programmers to invest the time necessary to learn these skills is going to be tricky until commercial systems are delivering tangible benefits and securing customers, but thats going to be tough if theres no software to run on them.

The companies building these machines recognize this chicken and egg problem, and it is why there is an increasing drive to broaden access to these machines. Before the announcement of the commercial IBMQ service, the company had already released the free Quantum Experience service last year.

Earlier this year, D-Wave open sourced their Qbsolv and Qmasm tools to allow people to start getting to grips with programming its devices, while a pair of Google engineers built a Quantum Computing Playground for people to start investigating the basics of the technology. The company plans to provide access to its devices over the cloud just like IBM.

We dont just want to build these machines, Jerry Chow, the manager of IBMs Experimental Quantum Computing team told Wired. We want to build a framework that allows people to use them.

How easy it will be to translate the skills learned in one of these companies proprietary quantum computing ecosystems to another also remains to be seen, not least because the technology at the heart of them can be dramatically different. This could be a further stumbling block to developing a solid pool of quantum programmers.

Ultimately, the kinds of large-scale quantum computers powerful enough to be usefully put to work on real-world problems are still some years away, so theres no need to panic yet. But as the researchers behind Googles quantum effort note in an article in Nature, this scarcity of programming talent also presents an opportunity for those who move quickly.

If early quantum-computing devices can offer even a modest increase in computing speed or power, early adopters will reap the rewards, they write. Rival companies would face high entry barriers to match the same quality of services and products, because few experts can write quantum algorithms, and businesses need time to tailor new algorithms.

Image Credit: Shutterstock

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Quantum Computing Demands a Whole New Kind of Programmer - Singularity Hub

YORKTOWN HEIGHTS, N.Y., May 6, 2017 /PRNewswire/ --While technologies that currently run on classical computers, such as Watson, can help find patterns and insights buried in vast amounts of existing data, quantum computers will deliver solutions to important problems where patterns cannot be seen because the data doesn't exist and the possibilities that you need to explore to get to the answer are too enormous to ever be processed by classical computers.

In March 2017, IBM (NYSE: IBM) announced the industry's first initiative to build commercially available universal quantum computing systems. "IBM Q"quantum systems and services will be delivered via the IBM Cloud platform.

IBM Q systems will be designed to tackle problems that are currently seen as too complex and exponential in nature for classical computing systems to handle. One of the first and most promising applications for quantum computing will be in the area of chemistry. Even for simple molecules like caffeine, the number of quantum states in the molecule can be astoundingly large so large that all the conventional computing memory and processing power scientists could ever build could not handle the problem.

The IBM Q systems promise to solve problems that today's computers cannot tackle, for example:

As part of the IBM Q System, IBM has released a new API (Application Program Interface) for the IBM Quantum Experience that enables developers and programmers to begin building interfaces between its existing five quantum bit (qubit) cloud-based quantum computer and classical computers, without needing a deep background in quantum physics. IBM has also released an upgraded simulator on the IBM Quantum Experience that can model circuits with up to 20 qubits. In the first half of 2017, IBM plans to release a full SDK (Software Development Kit) on the IBM Quantum Experience for users to build simple quantum applications and software programs.

The IBM Quantum Experience enables anyone to connect to IBM's quantum processor via the IBM Cloud, to run algorithms and experiments, work with the individual quantum bits, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing.

For more information on IBM's universal quantum computing efforts, visit http://www.ibm.com/ibmq.

For more information on IBM Systems, visit http://www.ibm.com/systems.

IBM is making the specs for its new Quantum API available on GitHub (https://github.com/IBM/qiskit-api-py) and providing simple scripts (https://github.com/IBM/qiskit-sdk-py) to demonstrate how the API functions.

About IBM Research For more than seven decades, IBM Research has defined the future of information technology with more than 3,000 researchers in 12 labs located across six continents. Scientists from IBM Research have produced six

Nobel Laureates, 10 U.S. National Medals of Technology, five U.S. National Medals of Science, six Turing Awards, 19 inductees in the National Academy of Sciences and 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame.

For more information about IBM Research, visit http://www.ibm.com/research.

CONTACT: Chris Andrews 914-945-1630 candrews@us.bm.com

To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/five-ways-quantum-computing-will-change-the-way-we-think-about-computing-300452712.html

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Five Ways Quantum Computing Will Change the Way We Think ... - PR Newswire (press release)

A team of scientists from eastern China has built the first form of quantum computer that they say is faster than one of the early generation of conventional computers developed in the 1940s.

The researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China at Hefei in Anhui province built the machine as part of efforts to develop and highlight the future use of quantum computers.

The devices make use of the way particles interact at a subatomic level to make calculations rather than conventional computers which use electronic gates, switches and binary code.

China in race to build first code-breaking quantum supercomputer

The Hefei machine predicts the highly complex movement and behaviour of subatomic particles called photons, which make up light.

Normal supercomputers struggle to predict the behaviour of photons because of their huge level of unpredictability and the difficulties in modelling.

Pan Jianwei, the lead scientist on the project, told a press briefing in Shanghai on Wednesday that their device was already 10 to 11 times faster at carrying out the calculations than the first electronic digital computer, ENIAC, would have been capable of. ENIAC was developed in the 1940s.

In a few years time, he said, their machine would eclipse all of the worlds supercomputers in carrying out the calculations.

Quantum teleportation breakthrough earns Pan Jianweis team Chinas top science award

The Chinese team admit that their machine is of no practical use as it only carries out this one highly complex form of calculation, but it highlights the future potential of quantum computing. The teams research was formally published in the scientific journal Nature Photonics on Tuesday.

Scientists estimate that the current faster supercomputers would struggle to estimate the behaviour of 20 photons.

The Hefei researchers quantum device, called a boson sampling machine, can now carry out calculations for five photons, but at a speed 24,000 times faster than previous experiments, they say.

Our architecture is feasible to be scaled up to a larger number of photons and with a higher rate to race against increasingly advanced classical computers, they said in the research paper.

Teleportation, the next generation: Chinese and Canadian scientists closer to a quantum internet

Professor Scott Aaronson, who is based at the University of Texas at Austin and proposed the idea of the boson sampling machine, questioned whether it was useful to compare the latest results with technology developed over 60 years ago, but he said the research had shown exciting experimental progress.

Its a step towards boson sampling with say 30 photons or some number thats large enough that no one will have to squint or argue about whether a quantum advantage has been attained, he said.

'Unhackable' quantum broadband step closer after breakthrough by Chinese scientists

Araronson said one of the main purposes of making boson sampling machines was to prove that quantum devices could be shown to have an advantage in one area of complex calculations over existing types of computer.

Doing so would answer the quantum computing sceptics and help pave the way towards universal quantum computation, he said.

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China hits milestone in developing quantum computer - South China Morning Post

Chinese researchers have built a 10 qubit quantum computer.

China builds ten qubit quantum computer, They will scale to 20 qubits by end of this year and could beat the performance of any regular computer next year with a 30 qubit system.

A chinese research team led by Pan Jianwei is exploring three technical routes to quantum computers: 1. systems based on single photons, 2. ultra-cold atoms and 3. superconducting circuits.

Experimental set-up for multiphoton boson-sampling. The set-up includes four key parts: the single-photon device, demultiplexers, ultra-low-loss photonic circuit and detectors. The single-photon device is a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot coupled to a 2-m-diameter micropillar cavity

Pan Jianwei and his colleagues Lu Chaoyang and Zhu Xiaobo, of the University of Science and Technology of China, and Wang Haohua, of Zhejiang University set two international records in quantum control of the maximal numbers of entangled photonic quantum bits And entangled superconducting quantum bits.

Pan doubling that manipulation of multi-particle entanglement is the core of quantum computing technology and has been the focus of international competition in quantum computing research.

In the photonic system, his team has made the first 5, 6, 8 and 10 entangled photons in the world and is at the forefront of global developments.

Last year, Pan and Lu Chaoyang developed the worlds best single photon source based on semiconductor quantum dots. Now, they are using the high-performance single photon source and electronically programmable photonic circuit to build a multi-photon quantum computing prototype to run the Boson Sampling task.

The Chinese photonic computer is 10 to 100 times faster than the first electronic computer, ENIAC, and the first transistor computer, TRADIC, in running the classical algorithm.

The Hefei reporter quantum device, called a boson sampling machine, can now carry out calculations for five photons, but at a speed 24,000 times than previous experiments.

ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and approximately 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. It could perform 5000 simple addition or subtraction operations per second. ENIAC could perform 500 floating point operations per second.

The Chinese team led by Pan, Zhu Xiaobo and Wang Haohua have broken that record. They dependent developed a superconducting quantum circuit containing 10 superconducting quantum bits and successfully entangled the 10 quantum bits through a global quantum operation.

Nature Photonics High-efficiency multiphoton boson sampling

They will try to design and manipulate 20 superconducting quantum bits by the end of the year. They also plan to launch a quantum cloud computing platform by the end of this year.

Our architecture is feasible to be scaled up to a larger number of photons and with a higher rate to race against increasingly advanced computers, they said in the research paper.

Professor Scott Aaronson, who is based at the University of Texas at Austin and proposed the idea of the boson sampling machine, questioned whether it was useful to compare the latest results with technology developed over 60 years ago, but he said the research had shown Exciting experimental progress .

Its a step towards boson sampling with say 30 photons or some number thats large enough that no one will have to squint or argue about whether a quantum advantage has been attained, he said.

Araronson said one of the main purposes of making boson sampling machines was to prove that quantum devices could be shown to have an advantage in one area of complex calculations over existing types of computer.

Doing so would answer the quantum computing sceptics and help pave the way towards universal quantum computation, he said.

Abstract

Boson sampling is considered as a strong candidate to demonstrate quantum computational supremacy over classical computers. However, previous proof-of-principle experiments suffered from small photon number and low sampling rates owing to the inefficiencies of the single-photon sources and multiport optical interferometers. Here, we develop two central components for high-performance boson sampling: robust multiphoton interferometers with 99% transmission rate and actively demultiplexed single-photon sources based on a quantum dotmicropillar with simultaneously high efficiency, purity and indistinguishability. We implement and validate three-, four- and five-photon boson sampling, and achieve sampling rates of 4.96kHz, 151Hz and 4Hz, respectively, which are over 24,000 times faster than previous experiments. Our architecture can be scaled up for a larger number of photons and with higher sampling rates to compete with classical computers, and might provide experimental evidence against the extended ChurchTuring thesis.

18 pages of supplemental material

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China builds five qubit quantum computer sampling and will scale to 20 qubits by end of this year and could any beat ... - Next Big Future

Main TERM Q

First proposed in the 1970s, quantum computing relies on quantum physics by taking advantage of certain quantum physics properties of atoms or nuclei that allow them to work together as quantum bits, or qubits, to be the computer's processor and memory. By interacting with each other while being isolated from the external environment, qubits can perform certain calculations exponentially faster than conventional computers.

Qubits do not rely on the traditional binary nature of computing. While traditional computers encode information into bits using binary numbers, either a 0 or 1, and can only do calculations on one set of numbers at once, quantum computers encode information as a series of quantum-mechanical states such as spin directions of electrons or polarization orientations of a photon that might represent a 1 or a 0, might represent a combination of the two or might represent a number expressing that the state of the qubit is somewhere between 1 and 0, or a superposition of many different numbers at once.

A quantum computer can do an arbitrary reversible classical computation on all the numbers simultaneously, which a binary system cannot do, and also has some ability to produce interference between various different numbers. By doing a computation on many different numbers at once, then interfering the results to get a single answer, a quantum computer has the potential to be much more powerful than a classical computer of the same size. In using only a single processing unit, a quantum computer can naturally perform myriad operations in parallel.

Quantum computing is not well suited for tasks such as word processing and email, but it is ideal for tasks such as cryptography and modeling and indexing very large databases.

Microsoft: Quantum Computing 101

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What is Quantum Computing? Webopedia Definition

The quantum computing processor, a physical device enabling the principle of quantum computing, is still rather a theoretical concept than a ready-to-implement engineering solution. Yet this notion has been broken recently by D-Waves announcement of shipping the first commercially available quantum computer model D-Wave 2000Q. IBM is also launching a new quantum computing division IBM Q, a move that might be a turning point in commercialization of quantum computing technology. IBM has pioneered quantum computing in the cloud with API enabling apps mostly for research purposes. We expect vigorous development of the cloud market segment to continue at double digit rate.

The quantum computing market is projected to surpass $5 Billion through 2020.

Despite technology advances the quantum computing market is still fledgling. At the same time this rapidly evolving market is one of the most active R&D fields, attracting substantial government funding that supports research groups at internationally leading academic institutions, national laboratories, and major industrial-research centers. The governments are the major driving force behind investments in quantum computing R&D, fiercely competing for what is perceived as the most promising technology of the 21st century. The worlds largest government IT/Defense contractors follow the government suit.

So, what is the rationale for quantum computing market?

a. National Security Considerations:

b. National Economy Considerations:

The report covers the quantum computing R&D, products, technologies and services as well as government, corporate and venture capital investments in quantum computing.

The report provides detailed year-by-year (2017 2022) forecasts for the following quantum computing (QC) market segments:

Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022, Tabular Analysis, March 2017, Pages: 23, Figures: 13, Tables: 6, Single User Price: $5,950.00 Reports are delivered in PDF format within 24 hours. Analysis provides quantitative market research information in a concise tabular format. The tables/charts present a focused snapshot of market dynamics.

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Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022, Tabular Analysis, March 2017, Pages: 23, Figures: 13, Tables: 6, Global Site License: $9,950.00 Reports are delivered in PDF format within 24 hours. Analysis provides quantitative market research information in a concise tabular format. The tables/charts present a focused snapshot of market dynamics.

2CheckOut.com Inc. (Ohio, USA) is an authorized retailer for goods and services provided by Market Research Media Ltd.

Table of Contents

1. Market Report Scope & Methodology 1.1. Scope 1.2. Research Methodology

2. Executive Summary

3. Quantum Computing Market in Figures 2017-2022 3.1. Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 3.2. Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Technology Segments 3.3. Quantum Computing in the Cloud Market 2017-2022 3.4. Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Country

List of Figures Fig. 1- Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022, $Mln Fig. 2- Quantum Computing Market: Growth Rates 2017-2022 by Technology Segments, CAGR % Fig. 3- Cumulative Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022, Market Share by Technology Segments, % Fig. 4- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Technology Segments, $Mln Fig. 5- Quantum Computing Market Dynamics 2017-2022: Market Share by Technology Segments, % Fig. 6- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022: Quantum Cryptography, $Mln Fig. 7- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022: Physical QC Device, $Mln Fig. 8- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022: QC Simulation, $Mln Fig. 9- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022: QC Programming Infrastructure, $Mln Fig. 10- Quantum Computing in the Cloud Market 2017-2022, $Mln Fig. 11- Cumulative Quantum Market 2017-2022, market share by country, % Fig. 12- Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Country, $Mln Fig. 13- Quantum Computing Market Dynamics 2017-2022: Market Share by Country, %

List of Tables Table 1 The Rationale for Quantum Computing Market Table 2 Quantum Computing Approaches by Physical Principle Table 3 Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022, $Mln Table 4 Global Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Technology Segments, $Mln Table 5 Quantum Computing in the Cloud Market 2017-2022, $Mln Table 6 Quantum Computing Market 2017-2022 by Top 8 Countries, $Mln

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China already has the world's fastest supercomputer and has now built a crude quantum computer that could outpace today's PCs and servers.

Quantum computers have already been built by companies like IBM and D-Wave, but Chinese researchers have taken a different approach. They are introducing quantum computing using multiple photons, which could provide a superior way to calculate compared to today's computers.

The Chinese quantum computing architecture allows forfive-photonsampling and entanglement. It's an improvement over previous experiments involving single-photon sourcing, up to 24,000 times faster, the researchers claimed.

The Chinese researchers have built components required for Boson sampling, which has been theorized for a long time and is considered an easy way to build a quantum computer. The architecture built by the Chinese can include a large number of photons, which increases the speed and scale of computing.

China is strengthening its technology arsenal in an effort to be self-sufficient. China's homegrown chip powers TaihuLight, the world's fastest computer.

In 2014, China said it would spend US$150 billion on semiconductor development so that PCs and mobile devices would convert to homegrown chips. Afraid that low-cost Chinese chips will flood the market, the U.S. earlier this year accused China of rigging the semiconductor market to its advantage.

It's not clear yet if a quantum computer is on China's national agenda. But China's rapid progress of technology is worrying countries like the U.S. A superfast quantum computer could enhance the country's progress in areas like weapons development, in which high-performance computers are key.

But there's a long way to go before China builds its first full-fledged quantum computer. The prototype quantum computer is good for specific uses but is not designed to be a universal quantum computer that can run any task.

The research behind quantum computers is gaining steam as PCs and servers reach their limit. It's becoming difficult to shrink chips to smaller geometries, which could upset the cycle of reducing costs of computers while boosting speeds.

If they deliver on their promise, quantum computers will drive computing into the future. They are fundamentally different from computers used today.

Bits on todays computers are stored as ones or zeros, while quantum computers rely on qubits, also called quantum bits. Qubits can achieve various states, including holding a one and zero simultaneously, and those states can multiply.

The parallelism allows qubits to do more calculations simultaneously. However, qubits are considered fragile and highly unstable, and can easily breakdown during entanglement, a technical term for when qubits interact. A breakdown could bring instability to a computing process.

The Chinese quantum computer has a photon device based on quantum dots, demultiplexers, photonic circuits, and detectors.

There are multiple ways to build a quantum computer, including via superconducting qubits, which is the building block for D-Wave Systems' systems. Like the Chinese system, D-Wave's quantum annealing method is another easy way to build a quantum computer but is not considered ideal for a universal quantum computer.

IBM already has a 5-qubit quantum computer that is available via the cloud. It is now chasing a universal quantum computer using superconducting qubitsbut has a different gating model to stabilize systems. Microsoft is trying to chase a new quantum computer based on a new topography and a yet-undiscovered particle called non-abelian anyons.

In a bid to build computers of the future, China has also built a neuromorphic chip called Darwin.

Excerpt from:

China adds a quantum computer to high-performance computing arsenal - PCWorld