Category Archives: Evolution

Here are some of the most eye-raising anthropological findings of 2020.

2)Certain Neanderthal genes, researchers found, code for proteins that convey a heightened sense of pain to the spinal cord and brain. A July studyshowed that a sample of people from the UK who had inherited those Neanderthal genes experienced more pain than study participants who didnt have them.

6) New evidence upended the idea that the first people arrived in North America after continent-hopping from modern-day Siberia via the Bering land bridge between 18,000 and 13,000 years ago.

During the last Ice Age 32,000 years ago, that land bridge was impassable. So the research suggests the first Americansarrived by sea. According to the study authors, these migrants were likely anatomically modern humans.

7)Scientists discovered a 9,000-year-old burial site containing weapons and animal-skinning tools high in the Andes mountains of Peru. They assumed the human bones there came from a skilled male hunter.

But a closer look revealed that this hunter was female. Further analysis of 27 other burial sites across North and South America, which also contained hunting tools and date back to the same time period, revealed that 40% of the hunters were female.

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13 2020 discoveries that have transformed what we know about human evolution - Genetic Literacy Project

MIAMI, Jan. 5, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --Lucyd, the smart eyewear and wearable software developer,is proud to introduce the Lucyd Lyte. The Lyte is tech-enhanced eyewear on par with designer, lightweight, fashion frames. The Lyte represents both the pinnacle of form factor for tech glasses and a technology evolution in the miniaturization of components. The e-glasses enable wearers to seamlessly play music, take phone calls and chat with their phone's assistant while keeping their ears free and clear; a true co-connected experience via strategic open-ear technology.Lucydis also in development of a voice-controlled app calledVyrb, which will allow users to listen and respond to social media posts with their voice, without looking at their smartphones, and can be accessed via wearable tech like the Lyte.

Lucyd's mission is to Upgrade your eyewear with advanced, tech-infused, ergonomic frames that are easy and fun to wear.

Hi-fi Bluetooth Audio

Intuitive Touch Controls

Additional features

"It's not just about expanding our connection to technology, but quite the opposite, it's really about connecting our technology to us," said Harrison Gross, Lucydcofounder and CEO. "The new Lucyd Lyte collection is affordable at $149 and will work seamlessly with ourVyrbapplication bringing true voice interaction to our social media interactions."

Richard Sherman, star NFL cornerback and Lucydbrand ambassador states,"I think everyone should be excited about Lucyd because it's been a pioneer in the eyewear space,this technology's transcendent. Lucydis ahead of the curve."

About Lucyd and Innovative Eyewear Inc. Lucyd'smission is toUpgrade your eyewearwith advanced ergonomic frames that are easy and fun to wear enhancing awareness to stay safely connected.The Lucyd brand is exclusively licensed to and operated by Innovative Eyewear, Inc.

To learn more, or order Lucyd Lyte, please visithttps://lucyd.co or Innovative Eyewear'sRegistered Crowdfund.

SOURCE Lucyd Eyewear

https://www.lucyd.co

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Lucyd Introduces Lyte Bluetooth E-glasses, an Evolved Wearable Emerging from the 700 Year History of Eyewear. - PRNewswire

A new year has arrived, which mostly means that life will continue finding a way in a similar fashion to the year before. That includes the weekly free Epic Games Store offerings where you can currently find dino park maker Jurassic World Evolution free until Thursday. Its not the best dino game or the best Frontier Developments game either, honestly, but it sure does have big, stompy dinos to play with if thats your lane.

RPSs Jurassic World Evolution review says that the management and customisation are a bit of a disappointment, but the dinos are a bright spot.A T.Rex wont tolerate other dinos sharing their enclosure, even another T.Rex. TheDiplodocus, meanwhile, enjoys having pals around and doesnt mind coexisting with other small dinos. Hopping into a car or helicopter to check them out seems like one of the games highlights.

The quality and range of animation is exceptional, especially in a management sim where youre mostly getting a birds eye view, Fraser Brown says. Dinosaurs within the same family or suborder, like the Velociraptor, Deinonychus and Dilophosaurus (thats the one that killed poor Dennis Nedry), can look quite similar and share traits, but even then there are noticeable differences. The Dilophosaurus retains its spitting attack and colourful frills from Jurassic Park, for instance, which it loves to show off.

After their flurry of daily freebies over the holidays, Epic have returned to the weekly schedule for their free game offerings. That means youve got until this Thursday, January 7th to snag Jurassic World Evolution on Epic, at which point it will be replaced by tactical space game Crying Suns.

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Jurassic World Evolution is free on the Epic Store right now - Rock Paper Shotgun

Portsmouth Herald

EXETER The Exeter Historical Society and ExeterTV will host a virtual presentation on Tuesday, Jan 5,about the history of Exeter Hospital.

The presentation by curator Barbara Rimkunas will take place at 7 p.m. on Zoom. It can also be viewed on the historical societys Facebook page and on Channel 98.

The program is free, open to the public and will be recorded for those unable to attend.

To attend via Zoom, register at http://bit.ly/ExeterHospitalHistoryRegistration.

In the late 19th Century, Exeter was without a local hospital. A grassroots fundraising effort led to the establishment of Exeter Cottage Hospital in the 1890s. From its humble beginnings on Pine Street to the current campus on Alumni Drive, Rimkunas will explore the history of Exeter Hospital in this illustrated talk.

The Exeter Historical Society is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the research and preservation of Exeters past. During the pandemic, the Historical Society is open to the public on a weekly basis by appointment, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2 to 4 p.m., and on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to noon. Please call or email to make an appointment at 603-778-2335, info@exeterhistory.org. Find past recorded programs, the Exeter History Minute series, Exeter history columns and more on the societys website at http://www.exeterhistory.org.

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Virtual program on the Evolution of Exeter Hospital - Seacoastonline.com

In 2017, the five-month Battle of Marawi waged by Islamic State-affiliated groups in the southern Philippines highlighted the gravity of the Islamic State threat within the country. Moreover, it highlighted the likelihood that the Philippines would remain the epicenter of the Islamic State threat in the region. Since the recovery of Marawi, it has become even more critical to understand the evolving nature of Islamic State-linked activity in the country, and its regional implications.

As the second of a four-part series on the Islamic State in Southeast Asia, this report provides an overview of the characteristics of Islamic State-linked operations in the Philippines between 2014 and 2019, highlighting the instrumental value of the Islamic State brand for local groups. Drawing on open-source materials, the report examines the factors that contributed to the rise of the Islamic States influence and activity, specifically within the context of the Philippines, and analyzes its impact on local militancy during and after the Battle of Marawi.

The losses experienced by Islamic State affiliates during the Battle of Marawi deeply changed the structure of Islamic State-linked militancy in the Philippines, moving from the united front of the Maute Group and ASG-Basilan led coalition during the battle to an increasingly decentralized structure. The findings of this report underline the Islamic States evolving nature and the appeal of allegiance for local groups in an environment that is marked by numerous other challenges such as poverty, clan rivalries, criminal violence, as well as a long-running communist insurgency. The change in the nature of the Islamic States presence in the country indicates fewer Marawi-style sieges and more targeted attacks, and an increase in the use of suicide attacks.

Read more at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point

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Rising in the East: The Evolution of the Islamic State in the Philippines - HSToday

The role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various industries has been long discussed. While no one denies its potential to change the face of an industry, how best to leverage it is still up for debate. AI in healthcare is not a new discourse either, and with governments across the globe pushing the cause, the revolution has frankly only started. It has the power to disseminate more fastidious, efficient, and impactful interferences at precisely the right moment in a patient's care journey.

According to a survey, the global healthcare AI market will grow from $4.9 billion in 2020 to $45.2 billion by 2026. From neurology to radiology and risk assessment to chronic diseases such as cancer more and more avenues are now being explored. It can also help maintain and interpret data, make arbitrations, and even carry discussions. But how much of it is hype, and what's really beneath the surface?

Technologies, such as clinical decision support systems and predictive analytics help providers stay ahead of unexpected deterioration and chronic illnesses, as well as risks like antibiotic resistance. BCIs or Brain-computer interfaces can restore cardinal adroitness to those who feared them lost forever.

Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI scans are considered one of the most expensive singular procedures a hospital can run. However, it is believed that these expenses can be cut down with the help of ML, hence bringing the total charges down and enhancing patient satisfaction.

In fact, an industry report predicted that AI could reduce healthcare costs by as much as 50 percent and improve outcomes by up to 40 percent a couple of years ago. In a survey, 63 percent of professionals agreed that AI would benefit patients with cancer and heart ailments.

Simply put, AI can assist our clinicians, not only in the moment of care but before and after that too.

HIT is an even mature domain. Real-time mapping of all factions in the life-cycle of a patient's healthcare facility using physical, virtual, and synergy data processes across people, places, systems, and devices, is something that has been helping care providers across the world for some time now.

With ever more reliable techniques for accumulating and aggregating data, such as demographic illness trends and outcomes optimum designs for healthcare facilities are now being created based on community-focused care models, surgery vs. recovery times, and palliative care trends, among other things.

In monetary terms, AI can potentially generate $18 billion in savings for the healthcare industry by automating administrative tasks.

Headways in HIT offer the prospect of providing personalized care by taking into reckoning granular patient diversities. ML uses images, clinical notes, and other data points for several clinical duties, such as detecting diabetic retinopathy and distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant skin lesions in dermatoscopic images.

Former research has ascertained that machine learning using clinical notes to augment lab tests and other structured data is more precise than an algorithm using structured data singly to stratify patients with rheumatoid arthritis and prognosticate mortality, and the incipience of critical care arbitrations in intensive care environments.

AI's ability to distinguish among patients, separating them, sometimes brings with it the uncertainty of augmenting subsisting biases, which can be particularly worrying in sensitive fields like healthcare. Since data sustain machine learning models, predilection can be encoded by modelling preferences or even within the data itself if not done right.

Additionally, this powerful technology gives rise to a neoteric set of ethical hurdles that must be recognized and alleviated since AI in HIT has a formidable potential to endanger patient preference, safety, and privacy.

How do we equipoise the pros and cons of AI in HIT? There is an advantage in speedily mainstreaming AI technology into the healthcare system, as AI raises the opportunity to enhance current care delivery models' efficacy and quality.

However, there is a need to mitigate ethical hazards of AI implementation in HIT, including threats to privacy and confidentiality, apprised acquiescence, and patient autonomy and to consider how we can integrate AI in clinical practice.

AI, which includes natural language processing, ML, and robotics, can be implemented in almost any domain of medicine. This also incorporates its latent contributions to biomedical research, medical education, and healthcare delivery.

A concept, which theoretically seems a must-have is still looked down upon by a section of professionals. Critics often question the very relevance of AI in healthcare. Fewer still believe that it is only a question of time before physicians are rendered obsolete by this technology type.

Let's get to the core of the entire deliberation and ask: Should AI, which supposedly has a better success rate than manual work, be used to supplant or augment people in critical healthcare decisions over traditional methods?

A closer inspection of this technology's role in healthcare delivery is warranted to bring forth its current strengths, limitations, and ethical complexities. Ease of use, familiarity with legacy processes, over-simplification of medical complexities at the time of data visualisation, among others, have been traditionally cited as an argument against the use of emerging technologies.

The last thing HIT champions should do is to neglect their concerns and address them with complete honesty.

The solution can be brought down to one single logic: A technology ecosystem that lets care providers do what they love doing the most, which is providing care, should be at the core of all developments. Stakeholders should become flexible in consolidating AI technology but ensure that it stays as a complementary accessory and not a surrogate for a care provider.

AI in HIT will, undoubtedly, have extensive consequences that revolutionise the practice of medicine, remodelling the patient experience and physicians' daily routines. Nevertheless, there is much to do before laying down the precise ethical framework for using AI securely and efficiently in healthcare as supplemental appurtenances.

Ultimately, physicians will still treat patients, regardless of how much AI changes the delivery of care: there should and will always be a human element in the practice of medicine. No matter how high the confidence rating for the diagnosis or therapy recommended by an AI program may be, humans and their reactions to treatment are infinitely variable at the individual level.

The conversations about AI replacing the human essence in healthcare are groundless, and no technology in the near future would ever have the potential to do this.

(Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of YourStory.)

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The reality of AI in healthcare: promises, roles, evolution, and more - YourStory

Key Takeaways

The history of programming languages went in one direction and one direction only; with each new language, things became more complex and more abstract. Then, just a few years over a decade ago, Go got started at google. And programming languages went the other way, put a bet on simplicity and things well crafted. That recipe is kept to the day and you can say that it can start straight away writing Go code without too much of a hurdle. Thats impressive when you just think that most of the popular and reliable pieces of modern software are written in GoDocker, Kubernetes, Prometheus, and the list can continue. To understand where Go is coming from and more importantly where it is going, InfoQ reached out to Steve Francia, a core member of the Go programming language team at Google responsible for strategy and product.

InfoQ: Thank you for taking the time to answer a couple of questions from our readers. Can we start by asking you to introduce yourselves and describe your role and day-to-day job at Google?

Steve Francia: I am Steve Francia, a core member of the Go programming language team at Google responsible for product and strategy.

InfoQ: You have credited technical challenges and engineering challenges as the sparks that ignited Go thirteen years ago. Was there anything else? What were the official programming languages at Google then, and what was missing?

Francia: The primary motivation for creating Go was the recognition that our systems have grown in complexity. To keep up with exponential "Google scale" growth, complex systems were designed to address our needs. Over time new complex systems were built on top of these foundational systems/libraries and languages. People too often dont think of the hidden costs of complexity. The truth is that code is read many more times than it is written. Team velocity is significantly burdened by complexity. In contrast, Go is simple. It takes an afternoon to learn. The code is very straightforward and readable. This simplicity empowers teams to collaborate in ways never before possible.

InfoQ: How did it all start? Was it a top-down request, (management asked for a language to address the needs), or was it bottom-up? The famous 20% of innovation from Google? Engineers doing what they do best -- solving problems?

Francia: Nobody ever asked for Go. It wasnt really a 20% project. It was a conversation that led to a research project that gained traction and was adopted wider than anyone imagined. Of course, there was interest across Google from up and down the chain in finding ways to reduce complexity and increase productivity.

InfoQ: A saying in the start-up world is if you arent ashamed of your product on the day of the launch, you are probably too late. Go went public in 2011 when support for it was added to Google App Engine and YouTube started using Vitess. Was Go production-ready at launch or did people struggle to build things with it?

Francia: Go launched at the right time for Go. There was a lot of the foundation that was right, but there is a lot more in Go today that wasnt in the early releases -- which is common in open source. Most obviously, there was no "go" command, so things that Go does so naturally today like "go build" were much harder in the earlier days.

The biggest advantage of releasing early was that it enabled the community to participate in the design process of Go. Major contributions that were a big part of Gos success were provided by the community.

Our very first public releases of Go were production-ready in the sense that programs built with Go were performant and stable in production, but the Go authoring experience was still missing a lot of polish that the Go team and community were able to subsequently shape together.

InfoQ: Looking back, what was the most technical problem that you needed to address while building Go?

Francia: This is a hard one. It kind of implies that weve finished Go. I think there have been many "hardest" technical problems the Go project has addressed over the years and we are continuing to address very challenging technical issues. We are currently working on adding generics support to Go. Adding generics is a challenging task on its own, but we also want it to still feel like Go, meaning that using generics increases readability. Thats a very hard thing to do and something some of our key people have been thinking about for more than 10 years.

Over the past few years, we addressed some of the largest challenges regarding how 1dependencies are managed. We added module support to Go without introducing diamond dependencies or dependency hell, which no language has done before.

Another set of challenges is Gos history of consistent performance improvements in each release. One way this has manifested is in the reduction in garbage-collection pause latency from seconds to milliseconds to microseconds. This has been transformative for Go and critical for its success in services.

InfoQ: If you would have to restart Gos implementation, what would you do differently? Why?

Francia: With the advantage of hindsight, and as someone who has helped shape Go today, but wasnt around for the first few years, I honestly would change very little. Its a beautiful, well thought out language, and while it isnt perfect, its very nice to use.

There are a few small tweaks that I wish wed made, but to discuss them would put too big of a spotlight on really trivial things. Instead, if we could do it all over again, I wish wed made the same mistakes, only sooner. Go is growing very fast, around every 18 months the Go user base doubles in size. This means that a change made today vs. five years ago impacts around 10 times as many people.

The dependency management Go has today is amazing, but it arrived maybe five years later than it should have. This delay made an already hard problem much harder and caused undue stress on the community as a result.

Similarly, the big language change we are working on now is generics. It will impact the community in a significant way. If we could do it all over again, with the hindsight of understanding how important this feature would be, I wish we would have started work in earnest on it maybe seven years earlier.

InfoQ: What does the Go programming language still lack?

Francia: As a language, generics are really the only major feature were missing and as I said earlier, we are currently focused on it. There is a playground available where you can use the prototype language feature today and give feedback.

Beyond this, most of the work to be done is refinements and polish, largely in the space around the language itself. For tooling, we have plans to improve the authoring, releasing, and editing experience. We are also working on helping people make better decisions about their dependencies.

InfoQ: Go was started at Google, but it is open-source now. Whos calling the shots these days on what will be implemented?

Francia: In November 2020, Go celebrated 11 years of open source. Go has a well-defined proposal process that determines the entire direction of the project. Ideas and experiences come from everywhere -- every corner of the community. They are posted to the project on Github as proposals. From there the community weighs in on how they feel about the proposal and help to refine the idea further. The proposal committee meets weekly to review the open proposals. Currently, there are six committee members, four of whom are Googlers. This weekly meeting is mostly "gardening," the decisions almost always happen from the community discussions on the proposal issues themselves. Unless the issue discussion has a clear consensus of yes, the proposal is declined. By design and intent, changes to Go happen slowly and deliberately in the open. The process is designed to reinforce this.

InfoQ: How did Gos ecosystem evolve with its increasing popularity? Go was mainly focused on networking and infrastructure at first. How did its usage evolve over the years?

Francia: One of the fascinating things about Go is how its journey took the project on a very different path than the founders had initially planned. They began Go with the intent of building a replacement for the popular high-performance server-side programming languages, which at the time were Java and C++. The founders thought that a simpler language could dramatically increase productivity for this class of developers while retaining performance.

While Go made some inroads with Java and C++ engineers, most of Gos early adoption came from dynamic language programmers, coming from languages like Python, Javascript, Ruby, and PHP. It turns out that Go initially appealed far more to the dynamic class of language who saw an opportunity to retain productivity while dramatically increasing performance.

As Go and its ecosystem has matured, Gos adoption has extended into the enterprise, and the initial audience of Java, C++, and C# engineers have accelerated their adoption of Go.

One of Gos distinguishing features is that with a small language, most of the innovation happens in the ecosystem. We are consistently surprised by the creative and diverse directions that the community is taking Go. Gos strength is still the cloud/server applications that Go is such a good fit for, but it turns out that Go is a really good fit for a lot of other types of applications as well. DevOps/SRE, CLI, web applications, and data processing have all taken to Go. Now we are seeing Go used for microcontrollers, robotics, gaming, and more.

InfoQ: Kubernetes, Docker, and Prometheus are all written in Go. Are there any other tools written in the language?

Francia: There are far too many tools to list here. Some of the more popular tools I use regularly are:

A more extensive list can be found on Awesome Go.

InfoQ: Go is highly efficient and reliable when it comes to networking and systems programming, but what would be a space where Go wouldnt fit?

Francia: Speaking for myself, I think there are only three modern languages today. Each was thoughtfully designed to address different shortcomings of prior generation languages, resulting in each excelling at largely different things and complimenting the others well. Heres how I see the three languages:

I think the majority of "modern" workloads over the next 10+ years will be written in one of these languages. Of course, there will always be legacy workloads that need to be supported, so please dont read this as suggesting any languages demise. And there are definitely areas where niche languages like R, SQL, and even Javascript, have a role to play.

InfoQ: Steve, I remember attending a conference a couple of years back in Budapest where you held a workshop about using Go. I had the feeling that you would recommend Go more to your enemies than to your friends -- why was that?

Francia: That was a great conference and my first time in Budapest. Ive been back a few times since, its one of my favorite cities, such charm.

Many years ago now, I was working for MongoDB. My role there was leading the developer experience team which meant I was responsible for everything that touched our users. This included documentation, websites, developer relations, the MongoDB interface, and designing and engineering our integrations with languages and frameworks. It was a very broad and challenging role that required my team to write in over 10 different programming languages (and several human languages as well). I had used many languages myself over my career up to that point and made it a goal of being able to contribute to each of our languages. At the time I considered myself a polyglot and reveled in this opportunity to extend my experience and learn about these different languages.

At first, we focused on supporting the most popular languages, while I kept looking for what "the next language" might be. My first "next language" that I learned was Scala, thanks to Martin Oderskys free online course in Scala. I enjoyed learning the language and kept searching. The next language I tried was Go. I fell in love. It was like someone designed a language just for me. I spent a lot of my free time, mostly 3+ hours a day on a train commuting to Manhattan, writing Go software. This is where Hugo, Cobra, Viper, Afero, and many other libraries and applications were born.

In the process, I learned I wasnt a polyglot, I just hadnt found my language yet. Since the moment I first used Go, Ive immersed myself in the Go community and ecosystem, giving trainings around the world, speaking at many conferences, and organizing several events. Ive spent the last seven years telling anyone who will listen about Go and along the way I somehow convinced the Go team and Google to let me join them. Beyond this, Ive also helped countless others tell their stories, many of which are on Go.dev.

InfoQ: Go is 13 years old, so a teenager. What do you think about it? Is it the reliable type making the life of its users easier or still rebellious and moody, making it tricky to work with?

Francia: As a user, I think Go has never been better. The migration to modules happened quite smoothly. Go is very stable and its performance keeps getting better. The Go tooling also keeps getting better and better. Go.dev is a great one-stop resource, centralizing all the end users references, tutorials, documentation, and libraries from the entire community in one place. I might be biased, but as a Go user first, long before joining the Go team, Im very happy with where Go is now and where were going.

InfoQ: What would you recommend as a toolbox for Go development?

Francia: One of the great things about Go is that it really meets you where you are. Go development is pretty much identical on Mac, Linux, or Windows, and Gos cross-compilation makes it trivial to build for any arch and OS. With the introduction to the gopls language server, all editors and IDEs have a great experience writing Go. The Go tooling that ships as part of the Go distribution contains everything a developer needs to get started with the language.

I split my time between the three OSs, though I mostly develop on Windows using either VSCodium or Vim. I use the Cobra tool and library a lot, but my personal use of Go these days is mostly building little CLI apps and utilities to automate or streamline tasks so it fits well.

InfoQ: How steep is the learning curve for somebody starting from scratch with Go? What would your recommendations for a greenhorn be?

Francia: As I mentioned earlier, one of Gos biggest strengths is how easy it is to get started. People are often shocked, but its really true -- you can read and digest the entire Go spec in an afternoon. You can learn Go in a weekend. Within a couple of weeks, you can be proficient in writing Go. Some are even faster than this. If you come to the language with the experience of a few other languages, you can pick up Go very quickly.

When we meet with companies that have adopted Go, this is one of the most consistent things they tell us. Go is just so easy to pick up.

InfoQ: What would be the prerequisites for a Go newb?

Francia: Honestly, just time and interest. Go is for everyone. There are some great getting started resources on go.dev curated from across the community.

InfoQ: Gos evolution was surprising for everybody, including yourselves. Where do you see Go in the next decade?

Francia: If we look across the history of computer languages, the vast majority of the mainstream languages hit their stride between 1520 years in. This is true for Java, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, and many others. In the 13 years since its inception, Go has established a great foundation and is becoming a mainstream language. Go has distinguished itself as simultaneously providing high performance and high developer productivity.

Over the next 10 years, the massive shift towards cloud computing will only continue to accelerate. Companies want to reduce their time to market, decrease their operating costs, and increase their security. The first phase of this migration will largely be migrating their existing workloads to the cloud. Go has a key supporting role to play here providing API bridging to enable "legacy" workloads to run on cloud services. The second, much more significant phase, will be the industry shifting to take advantage of the unique cloud offerings, increasingly moving to cloud-native application development. In these cases, Go is the clear choice.

All cloud providers are writing their critical infrastructure in Go. As companies look to modernize, what company wouldnt want to use a safe and secure language, battle-tested over decades of critical workloads from some of the worlds largest companies, a language that will both reduce development costs and dramatically reduce their operating costs? In short, Go will be synonymous with cloud development, and cloud development will grow to be the overwhelmingly largest segment of the industry.

InfoQ: What should I have asked you but didnt?

Francia: It is impossible to talk about a language and not talk about its community. In a very real sense, Go exists because of the millions of people around the world writing in Go. The Go community is strong, welcoming, and diverse. This year, like everyone, the Go community had to adapt, and adapt it did. All around the world, Gophers came together and helped each other. 30 (virtual) conferences were held. Hundreds of meetups (mostly virtual) and significant growth in participation on /r/golang and Gopher slack. Two noteworthy new community-led programs were launched to help new Gophers play-with-go.dev and mentoring.gobridge.org.

We are grateful for all of the Gophers around the world who are contributing to the thriving ecosystem that is Go and look forward to the bright future of Go together.

Over the past 25 years, Steve Francia has built some of the most innovative and successful technologies and companies which have become the foundation of cloud computing, embraced by enterprises and developers all over the world. He is currently product and strategy lead for the Go Programming Language at Google. Previously, he held executive/director roles at Docker, MongoDB, and the Drupal Association leading engineering, product, developer relations, operations, and open source. Steve is the creator of Hugo, Cobra, Viper, spf13-vim, and many additional open-source projects, and he has the unique distinction of leading five of the worlds largest open-source projects. He is a published author, speaker, developer, mentor, and above all, a father of four. Outside of technology, Steve likes photography, travel, skateboarding, punk rock, and dystopian films.

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Go Language at 13 Years: Ecosystem, Evolution, and Future in Conversation with Steve Francia - InfoQ.com

Scientists have described the ways an ancient "crazy beast", which lived alongside dinosaurs on Madagascar approximately 66 million years ago, broke the rules of evolution.

Officially called Adalatherium hui, which literally translates from Malagasy - the national language of Madagascar - and Greek as "crazy beast", the mammal was discovered earlier this year and announced in the journal Nature.

Now a team of 14 international researchers have published their comprehensive 234-page monographic treatment examining the creature's bizarre evolutionary history and features.

It was about the size of a modern cat or an opossum, according to researchers at Stony Brook University in the US, and the skeleton is the most complete for any mammal ever discovered from this era in the southern hemisphere.

The animal is also surprisingly large for mammals of its time, which were believed to be about the size of mice, and is expected to have burrowed to hunt for food and avoid dinosaurs.

The 234-page treatment, consisting of seven separate chapters, is part of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) Memoir Series, a special yearly publication that provides a more in-depth treatment of the most significant vertebrate fossils.

Among the crazy beast's notable features are its spine, which contains more trunk vertebrae than most other mammals, its muscular hind limbs that were placed in sprawling position - similar to modern crocodiles - and its brawny sprinting front legs that were tucked underneath the body.

It had a strange gap in the bones at the top of its snout, and front teeth which - like a rabbit's - combined with back teeth which were "completely unlike those of any other known mammal, living or extinct".

"Knowing what we know about the skeletal anatomy of all living and extinct mammals, it is difficult to imagine that a mammal like Adalatherium could have evolved; it bends and even breaks a lot of rules," said Dr David Krause.

According to the scientists, if only the creature's back teeth had been found, the mystery of the animal would remain to this day.

Adalatherium's complete skeleton was found in rocks in Madagascar that were dated to near the end of the Cretaceous, roughly 66 million years ago.

By this time, Madagascar had already been an island separated from Africa for over 150 million years and from the Indian subcontinent for over 20 million years.

"Islands are the stuff of weirdness," says Dr Krause, "and there was therefore ample time for Adalatherium to develop its many extraordinarily peculiar features in isolation."

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Scientists describe 'crazy beast' that lived among dinosaurs and seems to break rules of evolution - Sky News

A skeleton of an island fox. Credit: University of Missouri

University of Missouri researcher adds to timeline of human evolution by studying an island fox.

Nearly two decades ago, a small-bodied human-like fossil, Homo floresiensis, was discovered on an island in Indonesia. Some scientists have credited the find, now nicknamed Hobbit, as representative of a human ancestor who developed dwarfed features after living on the island, while others suggest it represents a modern human suffering from some type of disease because of its distinct human-like face and small brain.

Colleen B. Young, a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri, has always been naturally curious about the nature of the human footprint, or how humans impact their environments and vice versa. She believes the Hobbit adjusted from a longer-legged version of itself to meet the demands of an isolated, island environment.

Homo erectus, considered our recent ancestor, likely developed its long legs over time in order to increase its ability to walk long distances as its environment expanded, Young said. So, when humans arrived on that island in Indonesia and became isolated, their bodies once built for efficiency over long distances were probably no longer beneficial for their new environment. Instead, a smaller body size probably improved their lifestyle.

Bones of foxes used in analysis. From left to right: femur, tibia, radius, and humerus. Credit: University of Missouri

Young, who is working on her doctorate in biological anthropology in the College of Arts and Science, tested several popular assumptions about the characteristics of Homo floresiensis by comparing an island fox from Californias Channel Islands with its mainland U.S. relative, the gray fox. Young said upon arrival, the island fox underwent a 30% reduction in body size and developed smaller body features that are different than the mainland gray fox. She believes this change in body size was likely due to adjustments the island fox made to survive in its new, isolated environment.

The gray fox is a migratory, omnivorous animal, similar to our recent ancestors, Young said. This study indicates that animals living on islands that become smaller in size may also have distinct limbs and body features just because of their new island environment. Therefore, the distinctive body features on the small-bodied Homo floresiensis are probably products of evolving in an island environment, and not resulting from suffering from diseases.

Young said this animal model, which includes taking into account the surrounding ecosystem, can help scientists better understand the body size and limbs of Homo floresiensis, and how they relate to human ancestors. She thinks this model can also help open new doors in the field of anthropology.

The popular idea that every little difference in a fossil means the discovery of a new species is probably not as accurate as we once thought, Young said. There was probably a lot more variation going on throughout human evolution than we first thought, and these findings exemplify that variation can occur just by migrating to and living on an island. Were just starting to scratch the surface.

Static allometry of a small-bodied omnivore: body size and limb scaling of an island fox and inferences for Homo floresiensis was published in the Journal of Human Evolution. Funding was provided by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program grant.

Reference: Static allometry of a small-bodied omnivore: body size and limb scaling of an island fox and inferences for Homo floresiensis by Colleen B. Young, 1 November 2020, Journal of Human Evolution.DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102899

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Photo: Tap dancing, Iowa State College, 1942, by Jack Delano, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Editors note: We are delighted to celebrate the publication of the new bookA Mousetrap for Darwin: Michael J. Behe Answers His Critics. What follows is an excerpt, drawn from Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution,inDebating Design: From Darwin to DNA, eds. William Dembski and Michael Ruse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

Authors note: Whenever professors get together to talk, somebody eventually says, Hey, lets write a book on this! (We get to add it to our CVs.) ForDebating Design, the philosopher of biology Michael Ruse and design theorist William Dembski gathered contributions in 2004 from some true academic luminaries: geneticist Francisco Ayala, philosopher of science Elliott Sober, complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman, physicist Paul Davies, theologians John Polkinghorne and Richard Swinburne, and more. Also included were Brown University biologist Kenneth Miller and myself, taking shots at each other.

Rather than showing how their theory could handle the obstacle, some Darwinists are hoping to get around irreducible complexity by verbal tap dancing. At a debate between proponents and opponents of intelligent design sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History in April 2002, Kenneth Miller actually claimed (the transcript is available at the website of the National Center for Science Education1) that a mousetrap isnt irreducibly complex because subsets of a mousetrap, and even each individual part, could still function on their own. The holding bar of a mousetrap, Miller observed, could be used asa toothpick, so it still had a function outside the mousetrap. Any of the parts of the trap could be used as a paperweight, he continued, so they all had functions. And since any object that has mass can be a paperweight, then any part of anything has a function of its own. Presto! there is no such thing as irreducible complexity! Thus the acute problem for gradualism that any child can see in systems like the mousetrap is smoothly explained away.

Of course the facile explanation rests on a transparent fallacy, a brazen equivocation. Miller uses the word function in two different senses. Recall that the definition of irreducible complexity notes that removal of a part causes thesystemto effectively cease functioning. Without saying so, in his exposition Miller shifts the focus from the separate function of the intactsystemitself to the question of whether we can find a different use (or function) for some of theparts. However, if one removes a part from the mousetrap I pictured, it can no longer catch mice. Thesystemhas indeed effectively ceased functioning, so thesystemis irreducibly complex, just as I had written. Whats more, the functions that Miller glibly assigns to the parts paperweight, toothpick, key chain, etc. have little or nothing to do with the function of the system of catching mice (unlike the mousetrap series proposed by John McDonald), so they give us no clue as to how the systems function could arise gradually. Miller explained precisely nothing.

With the problem of the mousetrap behind him, Miller moved on to the bacterial flagellum and again resorted to the same fallacy. If nothing else, one has to admire the breathtaking audacity of verbally trying to turn another severe problem for Darwinism into an advantage. In recent years it has been shown that the bacterial flagellum is an even more sophisticated system than had been thought. Not only does it act as a rotary propulsion device; it also contains within itself an elegant mechanism to transport the proteins that make up the outer portion of the machine, from the inside of the cell to the outside.2Without blinking, Miller asserted that the flagellum is not irreducibly complex because some proteins of the flagellum could be missing and the remainder could still transport proteins, perhaps independently. (Proteins similar but not identical to some found in the flagellum occur in the type III secretory system of some bacteria.3) Again he was equivocating, switching the focus from the function of the system to act as a rotary propulsion machine to the ability of a subset of the system to transport proteins across a membrane. However, taking away the parts of the flagellum certainly destroys the ability of the system to act as a rotary propulsion machine, as I have argued. Thus, contra Miller, the flagellum is indeed irreducibly complex. Whats more, the function of transporting proteins has as little directly to do with the function of rotary propulsion as a toothpick has to do with a mousetrap. So discovering the supportive function of transporting proteins tells us precisely nothing about how Darwinian processes might have put together a rotary propulsion machine.

Excerpt from:

Excerpt: An Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution - Discovery Institute