Monthly Archives: January 2024

Government Internet censorship was imposed 196 times last year – 9to5Mac

Posted: January 5, 2024 at 6:35 pm

Government Internet censorship is a permanent fact of life in some countries, but there are many more countries that impose Internet blocks in response to specific events. A new report says that happened on 196 occasions last year, with hundreds of millions of people affected

Some governments impose permanent restrictions on full Internet access. The biggest culprit here is China, which blocks access to a wide range of services, including:

The so-called Great Firewall of China also imposes blocks on content containing specific keywords. This includes the names of government leaders, political protests, the Tiananmen Square Massacre, and more.

But the annual report published by VPN review site Top10VPN looks instead at occasions when governments impose temporary shutdowns or blocks.

The latest report shows that there were 196 major self-imposed internet outages in 2023, across a total of 25 countries.

Iraq was the biggest offender, with a total of 66 shutdowns last year. Manipur, India, had the longest shutdown, totalling more than 5,000 hours.

Unsurprisingly, social network X topped the list of platform-specific blocks. Both news and commentary on political events and protests spread quickly on the platform, and repressive governments responded with blocks totalling 10,683 hours. Instagram, TikTok, and Facebook were also targeted.

Messaging services were also hit. These are commonly used to coordinate protests, and to circulate new the government doesnt want known. WhatsApp, Telegram, and Signal were all affected.

The reasons for these blocks is not hard to guess: wars and other conflicts, military coups, protests, and elections where repressive governments aim to block reports of election interference.

When a government wants to block Internet access while pretending not to, extreme throttling is used where bandwidth is reduced to such a degree that the Internet becomes effectively unusable. This is a common tactic for governments aiming to stop the circulation of videos, including live-streaming from protests.

Protocol blocking is used when governments want to shut down certain apps, or categories of apps. Here, they block specific TCP/IP ports used by messaging apps, for example.

In addition to the obvious human rights violations involved, the site says that the economic cost is significant.

Government internet outages in 25 countries lasting over 79,000 hours cost the global economy $9.01 billion in 2023.

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Comedian and musician Tom Smothers dies at 86: A victim of government and corporate censorship in the late 1960s – WSWS

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Tom Smothers died last week, on the day after Christmas. The comedian and folk musician was 86. He died of causes related to cancer. Smothers and his brother Dick performed as a duo for some 60 years. Their act ostensibly centered on performing folk songs, but they developed ahumorous patterrooted in sibling rivalry early on in their joint career, which established them as acomedy act.

In the late 1960s, Tom Smothers demonstrated an anti-establishment streak, in relation not only to the Vietnam War but other social issues, which led CBS executives, in April 1969, to cancelThe Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, a popular and influential prime-time weekly program, at the end of its third season. Although they eventually prevailed in a lawsuit against the television network, the brothers never regained their position in the national limelight. They demonstrated principle and paid the economic and career price.

In light of the various efforts at present to suppress widespread opposition to the policies of both parties, and in particular protests against the homicidal Israeli onslaught in Gaza, funded and fully endorsed by the White House, it is worth recalling that a willingness to launch fierce attacks on freedom of speech and democratic rights runs freely in the veins of the American ruling elite. The threat that a message of resistance to official policy will reach broad layers of the population has always especially terrified the powers that be in the US. At various points in the 20thcentury, and now in the 21st, the government, in close alliance with big business, has launched vicious campaigns against performers and other figures who defy what is proclaimed to be the national consensus.

Tom (born 1937) and Dick Smothers (born 1938) at first glance would seem to have been unlikely candidates for political iconoclasm.

Their father, a career soldier, was killed in the last days of World War II, while a prisoner of war of the Japanese, apparently by friendly fire. His POW ship was mistakenly bombed by Allied pilots en route from the Philippines to Korea. Their mother, according to author David Bianculli, inDangerously Funny: The Uncensored Story of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour,was in and out of rehab and state hospitals, leaving her children with others as she tried, with little success, to conquer her alcoholism. The family (including a sister) lived in southern California.

The brothers began performing together as a duo in 1960. Their influences were Burl Ives, the Kingston Trio, the Limeliters and other relatively innocuous acts. They intended to be straightforward folk singers, but feared they lacked the necessary musical skills. What eventually made them different was Toms nervous, obviously fictitious introductions to various songs, his generally mischievous or sometimes frightened demeanor, and the conflicts that inevitably arose between the brothers. They discovered an ability to improvise, and the naturalness of the comic friction between them rapidly attracted audiences.

Repeated appearances onThe Jack Paar Show(officiallyThe Tonight Show), starting in January 1961, made them nationally prominent figures. ANew York Timesreview in 1961 observed that Toms foolery reflects the speech pattern of a frightened tenth-grader giving a memorized talk at a Kiwanis meeting, while Dicks cherubic look suggests that he may have just won a Boy Scout merit badge for bass-playing.

The brothers were featured in a situation comedy,The Smothers Brothers Show, which lasted only one season, 1965-66, on CBS. Tom fought with executives of the production company.

He was determined to wield more creative control in the brothers next television venture, a variety series,The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, which was aired on Sunday nights at 9:00 p.m. starting in February 1967, against one of the most popular programs on network television, the long-running Western,Bonanza.

The shows 71 episodes appeared in the midst of highly explosive political and social events, including major inner-city riots; the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy; the eruption of mass protests against the Vietnam War and the various bloody battles and campaigns of that conflict, including the Tet Offensive; the decision by Lyndon B. Johnson not to run again for the presidency; the brutal police attacks on protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention; and many others. Globally, of course, this was a period of upheaval with revolutionary implications, in Western Europe, Latin America and elsewhere.

To their credit, the Smothers Brothers, unlike most of the television personalities of the time, had the audacity to bring many of these events, and individuals with something to say about them, onto their program.

A number of controversial decisions led to a state of almost continuous warfare with CBS executives. One of the most memorable was the decision to invite veteran left-wing folk singer Pete Seeger to perform during the second season of theComedy Hour. Seeger had been blacklisted on prime time US television for 17 years after being listed inRed Channels, which identified individuals and organizations it claimed had affiliations with, or sympathy for, the Communist Party. This publication (byCounterattackmagazine, the newsletter of facts to combat Communism, started by three former FBI agents) fed the communist witch hunts and gave ammunition to Republican senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin (Dangerously Funny).

Not only was Seeger scheduled to appear, but he planned to sing his new composition, Waist Deep in the Big Muddy, a song, although set in World War II, that was an obvious reference to the ongoing Vietnam War and the role of Lyndon Johnson in prosecuting it. As David Bianculli explains, The sixth and final stanza was the one that made CBS brass the most apoplectic. Every time I read the papers, Seeger sang, that old feeling comes onwere waist deep in the Big Muddy, and the big fool says to push on. Seeger was singing this five weeks after Johnson had committed more troops to Vietnam, and CBS found it unacceptable. CBS excised the song from the show, on a night when more than one in five US households tuned in to see Seeger sing.

Five months later, in February 1968, Seeger returned to the program, sang Waist Deep in the Big Muddy, and CBS raised no objections. As Bianculli notes, Tom Smothers had kept up a steady campaign against the act of censorship, but attitudes toward the Vietnam War, including attitudes within sections of the media and political establishment, had shifted. Also on CBS, only two days after Seegers second appearance, longtime news anchor Walter Cronkite appeared in a special and argued that it seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate and that more troops would not affect the probable outcome.

The Smothers Brothers also aroused the ire of CBS by opening their third season, in September 1968, with an appearance by Harry Belafonte, another veteran radical performer, with his own history of association with the Communist Party, or its artistic periphery. In one of his segments on the program, Belafonte sang a calypso medley built around Dont Stop the Carnival, written originally about the frenzied madness of a Mardi Gras celebration, but with new lyrics added to refer to the Democratic National Convention [one month earlier]as footage from the convention, and of police dragging and arresting protesters outside the hall, is projected behind him. Chicago Mayor Richard Daley was clearly shown in clips that were, to put it lightly, not at all flattering (Dangerously Funny).

CBS officials on both the West and East Coast were adamant in their refusal to broadcast the number. A bitter conflict between Tom Smothers and the CBS hierarchy erupted. The season premiere was broadcast without the Belafonte Carnival sequence. Adding insult to injury, CBS sold some five minutes of the space created by their censorship to the Republican Party as a campaign spot for presidential candidate Richard Nixon.

Conflicts between the brothers, Tom in particular, and CBS raged throughout the third and final season. Continued and sustained criticism of the Vietnam quagmire, mockery of religion (featuring comic David Steinberg), attacks on police brutality, references to interracial relationships, double entendres about drug use and sexuality and, as a new feature, the skewering of Nixon (including an Arthurian-era tale, Bianculli comments, with Sir Richard of Nixon, also known as Tricky Dicky, that probably put the Smothers Brothers on Nixons radar), all of this only added fuel to the fire.

The Smothers Brothers also made an effort to present music which young people were listening to. Among the groups and individuals who appeared on the program were George Harrison, Buffalo Springfield, Cream, the Who, Donovan, the Doors, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Peter, Paul and Mary, Steppenwolf, Simon and Garfunkel, Ray Charles and Ike and Tina Turner.

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An appearance by folk singer Joan Baez produced another bitter dispute between Tom Smothers and corporate headquarters. Baez introduced a song by explaining that it was dedicated to her husband, David Harris, who was going to be going to prison, probably in June, and hell be there for three years. The reason he was going, she continued, is because he refused to have anything to do with the draft, or selective service, or whatever you want to call itmilitarism in general.

CBS, under newly installed president Robert Wood, butchered Baezs appearance, cutting out her explanation of the reasons for Harris being sentenced to prison.

In the end, on April 4, 1969, CBS used the fact that the Smothers brothers had not provided executives and affiliates a videotape version of an upcoming show in time for them to make changes and cuts as an excuse for firing them. Murray Kempton in theNew York Post, Bianculli writes, saluted the bravery of the brothers in bringing on guests Pete Seeger and Joan Baez, and quoted Toms self-effacing but accurate assessment of the blandness of 1960s television: We stand out, Kempton quoted Tom as saying, because nothing else is being said. Wed be moderates anywhere else.

The political and social stakes were high. The urban riots, mass protests over Vietnam and unrest on college campuses and a major strike wave in major industries, in addition to the specter of revolution in France and other parts of the world, terrified the American ruling class. It should be remembered that the Smothers Brothers and their social commentary, in a different technological and media universe, were being viewed by between 30 to 35 million people a week. The show was one of the top five American television series most watched by people under 35. The satirical and other attacks, moderate as they may have been, were unacceptable.

Bianculli acknowledges that there is no smoking gun connecting the White House to the demise of the Smothers Brothers program, but there is considerable circumstantial evidence, including Nixons general vindictiveness, his drawing up of an enemies list and his determination to eliminate critics in artistic and academic circles.

In 1973, Bianculli points out, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of theWashington Postexposed the fact that a former New York City policeman had been hired to conduct more than 20 secret probes between 1969 and 1971 ordered by the White House and instigated by Watergate co-conspirators H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. One of the targets was the Smothers Brothers.

Tom Smothers refused to back down in face of the effort to suppress the series. He never apologized or exhibited repentance. He and his brother continued to perform as a duo for decades. In December 2022, the brothers announced that they would tour in 2023.

On a 1988 reunion show, they sang, to the tune of Those Were the Days, new lyrics written for the occasion by Mason Williams: Once upon a time we were on TV / Every Sunday night we knocked em dead / We stirred up trouble, so the network fired us / I guess that it was something that we said / Those were the days, my friends...

In 2008, Steve Martinone of the writers on the brothersComedy Hourpresented Tom Smothers with an Emmy award for writing on the 1968-69 series. (Smothers had excluded his name from the list of writers submitted for the award that year because he was afraid it was too volatile.)

Smothers told the audience, clearly referring to the Bush administration and the Iraq war, Its hard for me to stay silent when I keep hearing that peace is only attainable through warand theres nothing more scary than watching ignorance in action. I dedicate this Emmy, he continued, to all people who feel compelled to speak out, and are not afraid to speak to power, and wont shut up, and refuse to be silenced.

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Polish pavilion selection at Venice Biennale gets political as rejected artist cries censorship – Art Newspaper

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The artist selected to represent Poland at the 2024 Venice Biennale last year says that the new Polish governments decision to cancel his project at the worlds most prestigious exhibition is an act of censorship.

Ignacy Czwartos was selected by the previous administration led by the right-wing party Law and Justice (PiS). But in a statement issued on 29 December the ministry, under new prime Minister Donald Tusk, called off Czwartoss project.

Czwartos tells The Art Newspaper that his exhibition proposal Polish Practice in Tragedy. Between Germany and Russiawas initially selected in an open competition. On 31 October, Polands Ministry of Culture announced that it would indeed present an exhibition by Czwartos at the countrys national pavilion at the Biennale.

The announcement came at a time when Poland was waiting to see what form its next government would take, following a general election on 15 October. Czwartos was recommended by a jury convened by Warsaws Zachta National Gallery of Art.

PiS emergedas the largest party in the October election but failed to win a majority; Donald Tusk has subsequently formed a new centrist coalition government. Tusk was previously prime minister of Poland between 2007 and 2014, later becoming European Council president.

The selection took place in accordance with the legal procedures. The verdict of the competition jury was accepted by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. The contract between me and Zachta Gallery, the institution responsible for the realisation of the exhibition has been signed, Czwartos adds.

Nevertheless, on 29 December, I received the information that the new Minister of Culture and National Heritage, Bartomiej Sienkiewicz, had stopped the project. No reasons were given to justify the decision and, what is more, this decision is contrary to the regulations in force. I perceive it as censorship. The ministry was contacted for comment.

The Polish ministry of culture said in an online statement that after analysing the competition procedures for the exhibition and after [gathering] the opinions and voices of the communities, accepted the decision not to implement the project [Polish Practice in Tragedy. Between Germany and Russia]." Poland will now be represented by Open Group, a collective that includes Yuriy Biley, Pavlo Kovach, and Anton Varga.

A spokesperson for Zacheta tells us: As per the regulations, Sienkiewicz has given the go-ahead to the back-up exhibition project, Repeat after Me, submitted by curator Marta Czy and featuring Open Group. Zachta National Gallery of Art will remain responsible for organising and producing the exhibition, as well as fully overseeing the Polish Pavilion in Venice.

In a proposal document submitted to the Biennale, Czwartoss exhibition,Polish Practice in Tragedy. Between Germany and Russia, was described as a profound reflection by a contemporary Polish artist on the tragic history of the 20th century.

Czwartos says: My project, through a set of paintings and objects, presents Polish experience of the clash between two totalitarianisms: Soviet communism and German National Socialism. The project refers also to the present day, above all to Putin's brutal attack in Ukraine. It is not an anti-European project at all, but rather it refers to the forces that had destroyed Europe in the past and today.

However, Czwartoss project faced a backlash from critics last year who said it was too closely aligned with the agenda of the Law and Justice (PiS) party. Those criticising Czwartos nomination included some former Zachta staff and three members of the museums jury: Jagna Domalska, Joanna Warsza and Karolina Zibiska-Lewandowska.

They told The Art Newspaper: To us the decision to select Ignacy Czwartos seems like a tragic Endspiel after eight years of right-wing rule... we regret that after the most open, welcoming, transnational and complex art of Magorzata Mirga-Tas [who represented Poland at the 2022 Biennale], we move to the most narrow-minded, ideologically paranoid and shameful position.

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Wartime censorship is necessary, but must be responsible – editorial – The Jerusalem Post

Posted: at 6:35 pm

This past Friday, an op-ed was published in The Wall Street Journal by former Israeli prime minister Naftali Bennett in which he revealed two operations carried out by Israel in Iran in 2022: an attack on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) base in Iran and the assassination of a senior Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commander.

The one problem: The article was never approved by the IDF Military Censor, the unit responsible for the censoring of information that, if published, may be harmful to Israels security.

Bennett wrote, After Iran launched two failed UAV attacks on Israel in February 2022, Israel destroyed a UAV base on Iranian soil. In March 2022, Irans terror unit attempted to kill Israeli tourists in Turkey and failed. Shortly thereafter, the commander of that very unit was assassinated in the center of Tehran.

Israeli media revealed shortly after Bennetts article was released that, despite revealing sensitive information, the former prime minister did not seek permission from the censor before he filed his op-ed.

In response to the criticism, Bennett said, The problem with Iran is not the publication of the moves we made against it that were already known in the past, but that Iran attacks us through Hamas and Hezbollah and even the Houthis, and the governments of the past decade talk and speak, but do not exact a painful price from the leaders of Iran.

In other words, Bennett attempted to shift the blame from himself, without responding directly to criticism, to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

While much can be said in the way of criticism of actions in terms of Israeli security carried out by Netanyahu and his governments especially the present one this was not the context to do so. This was the context to confess to having made an error at a time, not only of war, but of peak tensions with Iran.

A similar situation had occurred in February 2020 when Yisrael Beytenu leader Avigdor Liberman revealed that then-Mossad chief Yossi Cohen and then-IDF Southern Command head Maj.-Gen. Herzi Halevi met with top Qatari officials to work on a deal with Hamas. This news was under gag order by the censor.

That being said, there is cause for concern over the modus operandi being practiced at the Military Censor.

On a regular basis, publications within themselves find their articles shot down, while other publications have the same exact story approved for publishing.

The Journalists Union of Israel sent a letter to Military Chief Censor Kobi Mandelblit last month saying that it had recorded three recent cases in which reports by one news outlet were rejected, while the same reports were approved for other outlets.

We understand that in a security situation, certainly in wartime, it is vital to maintain national security, and the censor is one of the tools that help in maintaining this, the union said, but the accumulation of three cases within a few days raises the suspicion that there is a preference for one media outlet over others.

In one such case in August, KAN was allowed to publish that security forces had thwarted an Iranian weapons smuggling attempt into Israel from Jordan in July while all other news outlets were told this was under gag order.

Haaretz revealed a month ago that Mandelblit was being pressured by Netanyahu to block reports without national security justification, some of which related to private matters concerning the prime minister and his wife. Mandelblit disqualified the report per request, claiming that it was for the security of the couple.

This came shortly after Netanyahu attempted to pass a law that would make it illegal for the censor to approve publication of leaked cabinet meeting conversations. He claimed that the leaks endangered national security, despite the majority of the conversations being arguments between coalition members, demonstrating fissures in the emergency government.

The censor, at a time of war more than ever, is crucial for preventing security information leaks that could put Israelis in harms way. That being said, recent reports demonstrate that the ability to reject news reports is being used and abused, both for political gain and by giving preferential treatment to one publication over another.

This hurts both the medias ability to report the news and the publics right to know it.

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Jeffrey Wright Says a Replacement Actor Dubbed His Lines When He Refused to Censor the N-Word – PEOPLE

Posted: at 6:35 pm

Jeffrey Wright is recalling a time when he refused to censor an explicit word in a line reading for Ride with the Devil.

In the 1999 western drama, Wright, 58, played Daniel Holt, a freed Black man fighting in an informal Confederate militant unit during the Civil War, alongside a cast that included Tobey Maguire, Jewel and Skeet Ulrich.

While promoting his new movie American Fiction, Wright shared during an appearance on Entertainment Weekly's Around the Table series with costars Tracee Ellis Ross, Sterling K. Brown and Erika Alexander that he was asked to censor the N-word in a pivotal scene while re-recording dialogue for a version of the film intended to play on airplanes.

"In this scene in which he has kind of the apex of his awakening, his need to emancipate himself, he says 'being that man's friend was no more than being his n----- and I will never again be anyone's n-----,' " Wright recalled. "It's such a self empowering, empowering statement and understanding of the word."

When Wright said he completed "the airplane version of dialogue," he was asked to substitute the N-word in that scene and instead walked away from the dialogue recording session entirely.

"There were a few curse words, and they [said] the [N-word] here, we'd like to change that to Negro or whatever the choice was," he recalled. "And I said, 'Nah, nah that's not happening,' and I headed out the door to my car."

The actor then added, "They found some other [actor] to come in and do that one word, apparently, so that the airplane folk would be comfy and in the darkness of their own ignorance of the language of race."

Everett

Both Ross, 51, and Brown, 47, appeared visibly surprised by Wright's story. Ross placed her hand on Wright's shoulder and said, "No they did not!" Brown, meanwhile, could be heard reacting with, "Wow" and "Are you serious?"

Ride with the Devil, which came roughly a decade after Wright first broke into Hollywood, did not make a significant impression on audiences. It only ever grossed $635,096 in its limited theatrical release, per Box Office Mojo.

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Wright shared the story as he and his costars spoke to the themes of America's relationship with race at play in American Fiction. He said the anecdote relates to "understanding the meaning or meanings of the N-word," as it is used in the new movie.

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In American Fiction, Wright plays author Thelonious "Monk" Ellison, described in an official synopsis as "a frustrated novelist whos fed up with the establishment profiting from 'Black' entertainment that relies on tired and offensive tropes."

"To prove his point, Monk uses a pen name to write an outlandish 'Black' book of his own, a book that propels him to the heart of hypocrisy and the madness he claims to disdain," the synopsis adds, stating that the film "confronts our cultures obsession with reducing people to outrageous stereotypes."

American Fiction is in theaters now.

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Judicial Watch Sues Biden Censorship Agency for Records Targeting Judicial Watch and Its President Tom Fitton – Judicial Watch

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Press Releases | January 04, 2024

(Washington, DC) Judicial Watch announced today that it filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for failing to respond to an October 11, 2023, FOIA for all records regarding Judicial Watch and its President Tom Fitton held by DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) (Judicial Watch Inc. v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (No. 1:24-cv-00003).

The request specifically asked that the search for responsive records include email accounts of CISA officials publicly implicated in censorship operations.

On November 6, 2023, the House Judiciary Committee released a report detailing how the Department of Homeland Securitys (DHS) Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Global Engagement Center (GEC, within the State Department) coordinated with Stanford University and other entities to create the Election Integrity Partnership to censor Americans speech in the lead-up to the 2020 election. Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton is listed as a target of this censorship operation.

Judicial Watch and I have been censored again and again by government and Big Tech, Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton said. That we had to file a federal lawsuit to get basic information about this targeting is another sure sign that CISA has been up to no good.

Judicial Watch has been in the forefront of uncovering government efforts to censor free speech and suppress opposition.

On November 9, 2023, Judicial Watch reported that CISA records show government involvement in the EIP [Election Integrity Partnership] pressure on Google, Twitter, Facebook, TikTok, Pinterest, Reddit and other platforms to censor disinformation.

In October 2023, Judicial Watch sued the Department of Justice (DOJ) for records of any payments made by the FBI to Twitter (now known as X). The payments were disclosed in internal Twitter documents (the Twitter Files) made available by Elon Musk to journalists.

Also in October, Judicial Watch sued the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) for records concerning censorship of social media users.

In April 2023, Judicial Watch filed two lawsuits against the U.S. Department of Justice and other federal agencies for communications between the agencies and Facebook and Twitter regarding the governments involvement in content moderation and censorship on the social media platforms.

In a separate lawsuit file in June 2023, Judicial Watch sued DHS for all records of communications tied to the Election Integrity Partnership. Based on representations from the EIP (see here and here), the federal government, social media companies, the EIP, the Center for Internet Security (a non-profit organization funded partly by DHS and the Defense Department) and numerous other leftist groups communicated privately via the Jira software platform developed by Atlassian.

In February 2023, Judicial Watch sued the U.S. Department Homeland Security (DHS) for records showing cooperation between the Cybersecurity and Information Security Agency (CISA) and social media platforms to censor and suppress free speech.

Judicial Watch in January 2023 sued the DOJ for records of communications between the FBI and social media sites regarding foreign influence in elections, as well as the Hunter Biden laptop story.

In September 2022, Judicial Watch sued the Secretary of State of the State of California for having YouTube censor a Judicial Watch election integrity video.

In May 2022, YouTube censored a Judicial Watch video about Biden corruption and election integrity issues in the 2020 election. The video, titled Impeach? Biden Corruption Threatens National Security, was falsely determined to be election misinformation and removed by YouTube, and Judicial Watchs YouTube account was suspended for a week. The video featured an interview of Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton. Judicial Watch continues to post its video content on its Rumble channel (https://rumble.com/vz7aof-fitton-impeach-biden-corruption-threatens-national-security.html).

In July 2021, Judicial Watch uncovered records from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which revealed that Facebook coordinated closely with the CDC to control the Covid narrative and misinformation and that over $3.5 million in free advertising given to the CDC by social media companies.

In May 2021, Judicial Watch revealed documents showing that Iowa state officials pressured social media companies Twitter and Facebook to censor posts about the 2020 election.

In April 2021, Judicial Watch published documents revealing how California state officials pressured social media companies (Twitter, Facebook, Google (YouTube)) to censor posts about the 2020 election.

Judicial Watch has produced a four-part documentary, Censored and Controlled, that details the coordinated effort by the FBI and other government agencies and Big Tech to censor and suppress information on topics such as Hunter Bidens laptop, Covid-19, and election debates.

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Private colleges should follow the First Amendment (opinion) – Inside Higher Ed

Posted: at 6:34 pm

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The House Republicans won a rhetorical victory last month in the congressional hearing addressing antisemitism on college campuses. The then presidents of Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Pennsylvania could not thread the needle necessary to reconcile their institutions prior robust regulation of speech in the name of community inclusivity with their recent failure to take action against hateful speechindeed, sometimes conductdirected at Jewish students. Under questioning, the presidents appeared insensitive, evasive and inconsistent. In short, the leaders of our top universities, advised by a top law firm, got schooled.

But this rhetorical victory will soon prove Pyrrhic if higher education draws the wrong lessons. Already, mandatory diversity trainings and more aggressive code of conduct enforcement are being touted as solutions to our present morass. Indeed, it was not clear whether the Republican inquisitors wanted universities to follow the First Amendment and embrace broad speech protections or adopt more vigorous codes of conduct that would aggressively punish hateful speech.

What was clear from the hearing was that universities engage in viewpoint-based enforcement of their policies, with examples eagerly shared by Republicans, including speaker cancellations, faculty discipline and revocations of admission offers based on student social media posts. Such selective enforcement is not only politically toxic but legally problematic as a potential violation of TitleVI of the Civil Rights Act and universities contractual promises of evenhanded conduct-code enforcement.

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There is a principled and prudent way out of higher educations crisis of its own making. Though they are not required to do so, private universities should explicitly embrace the First Amendments speech protections in their student handbooks and conduct codes. Language tracking the First Amendment, as some private universities claim to have, is not enough. Such policy statements are easily subject to manipulation by poorly monitored decision-making bodies such as university conduct committees and offices of equity. Indeed, in todays academic climatewhere universities have punished silence and offer trainings that state that cisheterosexism and fatphobia are abusevague suggestions in student handbooks that speech will only be sanctioned when it becomes conduct provide little comfort.

By voluntarily embracing a First Amendment speech standard, private universities would incorporate by reference a large body of case law and evaluative principles. In an area as confused and subject to manipulation as speech and conduct codes, this approach has obvious benefits. University committees tasked with assessing a situation could rely on case law instead of their own often meager and contradictory internal precedents, and university counsel could provide clearer guidance.

Moreover, students or faculty who believe they were wrongly punished for their speech would be able to challenge the university in court for violating its First Amendment commitment. A court, rather than wading through opaque university promises and deciding whether they are enforceable, could instead look to well-developed First Amendment jurisprudence for guidance. With an explicit First Amendment endorsement, student handbooks could no longer be disregarded as too indefinite to establish any concrete promises of protection, as some courts have been inclined to rule.

If universities retain their current speech and conduct regulations, enforcement must be impartial. Given the one-sidedness of their present politics, a point revealed by the congressional hearing, elite universities are not well constituted to ensure neutrality.

But uneven enforcement creates legal and regulatory risk. TitleVI of the Civil Rights Act requires that universities accepting federal funds not discriminate based on race. The Biden administration has announced a number of civil rights investigations sparked by the present speech controversy. Should a Republican win the presidency in 2024, we can anticipate even more aggressive investigations and sanctions, including the possible loss of federal funding. Moreover, students are already bringing private litigation alleging both TitleVI and contract violations stemming from universities inconsistent enforcement of their speech and conduct rules.

By contrast, a private universitys promise to commit to the First Amendment would neither imperil learning nor encourage chaos in Americas most elite private institutions of higher education. We know this because our nations public institutions are already subject to the First Amendment as state actors.

And public universities seem to be faithfully following the First Amendment. In the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expressions university speech rankings, 45 of the 50 best colleges for speech are public institutions, with private colleges taking the majority of the bottom slots. Yet state universities have not experienced the same campus disruptions as their more censorious private peers. Indeed, it seems that allowing students to debate hard topics within the broadthough not boundlesslimits of the First Amendment may actually promote both education and order, two things sorely needed in these challenging times.

Max Schanzenbach is the Seigle Family Professor of Law at Northwestern Universitys Pritzker School of Law. Kimberly Yuracko is the Judd and Mary Morris Leighton Professor of Law, also at the Pritzker School of Law.

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Federal Court Says First Amendment Protects Engineers Who Offer Expert Testimony Without A License – Above the Law

Posted: at 6:34 pm

Regulatory agencies can often be an essential part of day-to-day life, preventing people from engaging in activities they have no expertise in something that could potentially endanger a lot of people. But they can also be overbearing brutes whose only concern is whether or not theyve managed to extract as much money as possible from people who are experts in their field but have no desire to pay for the privilege of utilizing their skills.

In Oregon, a sequence of events involving an unlicensed engineer who had things to say about traffic light timing resulted in thestate licensing board apologizingto Mats Jarlstrom for (expertly) saying things the government didnt want to hear. Jarlstroms ended up with a complete win, with his (unlicensed) research on yellow light timingmaking it clear citieswere putting people in danger by shortening yellow light times for the sole purpose of increasing revenue via traffic citations.

A similar thing is happening in North Carolina. Retired engineer Wayne Nutt was told by the North Carolina Board of Examiners and Surveyors to stop offering his expert opinion on engineering matters, even though he was fully qualified to do so. The only thing he was missing was a permission slip from the state board in the form of a professional engineers license.

Nutt refused. He decided to sue instead, represented by the Institute for Justice. He has obtained his first victory, in the form of a federal courtdecision[PDF] that says his expert opinion is protected by the First Amendment and cannot legally be silenced by the state. (viaVolokh Conspiracy)

Heres Nutts background:

Nutt worked as a chemical engineer from 1967 to 2013. He never obtained a professional engineering license because he qualified to practice engineering under the industrial exception of the licensing requirement in North Carolina. A portion of his responsibilities involved overseeing the design, construction, and repair of building trench systems to manage both stormwater and potential chemical spills at his work facility. As a result, he developed expertise in hydraulics, fluid flow, and piping systems.

Since his retirement, he has continued using his expertise to support the efforts of various local interest groups. He has testified to the Wilmington City Council regarding the flaws he identified in a development proposals traffic impact study. He has also testified about an error he discovered in a development plans calculation of the capacity of a stormwater detention pond. His opinion and recommendations led to meaningful changes in the design of those projects.

A long career followed by an unpaid career in public service. None of this was a problem until Nutt tried to offer his expert testimony in a 2020 lawsuit against the county government over allegedly negligent storm drain design that had contributed to additional flooding during Hurricane Florence.

At that point, the government had had enough of Nutt and his expert interloping. The governments lawyers said allowing Nutt to testify in this case would constitute the unauthorized practice of engineering. It made an attempt to silence him by sending him an email suggesting he would be breaking the law if he chose to offer his testimony, leading off by informing him he was not even legally allowed to refer to himself as an engineer.

The Board sent an email, explaining that an unlicensed individual cannot publicly use the term engineer in their descriptive title or offer testimony likely to be perceived by the public as engineering advice.The Board also provided a position statementthe focus of Nutts claimwarning that testimony impacting the public, including expert witness testimony on engineering matters in the courtroom or during depositions and testimony based on engineering education, training or experience, requires licensing. The statement also indicated that expert reports are also evidence of the practice of the profession. The Board stated that it has proceeded against unlicensed individuals for the unlicensed practice of engineering.

Nutt testified anyway. The irritated board responded with some per our previous email saber rattling. Then the expert witness testifying for the government filed a formal complaint against Nutt, accusing him of engaging in unlicensed engineering. A couple of months later following an investigation by the state board, Nutt received another email informing him he had broken the law and that he would likely be fined/cited if he insisted on offering his expert opinion during litigation involving the government.

The court says the emails and the threats they contained are enough to both show standing and demonstrate Nutt has a reasonable fear of prosecution if he continues to offer his expert opinion on engineering matters.

The state tried to moot the lawsuit by claiming the board was no longer pursuing any action against Nutt because the case he testified in had been dismissed. Not good enough, says the court. And stop pretending you didnt do the things you did while that litigation was still a going concern. (Emphasis in the original.)

At oral argument, the Board argued that Nutt should no longer reasonably expect prosecution for providing engineering testimony as an expert witness because it has not tried, and will not try, to prohibit Nutt from testifying as an expert witness. But the Boardhastried to prohibit Nutts speech. Moreover, renouncing its pre-filing enforcement position, while denying the true nature of its past practices, does not make it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.

In hopes of exiting this lawsuit, the state dug its own hole with a combination of contradictory assertions and concessions to certain arguments made by Nutt. It all adds up to a First Amendment violation.

As mentioned above, Nutt seeks a judgment declaring that the Act, as interpreted and enforced, violates the First Amendment, both on its face and as applied to him and others similarly situated. He also seeks a permanent injunction allowing him and others similarly situated to testify about topics that require engineering knowledge without first obtaining an engineering license. The Board has conceded on paper and at argument that it will not enforce the Act to prohibit Nutt and others similarly situated from testifying on engineering matters.

As explained above, this concession does not render the parties dispute moot.It does,however, make clear that the Board does not contest Nutts core claim. Namely, the prohibition on unlicensed expert engineering testimony violates the First Amendment. Therefore, in light of the parties positions, the court will accept that claim as applied to Nutt. The court will also enjoin the Board from enforcing the Act against Nutt for testifying about topics that require engineering knowledge without first obtaining an engineering license.

The court acknowledges that the licensing program helps protect the public by ensuring those offering engineering services are actually capable of performing that job competently. But telling qualified engineers theyre not allowed to speak publicly about these matters without the permission of the board violates their rights. The government is always free to seek to have testimony from unlicensed engineers thrown out of court or otherwise seek to have this testimony blocked from admission. What it cant do is pursue criminal proceedings against engineers for speaking.

At its core, this case concerns the extent to which a law-abiding citizen may use his technical expertise to offer a dissenting perspective against the government. Stating that dissent required the speaker to use his expertise in several ways. He had to do some math. He had to apply recognized methodologies. He even had to write a report memorializing his work. Some of that work may plausibly be considered conduct. But it ends up providing him the basis to speak his mind. Thus, although the government may properly exercise its interests in policing the use of technical knowledge for non-expressive purposes, those interests must give way to the nations profound national commitment to free speech in this case. At the very least, the government had to show that it seriously considered less restrictive alternatives before targeting pure speech. The government failed to meet its obligations under the First Amendment.

Thats pretty cut and dry. The board is still welcome to regulate the act of engineering. But it has no business regulating their speech.

Full opinion

Federal Court Says First Amendment Protects Engineers Who Offer Expert Testimony Without A License

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Federal Court Says First Amendment Protects Engineers Who Offer Expert Testimony Without A License - Above the Law

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The amateur cameramen testing the limit of free speech in SC | News – The Post and Courier

Posted: at 6:34 pm

One employee walking by sternly asked Greene not to film her. I didnt give nobody permission, she said. A public affairs officer with the hospital stopped them to ask questions about why they were filming, eventually prodding them about what news agency they work for after Dorrell claimed they were gathering footage for broadcast.

Free press, Dorrell responded.

After about 15 minutes, a police officer arrived, saying he had received a call expressing concern about them filming in the hallways. After a short conversation, he told the men they could continue to film as long as they didnt film patients or sensitive areas before walking off, leaving them to their own devices.

Thats exactly what we want, Dorrell said. What would be even better is if we had no contact whatsoever.

After about an hour inside the hospital, and nearly one-dozen interactions with staff and patients alike, the audit ended. And Dorrell, hanging up his camera, was satisfied with what he found.

Big pass, he said. They did great.

There are about a half-dozen auditors with sizable audiences and regular auditing regimens scattered across South Carolina, though the advent of the smartphone age makes the true number impossible to monitor.

And in the years since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ranks of their movement have been growing steadily, with First Amendment tests becoming a regular feature of municipal life in towns big and small.

Starting in 2020, we've had an increase in First Amendment audit activity in South Carolina, Eric Shytle, general counsel for the Municipal Association of South Carolina, said in an interview. Many South Carolina jurisdictions have had First Amendment auditors come. And many of them are local.

Many of the appearances are benign, with some lasting only minutes. Some auditors dont speak to anyone unless spoken to. Others, when questioned, cite state or federal statutes allowing them to film, and proceed with their activities unmolested until they eventually decide to leave.

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The Law Firm Helping Big Oil Weaponize the First Amendment – DeSmog

Posted: at 6:34 pm

For years, the fossil fuel industry has maintained that the First Amendment protects its right to mislead the public about the climate crisis, but that criticism and protest of its operations violates the law. Now, one of the industrys preferred law firms which has long been recognized for its defense of the First Amendment is arguing both sides of this issue in court.

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher represents oil giant Chevron in lawsuits brought by dozens of state and local governments to hold the company accountable for deceiving consumers and the public about its products central role in climate change. (You may also recognize Gibson Dunn as the firm that accused U.S. attorney Steven Donziger and his Ecuadorian plaintiffs of racketeering after they defeated Chevron in Ecuadors courts.) As the evidence of Big Oils long-standing campaigns of climate denial piles up, and the cases inch closer to trial, the firm is deploying a defense that seeks to protect its clients ability to mislead the public.

Chevron and other oil companies statements about climate change, Gibson Dunn has argued, constitute First Amendment protected political speech or speech concerning public opinion and policy. The First Amendment bars tort liability based on speech attempting to influence public support for climate policies, reads one motion, authored by Gibson Dunn and local counsel in October 2023, to dismiss a case that the state of New Jersey brought against Chevron and other oil majors.

Under that logic, companies could lie to us about anything, and just say because we think its political, because we think its important to policy, then we get to lie about it, said Amanda Shanor, an assistant professor and First Amendment scholar at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. We would live in a very different and far more dangerous and less prosperous society [if that were the case], which is why in general the courts have been underwhelmed by these types of arguments.

Gibson Dunn is a favorite firm of fossil fuel companies aside from Chevron, it has represented a veritable whos who of the industry, including the American Petroleum Institute, Energy Transfer, Enbridge, ConocoPhillips, Occidental, and many more. But the firm is perhaps even better known for its First Amendment record. Ted Boutrous, the lead lawyer representing Chevron in its defense against climate liability cases, famously represented CNN reporter Jim Acosta when he was thrown out of the White House press room by former President Donald Trump. And his colleague Ted Olson argued and won the most seminal corporate free speech case of the last 20 years, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, which opened the floodgates to dark money in U.S. politics.

The firm is not historically known for arguing against free speech rights. But thats exactly what its now doing on behalf of pipeline company Energy Transfer, in a landmark lawsuit intended to silence the fossil fuel industrys critics.

In July 2023, Gibson Dunn began representing Energy Transfer in a case filed in North Dakota against Greenpeace US and individuals who protested against the Dakota Access Pipeline on the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation. The firm had already helped Energy Transfers subsidiary, Dakota Access LLC, defend the pipelines continued construction against separate legal challenges brought by local tribal leadership in 2016. But Energy Transfers suit, initially filed by law firm Kasowitz, Benson & Torres in 2017, took its defense of the pipeline much further, charging pipeline resistors with violating state and federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) laws that could have made them liable for nearly $1 billion in damages.

By the time Gibson Dunn took it over in July 2023, Energy Transfers case had already faced major setbacks. In February 2019, a federal judge threw out the companys original lawsuit. A week later, Energy Transfers lawyers from Kasowitz, Benson & Torres filed a new case under state defamation law in North Dakota, which has no anti-SLAPP legislation that defendants can invoke to get suits like these dismissed. Defendants protests and statements against the pipeline, the new complaint argued, amounted to an unlawful, malicious, and coordinated attack that was designed to inflict damage, cause delay, defame Energy Transfer and Dakota Access, and disrupt Energy Transfer as much as possible.

Advocates and experts say the case, which campaigners have been fighting for seven long years, is a strategic lawsuit against public participation, or SLAPP a tactic oil and gas companies are increasingly using to suppress dissent through lengthy legal processes intended to intimidate critics and diminish their resources.

This isnt just Greenpeace on trial its the movement on trial, Deepa Padmanabha, legal counsel for Greenpeace US, said. The thought is that if they can successfully silence an organization like Greenpeace US, that will have a ripple effect and smaller groups and individuals wont dare speak out. The precedent that the fossil fuel industry is trying to set around protest and protest liability is so dangerous that, if successful, it is difficult to envision how this wont have a chilling effect, she said.

Gibson Dunn did not respond to requests for comment.

In November 2023, Energy Transfer targeted Indigenous and environmental justice activists with third-party subpoenas, requesting documents and appearances at depositions, Padmanabha said. Those subpoenas havent yet been made public.

Greenpeace has become a favorite target of the fossil fuel industry as it fights back against increasing climate protests all over the world; the group has been specifically cited in industry-backed efforts to criminalize protest in Australia, Canada, and the United States. And Gibson Dunn increasingly seems to be the law firm the industry is looking to for help in these efforts. As Gibson Dunn partner Randy Mastro told the American Lawyer more than a decade ago, [w]e are the firm that clients in distress have turned to when they are facing their worst problems, or when they have in fact faced defeat.

Gibson Dunn has long honed the skill of muzzling its opponents. In the early 2000s, the firm defended Dole in a lawsuit brought by Nicaraguan banana workers whod been exposed to a toxic pesticide, DBCP, that rendered them sterile. Gibson Dunn lawyers including Boutrous, who now represents Chevron worked with Dole to develop a strategy Doles general counsel called the kill step: reportedly enticing witnesses to accuse their legal opponents of fraud.

Gibson Dunn revived that strategy for Chevron in 2011, filing a civil RICO lawsuit targeting human rights attorney Steven Donziger and his Ecuadorian plaintiffs after they won a major judgment against the company for its toxic pollution in the Amazon. Relying heavily on the testimony of a witness whom Chevron paid an annual salary, Gibson Dunn argued that Donziger had won his case by committing fraud. While that witness later recanted much of his testimony, Donziger lost the RICO case, was ordered to pay Chevron hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees, had a lien put on his house to cover those fees, and was ultimately disbarred and spent more than two years on house arrest and 45 days in prison. Gibson Dunn also helped Chevron file an investor-state dispute against the government of Ecuador, arguing that Ecuador engaged in a pattern of improper and fundamentally unfair conduct by providing support for the Ecuadorian plaintiffs. As a result, the government of Ecuador currently owes Chevron $2 billion. The Ecuadorian plaintiffs a group of Indigenous people and small farmers from the affected area still dont have clean drinking water, have not been compensated, and are barred from collecting the settlement owed to them in the United States, where Chevron is headquartered and where the bulk of its assets are located.

I think that while everybody deserves a lawyer, Gibson Dunn has a reputation of using strategies that many perceive as abusing the legal system to defend the wealthy at the expense of disempowered people and communities, said attorney Lauren Regan, who has defended her clients against a number of lawsuits by the fossil fuel industry including terrorism charges that Energy Transfer filed against two women for damaging pipeline equipment along the Dakota Access Pipeline in Iowa.

Today, Gibson Dunn is using anti-SLAPP statutes intended to protect advocates and whistleblowers from cases like Energy Transfers to try to get climate cases filed against fossil fuel clients dismissed. The firm has filed anti-SLAPP motions to dismiss lawsuits brought by the states of New Jersey and Delaware, and municipalities including Annapolis, Maryland; Hoboken, New Jersey; and Honolulu, Hawaii. A state court in Hawaii rejected the anti-SLAPP motion in the Honolulu suit, and it is now pending before the Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals. Its now the last motion to dismiss arguments that the city and county must contend with before the case can move toward trial.

In most of these motions, Gibson Dunn lawyers invoke an anti-SLAPP law in California, where Chevron is headquartered. Californias anti-SLAPP immunity protects Chevron from suits like Plaintiffs that are based on speech on issues of public concern, Gibson Dunn argues in a motion to dismiss Delawares case.

Its the latest chapter in a decades-long effort to expand free speech rights for corporations while restricting them for people a project of which Gibson Dunn is a key architect. While the idea to create corporate personas that could contribute to public debate and to advocate for free speech protections for them was first sketched out by Mobil Oil executives in the early 1970s, Gibson Dunn has played a major role in solidifying it, particularly with the pivotal and notorious 2010 Supreme Court decision in Citizens United.

The Citizens United ruling asserted a First Amendment right for corporations to express their political speech through unlimited spending on communications about elections or political candidates. The ruling laid the groundwork for corporations to be on at least equal footing with citizens when it came to First Amendment rights in what Gibson Dunn lawyer Ted Olsen called a victory for the First Amendment and the right of all Americans to participate in the political process.

Shanor, the First Amendment scholar, said that Gibson Dunn has been at the vanguard of developing aggressive First Amendment arguments to protect companies, trying to turn the First Amendment, constitutional law, and free speech principles including things like anti-SLAPP into corporate protective principles. So in many ways, its not surprising that theyre playing both sides of the coin to shield the fossil fuel companies from liability.

Even Boutrous, the lead lawyer representing Chevron in its First Amendment defense, seems to innately understand the fallacy of his own arguments. Freedom of speech does not mean making knowingly obviously dangerously false statements of fact, the attorney posted to X last year.

Boutrous gained a reputation among some as a fierce advocate for press freedom after litigating against and publicly criticizing former President Trump for his efforts to silence public debate. In 2016, Boutrous promised to represent pro bono anyone Trump sues for exercising their free speech rights. Aside from representing Acosta, he also successfully represented Trumps niece Mary against her uncles efforts to block her memoir. Today, Boutrous sits on the advisory boards of the International Womens Media Foundation and investigative reporting outlets like Reveal, and he has consulted on First Amendment disputes for both CNN and the New York Times.

Haley Czarnek, national director of programs and operations at Law Students for Climate Accountability (LSCA), said Boutrouss status and pro bono work has helped Gibson Dunn develop a sheen of progressiveness that doesnt exist with their work in practice. Several years ago, LSCA urged law school graduates to boycott the firm, citing its defense of fossil fuel companies and its role in the case against Steven Donziger, whose imprisonment, the group said, is a direct result of Gibson Dunns unethical and bullying litigation strategies.

In 2020, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP) elected Boutrous to its steering committee. Soon after, at a star-studded virtual ceremony also honoring Dark Money author Jane Mayer, the organization handed Boutrous a Freedom of the Press Award, declaring that the lawyer understands the importance of the First Amendment every bit as much as a journalist does. Chevron was a Legacy Champion sponsor of that awards ceremony, meaning it donated at least $50,000 to the RCFP.

When asked about Boutrouss position at RCFP, Donziger replied that members of its steering committee basically are in bed with a man who makes his living violating the core tenants of the organization.

The same year that RCFP handed out those awards, the group also condemned Energy Transfers effort to subpoena the work of journalists covering protests against its operations at Standing Rock. It described the subpoenas, which could provide evidence for the case helmed by Gibson Dunn, as an attempt to intimidate journalists and silence their sources. In November 2023, RCFP and local news outlets filed an amicus brief asking the Minnesota Supreme Court to deny Energy Transfers attempts to subpoena those journalists and to reverse a lower courts order forcing them to produce a privilege log listing unpublished newsgathering materials.

Boutrous and RCFP did not respond to separate requests for comment.

A five-week trial in Energy Transfers case against the Standing Rock protestors and Greenpeace is scheduled for July 2024.

This piece was co-published by DeSmog and ExxonKnews. ExxonKnews is a project of the Center for Climate Integrity, which has filed amicus briefs in support of Delaware, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia, as well as Baltimore, Honolulu, Imperial Beach, Marin County, Maui, San Mateo County, and Santa Cruz County, in their lawsuits against Chevron and other fossil fuel majors. Emily Sanders, the author of ExxonKnews, had no involvement in the creation or filing of those briefs.

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