Monthly Archives: May 2022

SpaceX rocket fumes are toxic to humans and the planet's climate, according to a warning by scientists in a new study.

The researchers concluded that rockets made by SpaceX, Blue Origin, and other private rocket manufacturers release hazardous airborne particles that pose health hazards and contribute to atmospheric pollution or air pollution.

Over recent years, rocket emissions have been a subject of raging debates, including by the United Nations (UN), due to their known impact on the Earth's atmosphere where gases and other toxic air particles go into.

The emissions come from the exhaust fumes of rocket engines as part of a current space technology dominated by fluid dynamics models.

This technology uses various gases and chemicals, including carbon dioxide, to ignite these space rockets to give their boost toward their ascend from Earth.

Amidst the challenges, calls for the use of space rockets for cleaner fuel are increasing.

(Photo : Photo by Red Huber/Getty Images)

In a new research article published in the Physics of Fluidson March 2, scientists have addressed the repercussions of air pollution from space rockets to human health, the environment, and the climate using high-resolution computation fluid dynamics simulations.

With this, scientists from the University of Nicosia in Cyprus collectively asserted the necessity to tackle the issue of the atmospheric pollution caused by the exhaust fumes involving commercial space flights, which are reportedly expected to increase in the future.

To determine the dangers of rocket exhaust gases, the scientists simulated the development of a plume at several altitudes similar to the trajectory of a standard present-day rocket.

In the prototype example, the research team employed the two-stage rocket process where people were transported and loaded into Earth's orbit and beyond.

In its model, the Cyprus-based researchers used the Thaicom 8 launch mission of the Falcon 9 rocket of SpaceX based on their available data to resemble the actual rocket launch.

As a result, the scientific team found nitrogen oxide from the exhaustion can remain in the atmosphere at high altitudes.

In addition, a mass of carbon dioxide is also found emitted into the atmospheric layer mesosphere.

Also Read:Trash to Gold: Another Solution to Combat Pollution

The study predicted that commercial space flights will continue to increase due to the low cost offered by "reusable space vehicle technology" that allows space transportation possible and frequent.

The scientists mentioned that such recent flights were evident like the ones from Elon Musk's Space X and Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic, as well as the New Shepard space ships.

As part of the increasing demand for space tourism, round-trip commercial flights to and from the orbits of Earth and the Moon are offered by SpaceX, in coordination with NASA.

Similar space travel packages are also started to be offered by other private rocket manufacturers in a reported era of the space race.

Previous studies have shown that rocket launches significantly contribute to atmospheric pollution due to the consistent uptick of space flights.

In the study from the University of Nicosia, the scientists summarized this past research have suggested the need for thorough investigation when it comes to rocket propellant types.

In an article posted in the Scientific Americanin November 2017, there are already notions regarding how rocket launches and the re-entry of space debris affect the Earth's atmosphere.

However, the extent of this damage was not yet fully understood at that time.

Related Article: Space Explorations Could Pose a Threat of Alien Organisms Contaminating Earth

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SpaceX Rocket Fumes are Hazardous to Both Humans and the Climate: Scientists Issue Warning - Nature World News

On November 23, 1963, the morning after he swore the oath of office in an impromptu ceremony aboard Air Force One, President Lyndon B. Johnson called Bob Waldron to commiserate about the colossal burden that had just been placed upon his shoulders.

A native of Arp, Texas, a town of fewer than 1,000 inhabitants some 125 miles east of the city where Johnsons predecessor, John F. Kennedy, had just been assassinated, Waldron, 36, was an administrative assistant for Representative Homer Thornberry, Johnsons heir to the Tenth Congressional District seat in Texas. Waldron had moved to Washington in 1955. By 1959, though technically still in Thornberrys employ, he had essentially become a member of Johnsons Senate staff, one of several people whom allies and benefactors loaned to the thenSenate majority leader during his decades-long political rise. Johnson had initially recruited Waldron for his quick note-taking skills, but he soon became something much more significant: a combination of aide, travel companion, and personal confidant. Waldrons role gradually expanded to body man, that term for an all-purpose gofer so particular to Washingtonwhere some in positions of authority view menial tasks such as inserting contact lenses and picking their daily wardrobe as beneath their dignity. In time, Waldron became a fixture in Johnsons retinue outside the office, once attending dinner at the Johnson home, by his own estimate, 14 nights in a row.

But just as Waldron was about to fulfill a lifelong ambition to work for the president of the United States, forces beyond his control were preparing to ensure that he would be prevented from doing so. For nearly half a century, no graver sin existed in the black book of American politics than homosexuality. From World War II until the end of the Cold War, untold thousands of gay men and women were either purged from government service or denied employment altogether, solely because of their sexual orientation.

At the same time, some of the most important prerequisites for success in the nations capitalthe ability to work long hours on a low government salary, a willingness to travel at a moments notice, prioritizing career over familyare more easily attained by those without a family to support, a set of circumstances that made Washington an especially attractive place for gay people, gay men in particular. The city has long attracted the archetypical best little boy in the world, the author Andrew Tobiass term for a certain type of gay young man who diligently channels the adversity engendered by his secret into academic pursuits, so many of whom have made their way to Washington because of its peculiar appetite for the skills that secret bred.

James Kirchick: The struggle for gay rights is over

Bob Waldron was one such man. He was not a senior adviser to Johnson, and his name appears just once in Robert Caros magisterial, multivolume biography of the 36th president. And yet, for several years, he was for Johnson something very close to a substitute son. Had Waldron not been burdened with the same secret that thwarted the dreams of so many other young men and women in American politics, and that eventually spelled the ruin of his own, he might have achieved power and prominence in his own right. Waldrons experience, captured in now-declassified government records and told in full here for the first time, reveals just how much these gay Americans sacrificedand how even someone unwaveringly loyal to one of the countrys most skillful politicians was vulnerable to destruction.

By the fall of 1963, Johnson had decided to bring Waldron onto his executive-branch staff. As vice president, Johnson had a limited number of positions he could fill, fewer than when he was Senate majority leader. To work around this obstacle, he decided to place Waldron on the payroll of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, the body that President Dwight Eisenhower created in 1958 to coordinate government efforts on space exploration, and of which President Kennedy had appointed Johnson chairman at the outset of his administration. On October 31, Waldron filled out a formal job application.

As any gay man in American politics had to be, Waldron was protective of his secret. But he had not gone to extraordinary lengths to mask or suppress his personality traits (a certain fastidiousness, a slight effeminacy, an interest in the arts) stereotypically assigned to his sexual orientation. Youd have to be a blind person and deaf not to realize Bob was gay, one friend, Bill Wiley, told me. According to Johnsons older daughter, Lynda Bird, Waldron did not acknowledge his homosexuality while working for her father, nor did her father ever discuss the subject in her presence. Waldron never said, I am a homosexual, she told me. In those days, you would just never ask anybody about that.

To work at the space agency, Waldron was required to undergo a background check. For the next several weeks, Civil Service Commission (CSC) investigators interviewed his current and former neighbors, landlords, employers, co-workers, friends, and acquaintances, nearly all of whom provided glowing assessments. In the time I have known Bob, I have never seen or heard of a thing which would raise any questions in my mind concerning his character, habits, or moral conduct, reported a man who had rented Waldron a basement apartment.

Mixed in with these fulsome testimonials, however, were intimations of something aberrant. He is very much interested in antique collection and is very interested in beautiful antique objects, one former landlord observed. He struck me as being a rather odd, queer sort of fellow, remarked a schoolteacher who once lived down the street from Waldron. A former roommate in Austin considered him to be a funny bird in that he did not care anything about girls. Several of the people interviewed commented on the sophistication of Waldrons clothes (and, in particular, the tightness of his pants). Ultimately, of the more than 100 individuals whom the CSC interviewed for its investigation, about half commented on his effeminate characteristics and many suspected homosexual tendencies.

This circumstantial evidence would finally be confirmed when an investigator sat down to interview Wendal Lee Phillips, an assistant vice president of the Capital National Bank in Austin. Phillips told the CSC and, later, the FBI, that he had first met Waldron in late 1958, when Phillips popped into Homer Thornberrys Austin district office to drop off a letter inviting the representative to speak before the citys junior chamber of commerce. Waldron happened to be working there that week, and after making small talk, the two men became friendly. They kept in touch by mail and over the phone, and Waldron stayed at Phillipss house for two six-week periods in 1961 and 1962 while Congress was in recess.

One evening during the latter visit, Phillips recalled, he was sharing a double bed with Waldron when he crowded me a little more closely than usual and his hands stayed in such a manner as to arouse my suspicions. Yet nothing untoward happened, and so Phillips more or less dismissed it as an accident.

The following May, after completing Naval Reserve duty in Norfolk, Virginia, Phillips spent a week at Waldrons home in Washington. Waldrons friends impressed me as being strange, Phillips recalled, in that they liked cultural events, and seemed obsessed with re-decorating their houses; they were just not very masculine. As they had in Austin the previous year, Waldron and Phillips shared a double bed. The first two nights transpired without incident. But then Waldron made a pass. Phillips thought his friend might be dreaming; indeed, he hoped this was the case.

Bob, do you know what you are doing? he asked.

Yes, Waldron replied.

I had hoped you didnt.

Waldron instantly withdrew his hand. According to Phillips, Waldron grew despondent, and confessed that he had had this problem for as long as he could remember. It was something out of his control, a physical ailment, and an affliction that he had to live with. Waldron told Phillips that he had always been attracted more by men than by women and had no desire ever to marry. Although it was acceptable for a hairdresser to be homosexual, Waldron allowed, for a man in business or government work, it was a disgrace. He confessed that he was worried to death that the episode would not only ruin their friendship but threaten his career, and he promised Phillips he would never make another approach. Phillips seemed to take the matter in stride, as evidenced by his decision to stay at Waldrons home, and sleep in Waldrons bed, for the rest of the week.

Read: A glimpse into 1970s gay activism

In recounting these experiences to the government investigator, though, Phillips imbued them with a foreboding he had not seemed to feel when they occurred. Robert Waldron is a good friend of mine, but I believe that national security comes before personal friendship, he explained. I am an officer in the local military reserve and realize the importance of maintaining strong national security. Robert Waldron has demonstrated homosexual tendencies toward me. Still, regarding the question of whether Waldrons sexual deviance affected his suitability for employment, Phillips was more sympathetic. I believe that he is very much a loyal American citizen, and even though he has homosexual tendencies, I would still recommend him for a position involving national security on the basis of his past responsible government work and other personal characteristics.

As the CSC wound down its investigation in early December, Lyndon Johnson was barely a few weeks into his unexpected presidency. Waldron was, according to a friend, seldom out of Johnsons sight in this period. Two days after the Kennedy assassination, he was attending Sunday morning services at St. Marks Church with the new president and first lady when a Secret Service agent brought Johnson the shocking news that Lee Harvey Oswald had been shot in Dallas. Waldron traveled with Johnson in the presidential limousine to Kennedys burial at Arlington National Cemetery, and for the first two weeks of the new administration, he assisted Juanita Roberts, Johnsons principal secretary, in setting up shop at the White House. But while he was helping Johnson assume the responsibilities of leader of the free world, a group of men in a building a few blocks away were compiling a report that would throw his life into disarray.

In the course of conducting its background check, Space Council Executive Secretary Edward Welsh told the longtime Johnson aide Walter Jenkins, the CSC discovered that Waldron had participated in homosexual activities. Hiring Waldron to join the White House staff, therefore, was impossible. Jenkins told Welsh that he would relay this news to the president, and Waldrons job application was formally rejected in January 1964. Waldron was further banned from the White House grounds, a development that left him, in the words of a friend, very depressed.

Waldron did not share the results of his background check with many people, nor, apparently, did Johnson. Nobody ever said to me Bob cant work at the White House, because hes gay, Lynda Bird recalled. Waldron joined the faceless masses of men and women either dismissed from their job or denied one in the first place because of their sexual orientation. The Lavender Scare, the purge of gays and lesbians from the federal government that had begun in the early 1950s, was still grinding on well into the following decade; just a few months after Waldron was jettisoned from the White House, the State Department announced that it had fired 63 people as security risks the previous year, 45 of them on account of homosexuality.

Once a welcome presence in Washingtons most exclusive salons and at the apex of American political power, Waldron was now persona non grata. That May, in an envelope marked PersonalConfidential, Waldron mailed a letter to the man in whom he had entrusted his most intimate and consequential secret.

Dear Lee,

I had often heard the expression one doesnt need enemies with friends like yours. But I never knew the true meaning of that expression until last December. I am sure you well know what I mean, as you succeeded in planting the seed that would eventually completely destroy meprofessionally and financially; keep me from attaining the one goal for which I had so diligently worked; and cause me to lose my commission. Then to make it more complete, your efforts will prevent me from holding any Civil Service position of any significance or any position with any firm directly connected with the Federal government, to say nothing of the final effects on my family

Should you ever become faced with a similar problem in one of your children, I do hope you will have compassion and understanding and realize that it is quite a common problemand one that needs the love and understanding of those close to overcome it. Your betrayal, as in my case, will merely drive the child right into the final stages as he will have no other place to go

Please know that you have absolutely nothing to fear from me and I assure you that I will not contact you in the future. Should I ever again be contacted about you, you may rest assured that I can only give a good report.

Sincerely,

Bob Waldron

Ironically, the man responsible for carrying out Waldrons dismissal, Walter Jenkins, himself became the subject of a gay scandal when, three weeks before the 1964 election, he was arrested for soliciting another man for sex in the basement bathroom of the YMCA around the corner from the White House. Jenkins became a front-page news story and the butt of jokes on the campaign trail. (Either way with LBJ read the placards at rallies for Johnsons Republican opponent, Senator Barry Goldwater.) In the ensuing FBI investigation into Jenkins, Waldrons name resurfaced, threatening to tar the Johnson administration with another homosexual scandal. Johnson convinced FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to cover it up, and the tragedy of Bob Waldron remained largely a secret, until now.

Read: Pay no attention to the G-man behind the curtain

The tragic downfalls of the Johnson aides occurred against a backdrop of historic achievement for other minority groups also suffering the brunt of discrimination. Earlier that year, Johnson had employed the full force of his beingrhetorical, political, emotional, and physicalin passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a momentous piece of legislation outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, and national origin. Just a few months later, in connection with a Senate Internal Security Subcommittee investigation that called more than 100 witnesses and generated some 20,000 pages of testimony, a senior State Department official asserted that homosexuality is the most disturbing security problem the agency faced. An era of tremendous legal and moral progress for some American citizens remained a time of despair for gay and lesbian ones.

Rejected by his government, Waldron left town but would eventually return to Washington, becoming one of its premier interior decorators. He counted among his clients a diplomatic register full of ambassadors, the Organization of American States, the Johnsons after they left the White House, and numerous other prominent Washingtonians and storied institutionsa tribute to his ingenuity and perseverance, perhaps, but also a cautionary tale for any gay person with political ambition. In 1995, at age 68, Waldron died of AIDS, another agent of destruction against gay men.

In his anguished 1964 letter to Phillips, Waldron explained that, once identified, homosexuals were marked by our societywhich does not permit a return. Even at the height of the Cold War, it was safer to be a Communist than a homosexual. A Communist could break with the party. A homosexual was forever tainted.

Two weeks after the 1964 election, savoring his historic landslide victory, Johnson discussed Waldrons fate with Deke DeLoach, the deputy associate director of the FBI and the bureaus liaison to the White House. The Justice Department was deciding whether to prosecute Waldron for having answered no to the question Have you had or have you now homosexual tendencies? on his application to join the Air Force Reserve, a matter about which Johnson took no position. Although Johnson believed that his erstwhile aide, travel companion, body man, stenographer, and substitute son should be left alone, what happened to Bob Waldron was ultimately of no consequence to the president. For he was gone and forgotten, Johnson said. Nobody would pay any attention to him.

This article is excerpted from James Kirchicks forthcoming book, Secret City: The Hidden History of Gay Washington.

When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic.

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Being Gay Was the Gravest Sin in Washington - The Atlantic

Anuj Bhatia

For the Fall 2017 collection, fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld took his audience to space with a 35-meter tall rocket that launched during the shows finale at the Grand Palais. While reviewing the ZenBook 14X OLED Space Edition, I had a similar feeling of being sucked into the vision of creating a world that explored the idea of space travel, with Elton Johns Rocket Man playing in the background. I used the ZenBook 14X OLED Space Edition for a few days, and heres what I think about this collectors item.

Design and aesthetics

From its design to packaging, everything is inspired by the Asus P6300 laptops trip to space for use on the Mir space station in 1997. The ZenBook 14x OLED Space Edition is a true icon of laptop design and, thanks to its exceptional aesthetic and build quality, it has become even more special. Its a very cool looking laptopfuturistic and classic at the same time. The notebook feels exceptionally well-built. It has a full aluminum body that feels sturdy, with no flex in the screen or the keyboard deck.

The ZenBook 14X Space Edition is a travel-friendly machine. The device is compact and smaller than I thought, weighing just 1.31kg. On the laptops right side is an HDMI port and two Thunderbolt 4 ports, and on the left is a USB 3.2 Gen 2 (Type-A) port and a 3.5mm headphone jack. Theres a 720p webcam as well, which is very average in nature. Its grainy and not great. The laptops Harman Kardon speakers, on the other hand, are excellent.

Display and keyboard

The notebook has a 14-inch OLED touch screen (2880x 1800 resolution) that displays sharp images and text. The screen is both bright and offers excellent levels of contrast with much deeper blacks than any other laptop display Ive seen. The laptop also supports a 90Hz refresh rate, meaning the display is ideal for viewing fast-moving movies or gaming.

The keyboard on this notebook is solid. The Touchpad is smooth and responsive, though sometimes it feels a bit off.Performance and battery

This is a high-performance laptop, although not designed for gaming. The notebook is powerful enough for light productivity tasks, like word formatting or checking emails. It can even handle demanding tasks, like rendering videos. The battery is a mixed bag. You can get through a 6-hour workday on a full charge if you are only doing light productivity tasks, but itll be slightly shorter if you play a lot of videos and edit photos.

Should you buy or skip it?

Starting at Rs 1,14,990, the ZenBook 14X OLED Space Edition is best described in two words: timeless and classic. It has a captivating element that attracts enthusiasts and purists alike. And its price says it all.

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ASUS ZENBOOK 14X OLED Space Edition: Its one of the coolest laptops - The Financial Express

Middle and high school students in the region will have the opportunity for unique experiences, to explore their passions, and to make new friends this summer when the University of West Georgia hosts summer camps for sixth- through twelfth-graders. The weeklong camps will begin June 6 and run through July 22.

All camps include expert instruction led by UWG faculty and staff, rich materials and delicious lunches on the Carrollton campus.

Camps attendees will develop life skills and explore hands-on activities related to science, arts and culture, and computing and entrepreneurship. Camp topics include Mad Scientist, Filmmaking, Geology Rocks, CSI Forensics, Music West Instrumental, Play West Acting, Game Design, Esports, Art West Drawing and more!

Pre- and post-camp opportunities will also be available. Campers will be able to scale our rock wall, practice team building and participate in other activities around our beautiful Campus Center.

UWG will also host its popular Wolves Exploration Camp for rising kindergarteners through second-graders at the Early Learning Center. Campers will explore space, travel in time to visit dinosaurs and engage in creative art experiences.

In the Archaeology Camp, students will learn what archaeology is and why its important and how they can experience archaeology right here in their community and backyards. All of this will be exciting and through fun, hands-on activities. Theyll even learn how to 3-D scan and print artifacts! Theyll dig like a pro and excavate in the UWG simulated archaeological site!

Summer 2022 also includes Esports Camps led by UWGs Esports coach Joseph Lee. Camps give students an insightful experience into the world of Esports. Students will learn about Esports culture and its industry, and explore how their love of games can become careers beyond team play and how to succeed in promotion and event management.

The Play West Summer Camp in Acting at UWG will give students the experience of working together as a group, said Shelly Elman, department chair of English, Film, Languages and Performing Arts and professor of Theatre. Students will learn to improvise and think on their feet, allowing them to gain confidence in their abilities to not only problem solve, but also to collaborate and present to a group of people.

Camp Options

Science

Mad Scientist: Work with real scientists in laboratory sessions to have fun and see how science makes all our lives better.

Geology Rocks! Level 1: Dig into the past and see how much there is to learn from the beauty and diversity of our planet.

CSI Forensic Science Level 1: Use investigative skills and evidence to solve puzzling cases and explore exciting careers. For 6th through 8th graders.

Archaeology: Join experts to explore past cultures and see how archaeology preserves and learns from the past.

Arts & Culture

Filmmaking Experimental Editing: Explore filmmaking and storytelling, using the latest technology, special effects, and production.

Photography: Develop your aesthetic side, learn the ins and outs of image making, and create dynamic photos.

Filmmaking Social Media Content Creation: Explore filmmaking and storytelling, using the latest technology, special effects, and production.

Music West Instrumental: Take your musical aspirations to new heights and hone new skills with the help of talented instructors.

Play West Acting: Your world is our stage! Learn acting games and techniques for stage and screen.

Art West Drawing: Master traditional and experimental drawing techniques alongside art experts.

Computing & Entrepreneurship

Shark Tank Entrepreneurship: Have a great idea? Want to learn how to turn it into a startup business? Learn the business and financial path to success.

Leadership and Personal Brand: Your online presence and creative content shows your personality and skills to the world. Learn how to best position yourself and build your brand online.

Learn to Program with Python and Raspberry Pi: Learn how to program and create with python. Python is one of the fastest-growing programming languages in the world. Even YouTube is powered by Python! We will begin with creating a video game in python and then will use python to design and create a self-driving car using a Raspberry Pi robot.

Game Design and Development: Build your own captivating games, explore the gaming industry, and build high-demand computing skills.

Esports Competitive Play and Management Level 1: Network, play, and learn about the exciting world of Esports. Compete in daily tournaments to develop skills, meet new friends, and explore careers in Esports, games, and marketing.

Visit http://www.westga.edu/summer-camps or call 678-839-6614 to sign up today!

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Fun in the sun: UWG hosting community summer camps, Sign Up Today! - The City Menus

Now, to mark the 75th anniversary of Indias independence, the Indian Space & Research Organisation (ISRO) is going to launch 75 student satellites.The programme is named as 75 Students Satellites Consortium: Mission 2022.Under this programme, the students will build these 75 student satellites and will be launched with ISRO rockets in phases between August 15, 2022, and 2023. The project has been initiated under the Indian Technology Congress Association (ITCA).The objective is to bring together Universities, engineering colleges and schools that would design, build, integrate and test their student-built satellites. In 2021, Indian scientists had built three satellites called UNITYSat, which was launched as the co-passenger of ISROs PSLV C51 on the Amazonia mission. The students had learnt significant lessons in UNITYSat and were now implementing them to build 75 satellites. Once the PSLV rocket places them in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), each satellite will remain in earth orbit for a year and will provide data to the ground stations. Meanwhile, the students would learn to operate the satellite from ground stations and track the data. Each of the 75 satellites has an individual mission: capture images, gather data and collect information. These satellites have been designed to promote the Internet of Things (IoT) in space.India is already a well-established space power. The expansion and qualitative developments in technology or research programmes require spread of activities and a healthy competition among academic research organisations. In fact, academia and industry are the two strong pillars of ISRO. This academia element can address cutting-edge R&D capability/capacity in space, science missions and knowledge as users and research, industrial research and space education for R&D issues.Prime Minister Narendra Modi has unleashed a set of massive reforms in the space sector. This far-reaching Space Reforms initiative, promulgated by the Government of India in MayJune 2020, gave a major fillip to private sector space industry, including the start-ups.Major objectives under the reforms include:

1. Level playing field for private companies in satellites, launches, and space.2. A clear policy and regulatory environment to private players.3. Access to ISRO facilities and other relevant assets for use by the private sector to improve their capacities.4. Future projects for planetary exploration, outer space travel, etc., to open for private sector; and5. Liberalising geospatial data policy for providing remote-sensing data to tech-entrepreneurs.

This is not all. Some of the key reforms in the regulatory and policy aspect in the recent past include:

1. NewSpace India Initiative Commercial arm of ISRO aimed at production and marketing of space-based services, including launch services and space-based applications like transponder leasing, remote sensing, and mission support services. NewSpace India enables better collaboration with start-ups and private sector players.2. Spacecom Policy 2020 allows for space companies to leverage the FDI norms to encourage foreign investments in Indias private space sector.3. IN SPACe is a nodal agency that acts as a promoter and regulator of all space-related activities. Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) was created on June 24, 2020, with the objectives of hand-holding, promoting, and guiding the private industries in space activities.4. Budget 2021Rs. 14,000 Crore has been allocated under the Make in India initiative for the promotion and development of the space industry in India.That is how India, with its massive talent pool, is fast becoming home to several start ups in the space technology sector. In just two years since the space sector was opened up, over 55 start-ups have registered with the ISRO. Out of the 55 proposals, 29 pertain to satellites, 10 to space applications and products, eight to launch vehicles, and eight to ground systems and research. Nine proposals of start-ups are expected to be completed by 2022-23. Various scientific applications are being worked out since the initiative was launched for sectors such as agriculture, food, education, skills, railways, roads, water power, electricity and coal.Back to 75 Students Satellites Consortium: Mission 2022. Each educational institution involved in the project will be spending about Rs.80 lakh to Rs.2 Crores on satellite and ground station networks. All the educational institutions part of the project will have access to all the satellites in the constellation.Indian Technology Congress Association has collaborated with various organisations such as TMISAT of Israel, CSPD Serbia and UNISEC of Japan to design and launch the student-built satellites. The mission has expanded with over 50 countries contributing to building strong capabilities in academic institutions for the design and development of student-built SmallSats.As far as ISRO is concerned, three big missions are in the pipeline for this year. These include the Chandryaan-3 mission to the Moon, the Aditya L-1 mission that will study the Sun, and the most ambitious uncrewed launch of the Gaganyaan mission.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi had referred to India's 75 students' satellites mission during his address to the global leaders at the 76th United...