Monthly Archives: March 2022

By The Associated Press

Todays Highlight in History:

On March 18, 1940, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass, where the Italian dictator agreed to join Germanys war against France and Britain.

On this date:

In 1766, Britain repealed the Stamp Act of 1765.

In 1922, Mohandas K. Gandhi was sentenced in India to six years imprisonment for civil disobedience. (He was released after serving two years.)

In 1925, the Tri-State Tornado struck southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, resulting in some 700 deaths.

In 1937, in Americas worst school disaster, nearly 300 people, most of them children, were killed in a natural gas explosion at the New London Consolidated School in Rusk County, Texas.

In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order authorizing the War Relocation Authority, which was put in charge of interning Japanese-Americans, with Milton S. Eisenhower (the younger brother of Dwight D. Eisenhower) as its director.

In 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Gideon v. Wainwright, ruled unanimously that state courts were required to provide legal counsel to criminal defendants who could not afford to hire an attorney on their own.

In 1965, the first spacewalk took place as Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov went outside his Voskhod 2 capsule, secured by a tether.

In 1974, most of the Arab oil-producing nations ended their 5-month-old embargo against the United States that had been sparked by American support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

In 2002, Brittanie Cecil died two days short of her 14th birthday after being hit in the head by a puck at a game between the host Columbus Blue Jackets and Calgary Flames; it was apparently the first such fan fatality in NHL history.

In 2016, police in Brussels captured Europes most wanted fugitive, Salah Abdeslam, who was the prime suspect in the deadly 2015 Paris attacks.

In 2018, Vladimir Putin rolled to a crushing reelection victory for six more years as Russias president.

In 2020, the U.S. and Canada agreed to temporarily close their shared border to nonessential travel.

Ten years ago: Mitt Romney scored an overwhelming win in Puerto Ricos Republican presidential primary, trouncing chief rival Rick Santorum.

Five years ago: Chuck Berry, rock n rolls founding guitar hero and storyteller who defined the musics joy and rebellion in such classics as Johnny B. Goode, Sweet Little Sixteen and Roll Over Beethoven, died at his home west of St. Louis at age 90.

One year ago: The European Unions drug regulatory agency said that the AstraZeneca vaccine was not linked to an overall increase in the risk of blood clots and that the benefits of use outweighed the risks, paving the way for European countries to resume administering the shots. The Senate confirmed veteran diplomat William Burns as director of the CIA and California Attorney General Xavier Becerra as President Joe Bidens health secretary. The NBA said it was easing some of its health and safety protocols for individuals who were fully vaccinated.

Todays Birthdays: Composer John Kander is 95. Actor Brad Dourif is 72. Jazz musician Bill Frisell is 71. Singer Irene Cara is 63.

Alt-country musician Karen Grotberg (The Jayhawks) is 63. Movie writer-director Luc Besson is 63. Actor Geoffrey Owens is 61. Actor Thomas Ian Griffith is 60. Singer-songwriter James McMurtry is 60. TV personality Mike Rowe is 60. Singer-actor Vanessa L. Williams is 59. Olympic gold medal speedskater Bonnie Blair is 58. Actor David Cubitt is 57. Rock musician Jerry Cantrell (Alice in Chains) is 56. Rock singer-musician Miki Berenyi (ber-EN-ee) is 55. Actor Michael Bergin is 53. Rapper-actor-talk show host Queen Latifah is 52. Former White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus (ryns PREE-bus) is 50. Actor-comedian Dane Cook is 50. Country singer Philip Sweet (Little Big Town) is 48. Rock musician Stuart Zender is 48. Singers Evan and Jaron Lowenstein are 48. Actor-singer-dancer Sutton Foster is 47. Rock singer Adam Levine (Maroon 5) is 43. Rock musician Daren Taylor (Airborne Toxic Event) is 42. Olympic gold medal figure skater Alexei Yagudin is 42. Actor Adam Pally is 40. Actor Cornelius Smith Jr. is 40. Actor Duane Henry (TV: NCIS) is 37. Actor Lily Collins is 33. Actor-dancer Julia Goldani Telles is 27. Actor Ciara Bravo is 25. Actor Blake Garrett Rosenthal is 18.

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Today in History: Today is Friday, March 18, the 77th day of 2022. - wausaupilotandreview.com

In HR Dive's Mailbag series, we answer HR professionals' questions about all things work. Have a question? Send it to [emailprotected].

Q: A candidate divulged their salary history during an interview. What do we do now?

The answer to this question is the short but frustrating answer to many questions: It depends. Thankfully, the answer depends on only one factor, and that's location.

When job seekers utter their current or previous earnings, that information serves as a cue for recruiters, hiring managers and HR to remember the state and local laws of their jurisdiction, according to Fisher Phillips Partner Kathleen Caminiti.

"It really comes down to knowing the law in their location, and making sure that other important players in the hiring process are aware of the limitations or requirements," she told HR Dive.

The location-dependent answer to the question of volunteered salary history information illuminates the dynamic landscape of pay history. The growing spate of bans is causing a shift in workplace culture. Soon, Caminiti predicted, it will be an expected practice not to discuss salary history during the application process.

"Are you married? Do you have children? What's your date of birth? No one asks those questions anymore, but they did maybe 20 years ago," she remarked. "This is the next wave."

Legislation banning employers from asking candidates about their salary history information exists in more than 20 states now. The laws generally intend to help candidates who have been historically underpaid women and people of color, Caminiti said. "The theory is you start low and you stay low," she said. Basing a candidate's compensation on their previous pay level can perpetuate pay disparities, pay discrimination and pay stereotypes.

New York was the first state to put a salary history ban into effect when its state-wide prohibition took effect Jan. 9, 2017. Nevada was the most recent state to join the salary history ban brethren, with its statewide ban going into effect October of last year.

With nearly half of all U.S. states employing some kind of salary history ban, it's important for employers and HR pros to take note of the state they're operating in and the law that applies, Caminiti said. When a candidate volunteers their pay history, "they may not need to do anything because the state they're working in is not regulated," she said.

But there's a good chance they'll need to do something, based on the growing prevalence of statewide bans. There's also local legislation to consider: "New York City and Atlanta have very specific and limiting requirements," Caminiti said. "It really is important to know what you can do."

To complicate matters, many employees now work remotely.

HR's response to a candidate's volunteered information will depend on both the candidate's location and the employer's location. "If somebody is working in Wisconsin, which has banned the concept of a salary history ban, that's fine," Caminiti remarked. "But if they're in Colorado, that's a whole new game."

Caminiti noted that there's no surefire approach to the intersection of remote work and pay equity laws.

"The conservative approach is to consider the law of both locations the employer's location and the employee's location," she said. "In practicality, the state and local laws may impact whether the laws of the remote location apply."

In comparing state and local legislation banning employers from considering salary history information, a continuum emerges.

Caminiti classified the most restrictive laws in what she dubbed the "can't ask, can't use" category. California's ban belongs in this group. Employers in the Golden State cannot use a candidate's salary history information to set compensation, even if that information is volunteered. And if a candidate asks for a pay scale, the employer is obligated to disclose one. Similar requirements apply to employers in Cincinnati, Caminiti remarked. "That goes to show you that the laws really are very specific locally."

Next on the continuum are slightly less stringent laws. In this category, employers can't screen employees based on their previous pay rates, but they can confirm salary history information if a candidate offers it. New Jersey's law belongs to this group.

One step further down the continuum are laws that allow employers to consider salary expectations if they are volunteered. Illinois employers are subject to such requirements. Employers can take voluntarily disclosed salary expectations into account when making a salary offer, Caminiti said.

The last stop on the continuum is in the Midwest, where Michigan and Wisconsin have totally departed from the nationwide trend and banned the very concept of the salary history ban.

Considering her continuum, Caminiti has one "big takeaway" for anyone with a candidate sharing their pay history: "You've really got to know what your location is to figure out what you're doing."

HR can prepare for the chatty candidate who brings up their past pay. Interview guidelines that spell out the dos and don'ts are a good idea, Caminiti said. But she made one caveat: "It's important that they're correct the last thing you want is an outdated set of guidelines where the law has changed. You can see that the pay equity laws are evolving quickly. If they are going to develop a guideline, they want to make sure they stay current with the law."

Interview guidelines are important because the application process often involves people who aren't familiar with HR protocol. Good guidelines will help familiarize hiring managers with the nuances of the laws at play, Caminiti said. "Then they won't be asking questions that are prohibited," she said. "If you train individuals regarding what's permitted and what's not permitted, it puts you in a position where it's easier to comply."

California employers can remind recruiters and interviewers that they can't consider salary history information, even if divulged. If a candidate says she's making $80,000 and needs to make $85,000 to consider a job change, the employer needs to offer $90,000 if that's what it planned to offer in the first place.

This move may go against best business practices. "It's counter to a cost-savings approach that many businesses have," Caminiti said. "But they just can't consider it."

Employers may want to document when a candidate reveals pay history information. But, again, this decision depends on the applicable law. Employers in states that allow HR to consider voluntarily disclosed information must have a documentation process, Caminiti said. Documentation would record that a candidate shared the pay history. In states where employers can consider expectations, employers must ensure documentation discusses only expectations, even if a candidate discussed pay history.

As employers consider interview guidelines, they can also review HR documents, starting with applications, job postings and employee handbooks. "Older applications have a spot for current salary or desired salary," Caminiti said. "You want to make sure you have your applications and that they don't have anything that's inappropriate."

Employers may have quite a bit of reviewing and tweaking to do, but it's par for the course in HR, Caminiti said. "It wasn't that long ago that employers really felt that salary information was confidential and that it was inappropriate to be discussing compensation at work," she said. "And now you've got Glassdoor. It's a big sea change in a short amount of time."

Link:

Mailbag: A candidate spilled their pay history. What's HR's next move? - HR Dive

The History of Kitchens: From the Great Banquets to the Built-in Furniture

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The discovery of fire was one of the great events that changed the social organization of human agglomerations, which gradually passed from nomadic to sedentary lifestyle. Fire, which in that context served to keep people warm and protect the group, was also being explored as a source for cooking food, which not only changed human eating habits, but also made it possible to conserve food, changing the social organization of communities. The preparation and meals were collective acts, which brought people together to feed, warm up and protect themselves. It is from this habit that we inherited the practice of large banquets and the appreciation of food and meal times. Food preparation, on the other hand, was gradually marginalized.

While the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks and Romans shared the habit of holding large banquets, the preparation gained less and less prestige, losing its collective social dimension until it was physically segregated in a specific room: the kitchen.

+ 8

The first record of a space for handling and preparing food is from Ancient Egypt, a society that not only invented beer, but had the habit of making bread and cakes on wood stoves inside homes. In Ancient Greece, the swelling of the aristocratic strata led to meals becoming a great social experience, treated almost as art. They were prepared in kitchens that were attached to the houses, in patios that were often uncovered. In the richest homes, the kitchen was indoors, so that the heat from the stove also warmed the environment, while there was a small room next to the kitchen where food was stored. Already during the Roman Empire the banquets became more and more luxurious and bountiful for the richest. The Roman population, in general, did not have kitchens in their homes they used collective kitchens that were located in the center of the cities to prepare meals.

In general, in antiquity, although meals were always celebrated as great events of abundance, the preparation spaces were defined based on the management of fire and smoke. For a long time there was no efficient exhaust technology to deal with this problem, therefore, the preparation spaces were segregated from the banquets, being in charge of servants or enslaved people. From the ideological domain of the Catholic Church and the dissemination of the doctrine of capital sins, gluttony, as well as the social interaction that came from the great banquets, became an object of censorship by the clerical authorities, making the habit of using collective kitchens and having large meals abandoned, little by little.

Unlike bathrooms, which at that time became non-existent for most of the population, cooking spaces were adapted into people's homes. Basically composed of a stove on the floor and a hanging bucket that were positioned in the center of the room, it was right there where the animals were slaughtered, prepared, and also where other supplies were stored. At a time when hygiene was also censored by Catholic morality, houses became dirty places and spread pests, which was aggravated by the lack of sewage networks. The unhealthy situation only pushed people further away from cooking activities, cooperating to segregate the place and its workers from the rest of social life.

Throughout the 19th century, great inventions changed the way kitchens are organized; with the advent of the chimney, this space became independent. Later, the iron stove, the possibility of piped gas, and the first refrigerators circumstantially changed the spatial configurations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the kitchen, understood as a workspace, started to be seen from the perspective of production lines and became the object of experiments that sought to optimize its processes.

At the beginning of the 20th century, women, linked to work in the kitchen since the medieval age, began to study the optimization of these spaces. In the United States, Christine Fredericks Mary Pattison carried out a study of circulation in the kitchen in 1922 and examined the movement based on the arrangement of furniture, concluding that the layout was fundamental for optimizing time. In 1926, in Germany, the architect Margarete Schtte Lihotzky developed the concept of the Frankfurt Kitchen inspired by the kitchens of German warships.

There, the built-in kitchen and the organization that seems most familiar to us today appeared. With the advent of the electrical network, kitchens were being equipped with objects and appliances that sought to save time and facilitate everyday life. In the following decades, structuring social changes impacted the way the kitchen is integrated into domestic life; it took up less space and was definitely brought into the house. It could still be run by cooks and maids, but it had become a domestic space, including design and decoration elements. During the Cold War, in the United States, kitchen appliances for the middle class were great symbols of the American Way of Life.

The last major change we are witnessing in kitchens is a revival of food processes as a social and collective activity. In the 21st century, the compact kitchen was integrated into social spaces from what people know today as open floor plan. It is important to point out, however, that most of the changes that have taken place in 19th century kitchens until today have focused on a specific social group, the upper middle class. Even today, we see unhealthy kitchens, without structure and sanitation and, mainly, entire groups that are in a situation of food insecurity. If, on the one hand, we seek to rescue the social and cultural function of food and meal preparation, on the other hand, the kitchen has become even more a luxurious space, far from the reality of many.

SMIA, Carolina Olsson Folino, 2008. Cozinha funcional: Anlise do Espao e do Usurio Idoso. Access here.VILELA, Juliana de Almeira, 2018. Do fogo aos banquetes medievais - Uma pequena fatia da histria das cozinhas profissionais. Access here.

Continued here:

The History of Kitchens: From the Great Banquets to the Built-in Furniture - ArchDaily

Its a story of hard work and determination, often at the hands of new immigrants who took jobs, others would not.

WINDSOR LOCKS, Conn. Its a classic New England town, built along the water and beautiful from a birds eye view.

The story of Windsor Locks is the story of America, said Chris Kervick with the Irish Canal Laborer Celebration Committee.

Its a story of hard work and determination, often at the hands of new immigrants who took jobs, others would not.

Between 1827 and 1829, 400 Irish immigrant laborers came here to Windsor Locks to build the canal that bypasses the Enfield Rapids right here on the river, said Kervick.

The 4.5-mile canal was key to transporting essentials before cargo planes and Amazon trucks it also powered industry along the Connecticut River.

Their work here was significant because it led to the establishment of the section Windsor which became part of Windsor Locks, the mills that popped up here on the river and the waves of immigrants that came to (the) United States to work in those mills that were all possible by the water power that came from the canal, said Kervick.

Building the canal was no easy task. Kervick is part of an effort to honor the laborers and estimates some 50 people died here during construction.

It was brutal they worked dawn to dusk often working wet conditions, using really nothing more than shovels pics wheelbarrows, he said.

Teaming up with Hartfords Ancient Order of Hibernians those sacrifices are now being honored.

So few people know about this yet its so important, said Hibernians member, Michael Enright.

The group is focused on charity and service. It raised more than 6-thousand dollars to build a memorial to these lives lost. It will sit overlooking the canal and what is thought to be the site of their unmarked graves.

I think during the time of the pandemic it was actually kind of appropriate to reflect back to a time when people were hand digging canals and lives were lost and it became important is because obviously they were from Ireland and were an Irish group, said Enright.

Today the area is home to businesses, apartments and a revitalized Main Street, something those leading the effort to say thank you say would not have been possible without those who made this canal a reality.

I want the laborers to know is that we remember them and then at least one day a year were going to take the time to remember the work that they did hardships they suffered and the legacy that they left for the town of Windsor Locks, said Kervick.

The memorial dedication at the canal is taking place on Sunday, March 20 at 1 p.m. The canal park is open to the public.

Keith McGilvery is an anchor and reporter at FOX61 News. He can be reached at kmcgilvery@fox61.com. Follow him onFacebook,TwitterandInstagram.

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Irish history is part of the bedrock of Windsor Locks - FOX61 Hartford

Sure, everybody knows nowadays to Say WA, but the convoluted history of abbreviations for the Evergreen State demands a full accounting. Or at least an abbreviated one.

The name of our state Washington has a lot of letters (10, if Im counting correctly). So its not surprising that people have been abbreviating Washington for a long time on documents, envelopes, and signs.

Other than in old newspapers, one of the coolest examples of an early abbreviation for whats now Washington is visible along the foundation and near the cornerstone of a building in Port Townsend constructed on Water Street in the mid 1880s.

On a cast iron plate, down at sidewalk level, the plate reads: Washington Iron Works, Seattle, W.T.

The W.T. stands for pre-statehood Washington Territory, and the choice of those two letters couldnt be any simpler or clearer.

But once statehood came in 1889, that W.T. went away, and the Washington abbreviation wars devolved into two different camps. OK, that might be a bit of an exaggeration.

One of the two, somewhat surprisingly, was Wn. upper case W, small n, followed by a period the n making sense since its the last letter in Washington. For whatever reason, Wn. (or just Wn or WN) really stuck around. Searching online archives easily turns up examples of Wn.(and its variations) still being used in newspaper ads as recently as the early 1980s.

The other post-territorial abbreviation was Wash. capital W, everything else lower case, followed by a period. Like the similar use of Boston, Mass., this four-letter abbreviation is the easiest to use when speaking you can say Seattle, Wash. out loud and save two syllables (and, its not clear at all how to pronounce Wn. and not clear if anyone ever even tried in polite conversation).

As it turns out, Wash. is also the recommended abbreviation in the AP Style Manual (and the old UPI Style Manual) that many print and web journalists use, so you still see Wash. in print and online.

The real upstart abbreviation around here is WA. For this, the credit or the blame goes to the Post Office.

The Post Office began officially recognizing specific state abbreviations back in the late 19th century, but there wasnt much in the way of enforcement or even encouragement. Mail was sorted by hand, by people reading the address and deciphering what the addressor had written full state name or custom abbreviation, it didnt matter too much.

Fast-forward to 60 years ago, and the growing population and growing volumes of mail led to introduction of the ZIP CODE ZIP short for Zone Improvement Plan as part of increased automation of mail sorting. Numbered codes were first used for zones such as Seattle 4, Washington in urban areas during World War II, to make non-machine mail sorting (by humans) easier and more standardized in a time of labor shortages and substitute letter carriers taking over for those whod left to join the military.

Along with introduction of the ZIP CODE, on July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department (precursor to the U.S. Postal Service) issued a new list of official abbreviations for every state. This was meant to help save space on the last line of every address, as some mechanical addressing machines only had 23 spaces, and often needed that room for city name and for the new state abbreviations and ZIP CODE.

That first list wasnt very consistent. Some state abbreviations had two letters such as NJ for New Jersey. Some had three letters such as NEB for Nebraska. And some had four, including MASS for Massachusetts and, you guessed it, WASH for Washington.

And so that first list didnt last long. By October 1963, the Post Office Department regrouped, and put out a new, more consistent list with only two letters for every state. A WA was born!

But the Post Office didnt really start asking people to use those abbreviations until 1969, when wider adoption of automatic mail sorting machines was transforming how individual pieces of mail were routed to their final destinations.

That time around the end of the 1960s generates some confusion that, like a misaddressed letter, is not easily sorted out. From newspaper archives and old documents, its clear that many individuals and businesses kept using Wash and WN. One 1968 article in the Seattle Times even states that the National Zip Code Directory from the Post Office Department lists WN as the official abbreviation. A spokesperson from the U.S. Postal Service responded to KIRO Newsradios inquiry and refuted this 54-year-old article: WN was not an official postal abbreviation for Washington, the official wrote in an email.

Like so much about the 1960s free love, Woodstock, protests, etc. it seems like it was anything goes when it came to how people abbreviated Washington, and Wash, Wash., Wn., WN or WA were all in use. The officially sanctioned WA didnt really become ubiquitous until sometime in the early 1980s.

One more non-postal wrinkle in all of this is in the annual registration of pleasure boats.

That registration process was originally managed by the U.S. Coast Guard. Their abbreviation for Washington was WN, which a columnist for the Spokesman-Review once wrote made him think of beer, brats, and Wisconsin whenever he looked at the letters and the numbers on the bow of every Evergreen State powerboat.

According to spokesperson Christine Anthony, when the Washington State Department of Licensing took over the process from the Coast Guard in the early 1980s, they just left the abbreviation as is which is why you still see the bows of ski boats and fishing boats with the letters WN in their registration number.

WN was the U.S. Coast Guard designation for Washington, Anthony said. At one time, the boats had to be registered through the Coast Guard, and when the program transferred to DOL the WN configuration was in place, so we just kept it.

Anthony told KIRO Newsradio that this difference between how Washington is abbreviated on boats and postal correspondence has never created a problem. In fact, Anthony says, no one has ever asked about WN versus WA in the 17 years shes been on the job until KIRO Newsradio reached out this week.

One more twist when Washington license plates underwent a redesign in 1963 (coincidentally, the same year the ZIP CODE was introduced), it ruffled the feathers of some purists when, to make room for newly anticipated month tabs and to save manufacturing costs, the state went with WASH rather than the full name. Some special plates for public agencies even went a step further, reducing the name of the Great State of Washington to WN. Everyone survived the crisis, thankfully, and the month tabs and staggered registration, rather than everyone renewing their tabs on Jan. 1 were delayed for many years.

As with so many aspects of Evergreen State history, when it comes to abbreviations, its clearly best to just write and just say WA. Or, we could always switch back to calling our state Columbia and abbreviate it CA, CO, CL or CM.

You can hear Feliks every Wednesday and Friday morning on Seattles Morning News, read more from himhere, and subscribe to The Resident Historian Podcasthere. If you have a story idea or a question about Northwest history, please email Felikshere.

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All Over The Map: An abbreviated history of abbreviations for Washington - MyNorthwest

Brian Charltons talk at the Rostraver Township Historical Society uses a small picture to look at a much larger one.

[I] talk on the lives of the residents in the Mon Valley during the Civil War to tell the story of that much broader subject, Charlton said. I like to call it history from the bottom up.

In his talk hosted by Rostraver Township Historical Society March 8, he discussed Mon Valley residents such as Charles Fell Anderson and Samuel Harvey and covered other Civil War-era residents in the area from Mon City to Beallsville.

[I] discuss how Anderson and Harvey both came to join the Ringgold Calvary, in stories more circuitous than most, he said.

The Ringgold Calvary itself got a good deal of attention in the talk. Named for Major Samuel Ringgold, a hero of the Mexican War killed at the battle of Palo Alto, the calvary formed in 1847 at the onset of the Mexican War. It continued through 1865 when the Civil War ended.

Probably the only people from the Mexican War more famous than Ringgold were Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie and General Winfield Scott, Charlton said. There are over two dozen towns, counties and school districts across the U.S. named after Ringgold.

The speaker also mentioned two songs written about Ringgold and traditionally plans to sing a section of one of them, The Death of Major Ringgold.

One of the soldiers to join the calvary, Adam Wickersham, owned property in the Monongahela area on which Eldora Park was eventually built. Wickersham was the only one to serve during the entire existence of the calvary. He mustered with Company A at the National Hotel in Beallsville in June 1861, then marched on to Grafton, Virginia, now West Virginia.

He is one of the soldiers most written about, Charlton said. Wickersham joined the calvary at the age of 16, never swore nor drank and was considered one of the toughest in Company A.

Charlton uses newspaper accounts, biographies and memoirs to research his talk, like that of Joseph Abell, who lived in Charleroi and suffered from a wound that never healed and PTSD. Sadly, he ended up taking his own life.

Another soldier, William Harvey Crago, became a bugler in the Ringgold Calvary and, after the war, returned to the Carmichaels area to become a farmer. According to Charlton, he eventually went blind but still managed to keep bees and manage the family farm.

Charlton, a now-retired social science and history teacher for the Belle Vernon School District, is also a member of the Donora Historical Society. The Society has such great archives that Im now able to talk on 18 different subjects everything from Stan Musial and Cement City to the 1948 Killer Smog Disaster and the African-American and religious experiences in the area.

His March 8 talk was the fourth time Charlton has addressed members of the Rostraver Township Historical Society, the last being an October talk on the 1948 Smog Disaster.

Several years ago, he spoke on the circuit of the Carnegie Library System when he talked at each branch library. Hes also presented at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of Pittsburgh.

As to the Rostraver Township Historical Society, it was founded in 1995 and has a current membership of around 300 members. Annual dues are $20, with family memberships offered at $25 and lifetime memberships at $300.

Meetings are held the second Thursday of the month, usually with a speaker included, except in December when a special presentation on the anniversary of the Darr Mine Disaster takes place.

The Darr Mine Disaster [of Dec. 19, 1907] is the largest mine disaster in the state of Pennsylvania, where 239 miners died, said John Hepple, president.

For more information on the society, contact 724-396-4599.

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Civil war talk focuses on history from the bottom up - Observer-Reporter

As published in the Chicago Daily News, sister publication of the Chicago Sun-Times:

The best journalism of the civil rights era sparked action. Photos of Emmett Tills beaten body in 1955 inspired Rosa Parks to remain in her bus seat months after the image ran in Jet magazine.

It also stopped white readers from tuning out and turning away. Tills graphic photos and the video of police beating Selma peaceful protesters in 1965 stopped white audiences from explaining away racist brutality as isolated incidents or worst-case scenarios in the Jim Crow South.

In the summer of 1964, the Chicago Daily News embarked on a mission to show city readers what racism looked like in Mississippi. It sent reporter Nicholas von Hoffman to the state for six weeks to capture an accurate portrait of a state and its people, white and black, who are playing a major role in the greatest domestic crisis now facing the nation, the paper described in an advertisement for the series on Aug. 1, 1964, the day that Part I dropped.

Von Hoffmans crisscrossing eventually landed him at the home of civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer in Ruleville on the west side of the state on the Mississippi Delta. Hamer, who died March 14, 1977, sat on her front porch for the interview near a big pecan tree that she loves in the front yard, he later described in Part II, which debuted on Sept. 25, 1964. She met his gaze with warm eyes, but her large dark brown features seem worn with a passion that is too exhausting for her body.

The first time I remember not being satisfied was when I was a small kid, she began. My family picked 60 bales of cotton, but we had no shoes. The white people had shoes; we was workin; they wasnt. They had food; we had none. Oh Lord, how I wished I was white.

By this time, the nation knew Hamers name well. She had been on national television at the Democratic National Convention, where she spoke forcefully: Righteousness exalts a nation, sin is a reproach. During that broadcast, recapped in an Aug. 24, 1964 Daily News article, she described being arrested and beaten by Mississippi police as she and several others returned from a voter education workshop. Her vivid description shocked viewers.

But for all the bravery she showed and the fame she experienced, those things brought little money to the Hamer household and often cost her dearly.

Hamers husband is unskilled and mostly unemployed, von Hoffman wrote. He lost several jobs due to his wifes work.

We women have no chance to be women here, she told von Hoffman. Our education is poor, but the mens is worse. My husband says when they were boys they had to be out with sticks knocking the cotton stalks instead of being in school. It was so cold that hed put his feet where the cows would have been laying to get them warm.

As she spoke, a Confederate Air Force plane dropped low and buzzed right over her home, an action meant to intimidate. Von Hoffman noted that these planes could be seen all over the area. Farmers used them to spray a chemical called Folax from the planes, which would make the leaves on a cotton plant fall off so the mechanical pickers could harvest the white bolls without green stains. The industrialization led to a new tactic for intimidation and a real fear of unemployment for the Black men and women losing those jobs.

They do it all the time, Hamer said referring to the planes. It dont make no mind.

White Mississippians didnt try to hide their disdain for Hamer. They hate her in Mississippi, von Hoffman explained. At the Carriage House, Natchezs best restaurant, a grand dowager of a white woman at the next table says of her: That [expletive] woman from Ruleville is the best actress Ive ever seen.

A deputy sheriff von Hoffman met in Canton, Madison County, spat at the ground and said, Hell, that [expletive] wasnt never beaten the way she said on the TV.

During the summer of 1964, Hamer helped organize Freedom Summer, which brought hundreds of Black and white college students to the state to help run voter registrations for Black voters. Having the students around made things better this summer, Hamer told von Hoffman.

The students not only worked, but they also taught Hamer and many others about Black history, instilling a sense of pride in them.

We have a beautiful heritage, Hamer mused. We are the onliest people that have had one man to march through a mob to go to school. We are the onliest people to have our babies sold from our breasts...

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This week in history: Fannie Lou Hamer gives startling depiction of racism in Mississippi - Chicago Sun-Times

The history of coeducation at the University of Georgia begins in 1918 when 12 women became the first to enroll.

Since then, women at UGA have triumphed over a long history of discriminatory rules and barriers to inclusion.

This past century of history, remembered during this years Womens History Month, reaches an important milestone in 2022. This year marks 50 years since Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed and discrimination based on sex was outlawed at public universities.

When women first enrolled at UGA, they were only permitted in the home economics and education majors. The women who enrolled in these programs were required to stick to strict rules.

Many of these rules were laid out in a student handbook from the 1930s for Soule Hall, the first dorm for women on campus.

Some rules included lights out curfews at 11 p.m., requirements for permission to leave town or ride in a car, and regulations on dances and social engagements. Women were also not allowed to drive or smoke and had to check in and out of the dorms by signing a roster.

The number of engagements, or dates that women were allowed to observe, were regulated as well. Freshmen were permitted one date a week, sophomores had two and juniors three. But, if a student made good grades, they might have been allowed an extra date per week.

Campus organizations like the Womens Student Government Association, which was formed in the 1920s, also enforced rules for women. In a rule book from the 1955-56 school year, a code of conduct was given for students.

The association let women attend social functions only if they were from an approved list. A dress code was issued that outlined which rooms in dorms or sorority houses women could wear shorts in.

According to the conduct code, women were required to wear street clothes and neat hair-dos in all public settings. Street clothes included skirts, dresses, blouses and sweaters. Costumes for costume parties had to be approved by a students house director, according to the conduct code.

Even phone usage was restricted. Calls could not last more than five minutes. Men visitors were allowed in dorms, though only until a specified curfew. Women could only enter mens residences if a chaperone was present, and were prohibited from entering individual rooms or apartments without approval.

Women needed permission to leave the dorms or campus overnight. They were required to arrive at their destination before 8:30 p.m. If they wanted to be absent from their residences after 8:30 p.m., a form had to be filled out. Women were limited in how many times they could sign out per week.

University archivist Steve Armour works at Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library to preserve the historical record of UGA. He found that the women making these rules operated under principles of self- governance.

There was this idea that they had to make these rules. It was the expectation of them, Armour said.

As time passed, more women enrolled at UGA and the majors offered to them began expanding. Still, discriminatory rules persisted. It wasnt until the 1960s that more drastic changes took place and the university began allowing women to enroll regardless of their race.

Desegregation at UGA was steered by many influential Black women who led the way for the admittance of students of color. In 1961, Charlayne Hunter-Gault became the first Black woman to be admitted to UGA. And in 1962, Mary Frances Early became the first Black person to graduate from UGA.

Black women faced a host of challenges from administration, faculty and students. Not only were they isolated on campus and discriminated against because of their race, but they also faced the stringent rules placed on women at the time.

Nawanna Lewis Miller graduated from UGA in 1973 with a bachelors degree in broadcast journalism. Her experiences are documented in Hargrett Librarys UGA Black Alumni Oral History Project. Miller recalled being one of 10 Black students on campus, but finding empowerment in her triumph over obstacles and in the path she helped create for other Black women.

I went to Georgia one way. I graduated another way, Miller said in the interview. I went as this naive young girl. I came out of Georgia as this strong, independent African American woman who had been through hell and there was no other way to describe it.

Today, women of a multitude of ethnicities and identities help make up the student body. Asian, Hispanic and Latinx, Native American and transgender women have opportunities to enroll at the university. However, their history is difficult to pinpoint.

Armour said in an email that historical data on race and ethnicity is limited, and largely nonexistent for gender identity.

In fact, UGA did not publish enrollment statistics by race and ethnicity until 1976, 15 years after the university first desegregated. UGA does not publish data on gender thats also divided by race and ethnicity.

Many other important milestones for women were achieved in the 1960s. Men and women protested for womens rights on campus.

According to an article published in The Red & Black on April 11, 1968, approximately 500 students marched up Baxter Street and staged a sit-in in what is now the Hunter-Holmes Academic Building on April 10, 1968.

Their petition demanded that the university take immediate steps to equalize the rights of men and women students, the article stated. The protest included demands for the removal of some rules for women on campus, such as the curfew.

According to Armour, the WSGA dissolved in the late 60s. During this time, the dean of women and the dean of men combined into one position, the dean of students, to oversee student affairs.

A legal philosophy called in loco parentis, which allowed administration to create rules in the place of a student's parents, was phased out in the 1960s in a series of legal cases.

All that micromanaging of the in loco parentis era started to go away, Armour said. The combination of that and women's liberation put an end to [those rules].

Women in sports faced their own set of challenges as they sought equal rights.

Gwyned Bius played on UGAs first womens basketball team. She was a physical education major and attended UGA from 1968 to 1971. Bius remembered a strict dress code and limited opportunities for women athletes.

We were not permitted to wear pants around the campus, we either had to wear a skirt or a dress. And if we were attending P.E. classes, we werent allowed to wear our gym clothes and had to wear a raincoat over them to cover up our shorts, Bius said.

There was little funding for womens sports teams.

We had to buy our own uniforms, we had to pay our own way to games, we had to buy our own meals, Bius said. We really got nothing.

In 1972, coeducation in America changed when Title IX passed. The federal civil rights law protects people from discrimination based on their sex in all education programs that receive federal funding.

The amendment meant that UGA would need to offer women the same opportunities that it offered men. For equal rights for women, this was the final nail in the coffin, Armour said.

Title IX really opened the door for a lot of females to play sports and to be recognized, Bius said.

Sports teams had traditionally been only available to men, with some exceptions, so the law was especially pertinent to opportunities for women athletes. Title IX compliance remains an important job for UGA Athletics today.

Although the law was groundbreaking for equal rights in education, it did not become immediately enforced.

There was just a lot of lag time and resistance for institutions to actually comply with [Title IX], Armour said.

Still, the law is central to the history of women at UGA and it resulted in the end of legally permissible discrimination based on sex at public universities. This summer will mark the 50th anniversary of the Title IX education amendment.

While women have faced many challenges throughout their time at UGA, they made up 58% of undergraduate enrollment at the university in 2020, according to the UGA Fact Book.

From the 12 students who were in the first group of enrolled women in 1918, to the trailblazing women who desegregated UGA in the 1960s, to the over 17,000 women undergraduates enrolled today, a lot has changed in the 104 years that women have attended UGA.

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The history of discriminatory rules for women at UGA - Red and Black

GREENVILLE, N.C. (Stacker.com) Mark the year 2059 on your calendarthats when data shows that women willfinally achieve equal payto their male counterparts.

Its hard to believe that closing the gender wage gap will take nearly a century after the Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963.In 1960, women only earned about61 cents for every $1 that a man took home, a number that ticked upto 82 cents by 2018but that still leaves another 18 cents to go overall.

The wage gap isworse for women of color: Among women working full-time jobs in the U.S., Black women are paid 62 cents, Native American women 57 cents, and Latinas 54 cents for every dollar paid to white men, according to the National Partnership for Women & Families.

Researchersblame the gender wage gapon a variety of reasons, ranging from differences in the industries women and men work in, racist hiring and discriminatory promotion practices, discrepancies in hours worked, job segregation, and years of experience. The government also does little to create policies making workplaces and institutions like schools more supportive of women.Systemic discrimination against working women in the U.S. has put them at a severe disadvantage since before the founding of the country.

The colonies enacted laws that prevented women workers frommaintaining control over their earningsas far back as 1769. A lack of suffrage prevented women from voting for politicians who could bring forth more equitable policies until 1920. Wage codes from the National Recovery Administration, established in 1933, set lower minimum wages for women than for men, even though they were performing the same work. To top it off, women continue to endure sexual harassment and assault in the workplace and takeon the second shift of being both workers and mothers, just as they have throughout American history.

Despite these struggles, women have managed to achieve plenty of success in their careers, becoming Fortune 500 CEOs and going to space.Stackerlooked at research from news outlets (Time, The New York Times, U.S. News & World Report, Entrepreneur), think tanks (McKinsey, the Brookings Institution), government agencies (the U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Labor, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, National Park Service), and organizations that focus on womens rights (TimesUp, Planned Parenthood) to learn about the history of women in the workplace. The resulting timeline shows both the challenges and triumphs of women climbing the corporate ladder and fighting for equity along the way.

Click through to learn more about American women in the workplace, from 1765 to today.

1 / 98Photo 12 // Getty Images

The Daughters of Liberty, the countrys earliestsociety of working women, was formed in 1765. They went on to demonstrate against the Stamp and Townshend acts.

2 / 98ClassicStock // Getty Images

The 13 colonies adopted English laws thatprevented female workersfrom keeping the income they earned in 1769. The system also banned women from owning property.

3 / 98Benjamin Blyth // Wikimedia Commons

Abigail Adams brought issues of gender equality to the White House in 1797. She emphasized the importance of educating girls and appealed forequal rights for women and men.

4 / 98The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Mary Kies of Connecticut became the first woman in the nation to begranted a patentin 1809. She received the patent for an innovative straw and silk braiding technique that advanced hat-making.

5 / 98GE Kidder Smith // Getty Images

More than100 young women weaversblocked entry to a Rhode Island textile mill in 1824, protesting their employers plan to cut wages and increase the length of the workday for women between 15 and 30 years old. The demonstration is considered the countrys first factory strike.

6 / 98Minnesota Historical Society // Getty Images

TheUnited Tailoresses of New Yorkwas formed in 1825. It was the countrys first union comprised entirely of women. In 1831, the union went on strikedemandingfairer wages. After a bitter struggle, during whichmale trade unionsrefused to supporttheir female counterparts, the women returned to work without higher wagesBut they did set the stage for future union work in the textile industry.

7 / 98Unknown // Wikimedia Commons

In response to an extension in the workday, women workers formed the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844. It is considered one of the first successful organizations of women workers in the country. The group helped reduce the workday atcotton mills to 10 hours(down from 12 or 13 hours) and make their mills safer and more sanitary.

8 / 98Interim Archives // Getty Images

Maria Mitchellwas the countrys first professional woman astronomer. She was also the first American to discover a comet in 1847. She helped pave the way for women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) careers.

[Pictured: Astronomer Maria Mitchell with her astronomy class outside the observatory at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York.]

9 / 98Historical // Getty Images

The year 1869 markedmajor advancementsfor women in the legal profession. That year, Arabella Mansfield became the first female lawyer, and Ada Kepley graduated from law school, making her the first woman to do so in the country.

[Pictured: Belva Ann Lockwood, the first female lawyer to practice before the United States Supreme Court.]

10 / 98Buyenlarge // Getty Images

The Cigar Makers International Union beganadding women to its ranksin 1867. It was the first national union to ditch its males-only mandate.

11 / 98Library of Congress // Getty Images

Women shoe workers established the countrys firstnationwide union for women workers, the Daughters of St. Crispin, in 1869. It aimed to represent the diversity of skills in the stitcher workforce.

12 / 98Bradley & Rulofson // Wikimedia Commons

Congress passed a law grantingfemale federal employees equal payto their male counterparts in 1872. Unfortunately, it did not extend to the state or local level, nor did it apply to the private sector, so many women workers did not receive this protection.

[Pictured: Victoria Woodhull, the candidate in 1872 from the Equal Rights Party, supporting womens suffrage and equal rights.]

13 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

Anne Freeman became thefirst female patent examinerat the U.S. Patent Office in 1872. The milestone may have encouraged more women to apply for patents for their inventions, according to the National Womens History Museum.

14 / 98Rischgitz // Getty Images

The Supreme Court ruled thatwomen could be excludedfrom practicing law in 1873. One Justice on the case reasoned that practicing law could disrupt the respective spheres of man and woman and her duties as a mother and wife.

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15 / 98ND // Getty Images

A group of more than 3,000 washerwomen, the majority of whom were Black, staged a large-scale strike in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1881, demanding fair pay for their strenuous jobs. While the threat of a costly business license requirement and arrests of strikers mitigated their efforts to set a standard wage for laundry, thedemonstration was evidenceof the power of low-wage, African American, female workers to disrupt the status quo, according to Rosalind Bentley of The Atlanta-Journal Constitution.

16 / 98Unknown // Wikimedia Commons

The American Federation of Labor appointedMary Kenney OSullivanas the first woman to serve as a national general organizer in 1892. During her time in that role, she organized workers in the garment industry, along with shoe workers, carpet weavers, binders, and printers.

17 / 98Print Collector // Getty Images

WhenAnna Bissells husband died, shetook over the Bissell sweeper company in 1889 and became Americas first female CEO. She helped promote workers compensation policies and employee pension plans.

[Pictured: The Bissell carpet sweeper invented by Melville and Anna Bissell in 1876.]

18 / 98C.F. Lummis // Wikimedia Commons

In 1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics. She argued that women must become economically independent from men.

19 / 98Universal History Archive // Getty Images

Two women social reformersJane Addams and Josephine Lowellfounded the National Consumers League in 1899. The organization leveraged the power of consumers to push for minimum wage for women and other workers rights.

[Pictured: Jane Addams, American social reformer and feminist.]

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20 / 98Boyer // Getty Images

New York state passed the Married Womens Property Act in 1848, which gave married women a degree of control over their own income and property. By 1900,every statehad enacted similar legislation, according to the National Womens History Alliance.

21 / 98Smith Collection/Gado // Getty Images

Madam C.J. Walker created her hair care product company in 1905. The business, which was focused on the needs of African American women, would help Walker become Americas firstself-made female millionaire.

[Pictured: A photograph of Madam C.J. Walker driving, 1911.]

22 / 98Universal History Archive // Getty Images

Around 20,000 shirtwaist industry workers, most of whom were Yiddish-speaking women who immigrated to the U.S., went on strike on Nov. 23, 1909. The largest demonstration by women up until that point, theUprising of 20,000forced the largely male leaders of the industry to revise their entrenched prejudices against organizing women, according to Tony Michels of the Jewish Womens Archive.

23 / 98FPG // Getty Images

A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York Citykilled 146 people, the majority of whom were women, in 1911. Considered one of the worst industrial disasters in the nations history, it led to stricter fire codes at workplaces. It also helped spark the empowerment of women in the workforce.

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24 / 98Universal History Archive // Getty Images

Massachusetts adopted aminimum wagein 1912the first state in the country to do so. The law only applied to women and children.

25 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

Women saw political career opportunities open up to them in 1917 when Jeannette Rankin was elected to Congress. Since then, the U.S. House of Representatives has had a total of397 womenjoin its ranks.

26 / 98IWM // Getty Images

Women filled factory jobs left vacant by men during World War I. By 1918, munitions factories became thebiggest employer of women workers.

27 / 98Valerie WINCKLER // Getty Images

The New York State Court of Appeals ruled that physicians were allowed toprescribe birth controlfor health reasons in 1918. Expansion of access to contraceptives has helped womenmake wage gainsand advance in the workplace, according to Planned Parenthood.

28 / 98IWM // Getty Images

The Women in Industry Service released the first edition of theStandards for the Employment of Women in Industryin 1918, using input from both employers and women laborers. They were updated and republished multiple times and eventually helped form labor laws at the national and state level.

29 / 98Library of Congress // Getty Images

Female laborers from the U.S. and abroad formed the International Congress of Working Women in 1919. That year, they met in Washingtond D.C., for 10 days to discuss labor standards and benefits, such as maternity insurance.

30 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

The passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote. With a stake in politics, women could now vote for leaders who could help them achieve equality at work.

31 / 98United States Library of Congress // Wikimedia Commons

The Department of Labor established aWomens Bureau in 1920. The bureau was responsible for creating standards and policies focused on the welfare of women workers, improving their working conditions, and fostering more career opportunities for women.

[Pictured: Mary Anderson, head of Womens Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, at her desk, Washington D.C.]

32 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

The first version of theEqual Rights Amendmentwas drafted in 1923. With support from the National Womens Party, Amelia Earhart, and professional women workers, the amendment aimed to grant men and women equal rights, including in the workplace.

33 / 98National Archives

The Economy Act of 1932 prohibited the government fromemploying more than one personper family. Many women workers were ultimately let go.

[Pictured: President Hoover with the New York Young Republicans after signing the Economy Act of 1932.]

34 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

The Great Depression left more than 2 million women out of work at the start of 1933. The struggles of women and Black workers during this time went unrecognized by the government and much of the public, who thought of workers as solely white men.

35 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

Established in 1933, the National Recovery Administration made pay discrepancy between men and women an official policy. Around 25% of its codes established lower minimum wages for women workers compared to their male counterparts.

[Pictured: President Roosevelt affixes his signature to the Industrial Control-Public Works bill, otherwise known as the National Recovery Act.]

36 / 98London Express // Getty Images

Frances Perkins took on the role of Secretary of Labor in 1933. The first woman to hold that position, Perkins was instrumental in thecreation of Social Security, as well as the New Deal.

37 / 98Afro Newspaper/Gado // Getty Images

Mary McLeod Bethune founded theNational Council for Negro Womenin 1935. The organization helped push for an end to job discrimination, sexism, and racist policies, according to the Labor Heritage Foundation.

38 / 98Bettmann // Getty Images

In 1936, a Gallup poll askedpeople whether married women should work full-time outside of the home. Just18% of respondents approvedof the notion, with the majority of both men and women signalingdisapproval. Those numbers would all but flip when the same question was asked in the 1990s.

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39 / 98Kurt Hutton // Getty Images

Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. It established a minimum wage for all workersregardless of gender.

40 / 98PA Photo Archive // Flickr

The Saturday Evening Post published the now-iconic Norman Rockwell cover image ofRosie the Riveteron May 29, 1943. The concept of the character, which had been around for at least a year, helped inspire women to take on traditionally masculine jobs to help with the war effort.

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Womens History Month: Changes in the workplace - WNCT