Monthly Archives: May 2021

Why the networking team is critical to cloud adoption – IT World Canada

Posted: May 22, 2021 at 9:55 am

A report by EMA and BlueCat how cloud and networking team collaboration can mitigate the challenges that enterprises face to achieve the full benefits of cloud.

Cloud computing is growing more popular by the day. Yet, as companies accelerate cloud adoption, only 28 per cent consider themselves fully successful with realizing the benefits of their cloud investments. Why is this?

New research by Enterprise Management Associates(EMA), in partnership with BlueCat, attempts to uncover the causes of these issues and fix them.

The research shows that networking is a clear sticking point: success hinges on an organizations ability to integrate its cloud and traditional network infrastructure teams at all levels (design, implementation, and operation).

Organizations must get networking in hybrid cloud environments right. For instance, aDNSorIP addressing the issue can add years to a multi-million-dollar projects timeline. This report explores why this partnership is so critical, the consequences of failed partnerships, and best practices from the most successful enterprises that IT executives can implement.

The findings in this research are based on a survey of 212 networking and cloud professionals conducted in March 2021 by Enterprise Management Associates (EMA) and BlueCat Networks.

The report identifies that 28 per cent of companies identified as very successful cloud adopters are twice as likely to integrate cloud and networking teams at all levels; more than half of enterprises barely follow this best practice at all.

Cloud teams are more likely to consider a unified approach to cloud networks and report cloud adoption success than the network team. This suggests that not everybody sees the full extent of issues arising from inadequate cloud adoption efforts.

73 per cent of the enterprises surveyed have experienced security or compliance problems over the last year due to insufficient collaboration; these included security-related downtime (39 per cent), compliance violations (33 per cent), data leak (26 per cent), and financial loss (22 per cent).

89 per cent of the surveyed enterprises also experienced an IT operations problem due to collaboration failures (Poor performance of cloud applications as the most common issue) (43 per cent), as well as change requests (37 per cent), and significant downtime (36 per cent).

Lastly, 82 per cent of enterprises experienced business-level problems related to collaboration issues. These include end-user productivity loss (35 per cent), cost overruns (33 per cent), customer loyalty challenges (29 per cent), and technical talent retention issues (28 per cent).

These stats further confirm that enterprises gain the most value from their cloud investments by unifying cloud and networking.

Shamus McGillicuddy, lead analyst and VP of Research at EMA, says, Industry leaders must recognize that the networking team offers intrinsic value to a cloud adoption initiative. Getting things right at the beginning can save millions of dollars and years in project time.

1) Make collaboration a C-level initiative:

While only 34 per cent of research participants believed that executive leadership is doing an excellent job at pushing for better network and cloud team collaboration, very successful enterprises were almost twice as likely to say so (58 per cent). The report shows that the two teams frequently have conflicting goals that prevent them from working well together, only furthering the point that executives need to bring them together.

2) Ensure the network teams an equal partner at the table:

88 per cent of cloud and network professionals agree that the network team needs to have visibility and input into cloud design. Network teams bring processes and knowledge about stability, whereas the cloud team brings a more flexible and open-minded perspective. IT leaders must push for methods/procedures that allow both groups to understand whats occurring across the hybrid cloud environment. Currently, only 28 per cent of cloud and networking professionals believe that they have adequate visibility into changes made in cloud networks. Very successful organizations are twice as likely to be satisfied with their visibility (57 pe cent).

3) Unify and modernize DDI, security and compliance across domains:

Network and cloud teams should move to unify their tools and practice for designing, building, and operating hybrid cloud networks. While only 40 per cent fully unify IP address space management, nearly all of the unsuccessful cloud adopters as part of this research keep IP space management at least partially siloed. Siloed management of critical services like DNS and IP space management is a bad strategy and could cause security issues down the line.

4) Ensure both teams are trained on all necessary skills:

IT execs need to close the skills gaps between their two teams. IT execs need to close the skills gaps between their two teams. Cloud teams have a limited understanding of networking, and network teams arent up to date with the tools and solutions that cloud teams use. Close skill gaps through training and giving network and cloud teams access to technologies and tools used by their peers in each silo the top priority is learning cloud providersnetwork features and services.

Before IT executives lean into the cloud too heavily, they must ensure their house is in order and address any dysfunction between the cloud and networking teams. A host of factors undermine collaboration between these teams. With that, IT executives should start by empowering network teams as equal partners in the cloud journey.

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Improving Healthcare Using Cognitive Computing: An Application in Emergency Situation – BioSpace

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Cognitive computing has opened vast promising avenues in the healthcare industry in recent times and is rapidly transforming healthcare delivery world over. Cognitive computing systems simulate human thought process using computerized model. Worldwide, these have been instrumental in making sense of the extensive streams of healthcare data that is growing unhindered. Healthcare professionals and providers in various parts of the world are increasingly adopting cognitive systems to make faster and more informed decision, boost patient outcomes, and improve the overall quality of care.

The accelerated rise of cloud computing and Big Data, has made cognitive computing more affordable and accessible to various end-use industries at large, including the healthcare sector. Together with natural language processing (NLP) systems, data mining, and other aspects of machine learning technologies, cognitive computing continually seeks to expand the knowledge of clinicians in designing personalized treatment modules. On the other hand, cognitive computing has enhanced patient engagement and improved the access of services. Researchers are leveraging the potential of cognitive systems to make clinical trials more comprehensive and useful, unlocking abundant exciting prospects in the healthcare industry.

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The exponential rise in healthcare data and information from a diverse range of sources and the pressing need to tap them for improving the quality of care in various parts of the world is a prominent factor stoking the demand for cognitive computing systems. The growing demand for automated information technology systems encapsulating various aspects of artificial intelligence in the healthcare industry is fortifying the application of cognitive computing. The growing number of potential benefits and the rising use cases in the healthcare sector are prominent factors continually boosting the market over the forecast period.

World over, the intensifying demand for personalized therapies in various branch of medicines, notably in oncology has triggered the popularity of a number of cognitive computing platforms in recent years. The wide popularity of IBM Watson and Cognitive Services by Microsoft among healthcare providers is accentuating the growth of the market. Leveraging the potential of self-learning systems to look for patterns and model possible solutions in understanding health and wellness is a notable aspect bolstering the uptake of cognitive systems in major regions.

The growing popularity of internet of things (IoT) and wearable and the staggering demand for cloud computing models are significant factors expected to provide substantial fillip to the cognitive computing in healthcare market. The emergence of potentially useful enterprise artificial intelligence platforms in the healthcare industry bodes well for the market.

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The market is expected to witness heavy investments on developing better and more useful cognitive technology platforms for the healthcare industry. Prominent players are also focusing on launching unified platforms with simplified APIs to help end users leverage the potential of machine learning systems. They are entering into partnerships and collaborations with various stakeholders, in a move to gain a competitive edge over others. Key players operating in the cognitive computing in healthcare market include Apixio, MedWhat, Healthcare X.0, Apple Inc., Saffron Technology, Inc., Nuance Communications, Inc., Google LLC, Microsoft Corporation, and IBM Corporation.

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Healthcare Cloud Computing Market Growth, Recent Trends, Industry Analysis, Outlook, Insights, Share and Forecasts Report 2027 The Courier – The…

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The study is a professional probe into the revenue generated and capacity estimates for the healthcare cloud computing market for the forecast period 2021 2027 empower the business owners to maintain a competitive edge over their rivals.

The global healthcare cloud computing market is estimated to expand significantly in the near future, due to the increasing demand for cost-effective healthcare services.

Rising demand for cloud technology in healthcare facilities and growing use of cloud techniques for cost cuts in the healthcare industry are expected to boost the global healthcare cloud computing market during the forecast period. Doctors and medical organizations achieve cost reductions to a significant extent by using cloud techniques. Although healthcare organizations and physicians do not need to spend large sums on technology, equipment, and repairs, cloud computing providers can deal with such issues.

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A SWOT analysis is performed on the leading companies engaged in the Healthcare Cloud Computing market to offer a better understanding of the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats of the leading companies. It also covers production and consumption rate, the volatility of prices and demands, market share, market size, global position, and market position of each player. The report also analyses key elements such as growth trends, concentration area, business expansion strategies, market reach, and other key features that offer companies insightful data to fortify their position in the Healthcare Cloud Computing industry.

Key participants include: Koninklijke Philips NV, Microsoft Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc., Infosys Limited, Omnicell, Inc., CitiusTech Inc., Salesforce.com, Inc., Sectra AB, Allscripts Healthcare Solutions, Inc., and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

Key insights presented in the report:

Emergen Research has segmented the global healthcare cloud computing market based on cloud type, service, application, price model, end-user, and region.

Regional Landscape:

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Market share:

The report discovers markets total sale that is generated by a particular firms over a time period. Industry experts calculate share by taking into account the product sales over a period and then dividing it by the overall sales of the Healthcare Cloud Computing industry over a defined period. Subject matter experts further use this metric to offer a general idea of the share and size of a firm and its immediate rivals. By providing an in-depth knowledge of the position a company as well as an entrepreneur holds in the Healthcare Cloud Computing market

Research Report on the Healthcare Cloud Computing Market Addresses the Following Key Questions:

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Healthcare Cloud Computing Market Growth, Recent Trends, Industry Analysis, Outlook, Insights, Share and Forecasts Report 2027 The Courier - The...

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Contrast Security Joins Cloud Native Computing Foundation and Linux Foundation to Drive Security Best Practices Around Cloud Native Architectures and…

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Contrast furthers commitment to empower organizations to rapidly build and run scalable applications in modern, dynamic environments with security integrity

LOS ALTOS, Calif., May 19, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --Contrast Security, a leader in modernizing application security, today announced that it has joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation(CNCF) and Linux Foundationas a silver member, which brings together the world's top developers, end-users, and vendors to enable cloud native architectures and open source technologies. CNCF serves as the vendor-neutral home for many of the fastest-growing open source projects, including Kubernetes, Prometheus, and Envoy. In becoming a member, Contrast aims to support and educate the industry on the increasing risks and benefits of cloud native architectures and open source software through active participation in the foundation's events, projects, and community.

Adoption of third-party open source software (OSS) has increased significantly over the past several years. OSS refers to application components (e.g., frameworks and libraries) within the public domain that developers can use, modify, and share to help augment proprietary code developed in-house and to accelerate time to market. As a result, OSS has gained wide adoption and is used by the vast number of enterprises embraced by major corporations, including Walmart, JPMorgan Chase, and even Microsoft. At the same time, Contrast continues to empower organizations to leverage OSS safely without the risks they bring: vulnerabilities inherited to enterprises' software, targeted attacks against open source code, and intellectual property licensing risks.

Cloud native applications also offer various benefits to organizations over traditional applications running in the cloud. The value of cloud native approaches typically falls into two different areas: greater business agility and faster development cycles. As organizations seek to tap the advantages of cloud native, the adoption of cloud native components is rapidly growing. Forrester, for example, predicts that just a year from now, 30% of developers will regularly use cloud containers and 25% will use serverless computing. These numbers will likely only increase as the marketplace continues to rapidly evolve and enterprises frequently need to make high-impact changes to applications on a very short timeline. However, in order to realize the full benefits of cloud native applications, organizations must ensure they have the right security technology and processes in place.

"We are proud to announce that Contrast has joined as a member of the CNCF and Linux Foundation to help drive industry change," said Surag Patel, Chief Strategy Officer at Contrast Security. "Many of the core foundations of this community to accelerate digital transformation, such as APIs, Kubernetes, serverless functions, Cloud Native architecture, and open source code, bring along with them exponentially increasing risk. Contrast was founded to enable enterprises to leverage all of these modern approacheswhile eliminating the risk they bring without slowing down digital transformation. We will bring a unique understanding of the market along with a differentiated capability around security observability that we believe will benefit the community."

Contrast's CNCF membership follows the recent publication of its 2021 State of Open-source Security Reportthat revealed that 38% of third-party libraries found in applications are active and only 31% of classes in active libraries are invoked. Traditional software composition analysis (SCA) approaches attempt to analyze all of the open source code contained in applications which translates into a huge time and resource expenditure chasing vulnerabilities that pose no risk at all. Yet, for third-party code that is invoked, risk is inherent: The average age of a library is 2.6 years old,and applications contain an average of 34 CVEs.

The report also discovered that many applications contain high-risk licensing issues that may require the applications in question to be released as open source (e.g., 35% contain at least one copyleft license). CNCF members will benefit from these and other types of data insights that are possible as a result of the inside-out application security approach of the Contrast Application Security Platform.

"It is a pleasure to welcome Contrast as a CNCF member," said Priyanka Sharma, General Manager at CNCF. "Cloud native patterns require integrated security practices and a paradigm shift to protect applications closer to dynamic workloads from the traditional perimeter-based security approach. We look forward to Contrast's contributions and run-time security expertise to help shape the future of cloud native security and secure open source software."

Contrast already supports a variety of CNCF projects including Buildpackswith automated configuration of Contrast's security instrumentation technology into every workload image. Every workload is paired with application security insights, instilling security confidence at scale in highly distributed environments. As a CNCF member, Contrast will continue to collaborate with peers on best practices, work directly with project maintainers, and provide feedback to CNCF.

About Contrast Security:

Contrast Security is the leader in modernizing application security, embedding code analysis and attack prevention directly into software. Contrast's patented deep security instrumentation completely disrupts traditional application security approaches with integrated, comprehensive security observability that delivers highly accurate assessment and continuous protection of an entire application portfolio. This eliminates the need for disruptive scanning, expensive infrastructure workloads, and specialized security experts. The Contrast Application Security Platform accelerates development cycles, improves efficiencies and cost, and enables rapid scale while protecting applications from known and unknown threats.

Contact:Contrast SecurityJacklyn Kellick[emailprotected]

SOURCE Contrast Security

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Henry Cavill in talks to star in Highlander reboot – WION

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The highly anticipated 'Highlander' reboot is in the works and 'Man of Steel' Henry Cavill is in talks to take the lead in Lionsgates reboot.

As per THR, the role of Cavill isunknown so fary, but it is expected to be one of the films two leading roles.

Chad Stahelski, who is known for directing all the John Wick movies, is attached to direct the upcoming movie with Kerry Williamsonwriting the script. Amanda Lewis, Patrick Wachsberger and Gregory Widen will produce the project.

Singer Billie Eilish gives intimate account of her life in new book

Ive been a huge fan of the original property since I saw it in high school, Stahelski previously told THR. Such great themes of immortality, love and identity are all wrapped up in such colorful mythology. I cant think of a better property that gives the opportunity to create interesting characters, mythic themes and action set pieces.

For the unversed, the first 'Highlander' movie was released back in 1986 and chronicles the climax of an ages-old war between immortal warriors, depicted through interwoven past and present-day storylines. The movie starred Christopher Lambert, Roxanne Hart, Clancy Brown, and Sean Connery.

In new docuseries, Prince Harry again insists his family lacks empathy

Cavill rose to global fame playing Superman in 2013s 'Man of Steel' and in other DC films. Meanwhile, he has been busy filming Season 2 of 'The Witcher' for Netflix, and he recently signed up to play Sherlock Holmes again opposite Millie Bobby Brown's titular performance in 'Enola Holmes 2'.

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$100 Disneyland sandwich ranks as one of the worlds most expensive – East Bay Times

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A new panini sandwich concocted in a Marvel superhero themed food innovation science lab restaurant that can shrink and expand meals comes with an eye-popping, super-sized $100 price tag aimed at Disneyland visitors traveling on a Tony Stark budget.

The new $99.99 Quantum-sized Pym-ini Sandwich coming to the Pym Test Kitchen when Avengers Campus debuts June 4 at Disney California Adventure ranks among the worlds most expensive sandwiches.

Whats in the sandwich? For that price, it better come with super powers and side of immortality.

The new Marvel lands Pym Test Kitchen, themed to Ant-Man and the Wasp, will serve meals that have been shrunk or expanded in size. The foods will be resized using Pym Particles, the same technology used to shrink Ant-Man and the Wasp, according to the backstory for the restaurant.

The most shocking item on the Pym Test Kitchen menu: The $100 Quantum-sized Pym-ini Sandwich, which comes with salami, rosemary ham, provolone and sun-dried tomato spread on toasted focaccia. Its served with marinara dipping sauce and an arugula salad.

The super expensive Disneyland resort sandwich was unveiled this week as DCA prepares to open the new Avengers Campus next month. The Pym Test Kitchen website initially listed three sizes for the Pym-ini sandwich: $14.99 for a single serving along with $57.99 and $99.99 for larger versions, according to WDW News Today.

The $58 version of the panini is no longer on the Pym Test Kitchen website. The $100 sandwich now includes a new addendum to the menu explaining that the meal serves 6-8 guests after the high-priced family-sized item started making headlines on Disney fan sites like Inside the Magic, AllEars and Disney Food Blog.

The $100 Avengers Campus panini will be one of the most expensive food items at the Disneyland resort. Napa Rose at Disneys Grand Californian Hotel offers a $155 Vinters Menu with wine flight for $155. Steakhouse 55 at the Disneyland Hotel has a Porterhouse for Two on the menu at $138.

The cost of the Quantum Pym-ini works out to about $12.50 to $16.50 per serving with the average price about the same as a $14.99 single serving.

But its the $100 Disneyland sandwich price tag that will have Avengers Campus visitors talking and social media influencers buzzing.

The triple-digit price tag puts the Marvel superhero sub in rare territory among the worlds most expensive sandwiches.

A 2020 Money Inc. list of the top 10 most expensive sandwiches in the world includes the $120 Wagyu rib-eye and foie gras cheesesteak from Philadelphias Barclay Prime, $150 Von Essen Platinum Club from the Michelin-starred Cliveden House in the United Kingdom and $225 Bacon Bling from the U.K.s Tangberrys Cafe.

The Guinness Book of World Records named the $214 Quintessential Grilled Cheese Sandwich from New Yorks Serendipity 3 the most expensive sandwich in 2014.

A grilled cheese sandwich said to bear an image of the Virgin Mary sold on eBay in 2004 for $28,000.

The Pym Test Kitchen panini doesnt have super-premium ingredients such as Wagyu beef, foie gras, white truffles, quail eggs, Kaluga caviar and 24-karat gold dust like many of the worlds most expensive sandwiches.

The $100 Disneyland sandwich unlike most of the other contenders on the list of the worlds most expensive sandwiches is designed to be eaten by more than one person.

The $100 Ant Man and the Wasp panini price tag is in line with the $100 6-foot Giant Sub at Subway but that mega-meal serves 25 people. Jimmy Johns serves a 16-inch J.J. Gargantuan Giant for $18.99 that Eat This, Not That calls the most expensive sandwich at popular fast food chains.

Disneyland is no stranger to high-priced meals. A seven-course dinner for 12 at 21 Royal Street in New Orleans Square will set you back a cool $15,000. If you invite Tony Stark, he might pick up the tip.

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Tip # 16: If you use GPS and take pictures on your phone, thank you Astronomy – 05/21/2021 – The Press Stories

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You may not even realize it, but astronomy affects our daily lives in many ways. One of them is the number of discoveries that will make our lives easier and arose because of this science.

To talk about why astronomy is important, the 16th episode of the podcast Du Tilt got Patricia Spinelli, a doctor in astronomical physics and researcher at the Mast (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences), and Diego Gonlovs, a doctor. Professor of Astrophysics, UFRJ and Communication Coordinator of the Brazilian Astronomical Society. They discussed the matter with reporter Gilherm Tagiroli , In the 16th chapter of our science and technology podcast.

Listen to the entire episode in the player above.

In fact, did you know that GPS and digital photography came out due to astronomy? According to Diego Conewolves, these are two examples of mass consumption devices primarily created to serve science (hear from 19:24).

The relative relativity with GPS satellites depends on the triangle of application and digital cameras were perfected by astronomers, precisely because we needed a tool that was sensitive to observe the most distant objects in the universe, he explained.

According to Patricia Spinelli, society does not need to do science with this applied view, but, in the end, technological advances apply to everyone to the extent that astronomy does not seek immediate answers to mankind (ask from 11:50).

We have enough evidence to show that even astronomy contributes to the well-being of people, he said.

Podcasts from Twitter Available at uol.com.br/ Podcasts And on all audio distribution sites. For example, you might ask Du tilt Spotify, Ann Apple Podcasts And no Web light.

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Tip # 16: If you use GPS and take pictures on your phone, thank you Astronomy - 05/21/2021 - The Press Stories

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Ruth Freitag, Librarian to the Stars, Dies at 96 – The New York Times

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These bibliographies would take months and even years to do, said Jennifer Harbster, head of the science reference section at the Library of Congress. It wasnt like you just found a title and put it in your bibliography. She would annotate it all.

She also compiled bibliographies on general-interest topics, including presidential inaugurations and whether a new decade or century is considered to begin in the year ending in zero or the year ending in 1. Ms. Freitag, along with other authoritative sources, firmly believed that they begin on the 1 that the 21st century, for example, started in 2001, not 2000, despite the many celebrations to the contrary.

As the third millennium loomed, she assembled a pamphlet, Battle of the Centuries (1995), with lively quotations about the dispute over the ages.

Bibliographic work may sound dull at first, she told an internal Library of Congress publication, The Gazette, in 1990, but it can really grow on you, to the extent of becoming a vice.

Ms. Freitag spoke several languages and knew all the proper accents to place on words all the unusual ones for whatever language she was writing in, said Brenda Corbin, the former head librarian at the Naval Observatory. When computers first came along, Ms. Corbin said, Ms. Freitag wasnt happy that they didnt have accent marks, which meant that she couldnt write correctly. She was meticulous.

Ms. Freitag often helped researchers with their writing.

She was one hell of a copy editor, said Mark Littmann, the former longtime director of the Hansen Planetarium in Salt Lake City, who researched some of his popular astronomy works (including Planets Beyond and Totality: Eclipses of the Sun) at the Library of Congress.

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Astronomers discover how the Milky Way galaxy was formed – WION

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A new study led by researchers at Ohio State University provides the latest evidence intothe formation of the Milky Way galaxy,including the merger with a key satellite galaxy.

The study,published in the journal Nature Astronomy, was conducted by usingrelatively new methods in astronomy.

The researchers were able to identify the most precise ages currently possible for a sample of about a hundred red giant stars in the galaxy.

Also read|British astronomers unveil the most detailed map of Milky Way galaxy

With this and other data, the researchers were able to show what was happening when the Milky Way merged with an orbiting satellite galaxy, known as Gaia-Enceladus, about 10 billion years ago.

"Our evidence suggests that when the merger occurred, the Milky Way had already formed a large population of its own stars," said Fiorenzo Vincenzo, co-author of the study and a fellow in The Ohio State University's Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

Also read|Astronomers discover Milky Way galaxy's smallest black hole dubbed 'Unicorn'

Many of those "homemade" stars ended up in the thick disc in the middle of the galaxy, while most that were captured from Gaia-Enceladus are in the outer halo of the galaxy.

"The merging event with Gaia-Enceladus is thought to be one of the most important in the Milky Way's history, shaping how we observe it today," said Josefina Montalban, with the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham in the UK, who led the project.

By calculating the age of the stars, the researchers were able to determine, for the first time, that the stars captured from Gaia-Enceladus have similar or slightly younger ages compared to the majority of stars that were born inside the Milky Way.

A violent merger between two galaxiesshakes things up, Vincenzo said.

Results showed that the merger changed the orbits of the stars already in the galaxy, making them more eccentric.

Vincenzo compared the stars'movements to a dance, where the stars from the former Gaia-Enceladus move differently than those born within the Milky Way.

The stars even "dress" differently, Vincenzo said, with stars from outside showing different chemical compositions from those born inside the Milky Way.

The researchers used several different approaches and data sources to conduct their study. One way the researchers were able to get such precise ages of the stars was through the use of asteroseismology, a relatively new field that probes the internal structure of stars.

Asteroseismologists study oscillations in stars, which are sound waves that ripple through their interiors, said Mathieu Vrard, a postdoctoral research associate in Ohio State's Department of Astronomy.

"That allows us to get very precise ages for the stars, which are important in determining the chronology of when events happened in the early Milky Way," Vrard said.

The study also used a spectroscopic survey, called APOGEE, which provides the chemical composition of stars- another aid in determining their ages.

"We have shown the great potential of asteroseismology, in combination with spectroscopy, to age-date individual stars," Montalban said.

This study is just the first step, according to the researchers.

"We now intend to apply this approach to larger samples of stars and to include even more subtle features of the frequency spectra. This will eventually lead to a much sharper view of the Milky Way's assembly history and evolution, creating a timeline of how our galaxy developed," Vincenzo said.

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Beyond the Boundaries of Time and Space – Astrobites

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Astronomy, one of the oldest science subjects, represents the intrinsic curiosity and the shared intelligence of mankind. One of the most common phrases used by academic papers in Astronomy and Astrophysics is that we need more data and will know more with better equipment in the future. Undoubtedly, more advanced telescopes and deeper detections will uncover a whole perspective of the universe.

While we are grateful for the technology we have today and look forward to an even brighter future, we should also appreciate and feel amazed by the glorious contributions our ancestors made to science thousands of years ago without any better equipment. More importantly, those ancient records and findings still hold a deep impact on modern science.

Although the system of modern astronomy in the western world is believed to be built on Greek findings, the earliest recorded discoveries of astronomical objects of all humans originated in the eastern world, the oriental land of Ancient China.

For example, some of the most popular objects among ancient sky observers were comets.As early as 168 B.C., Chinese ancestors did a fabulous illustration of comet observations. Out of many scrolls discovered in 1973 from the Mawangdui Silk Texts, one specifically describes astronomical and meteorological phenomena, including 29 drawings of comets with different morphologies (Figure 1). Scientists estimate that, in order to produce such a figure, those anonymous observers might have kept a full record of ~100 comets. If our ancestors saw comets with naked eyes as frequently as us nowadays, the observations may take ~1000 years and several generations of consistent documentation!

Although our ancestors didnt understand the physical nature of astronomical objects as well as we do now, their astonishing records are significantly meaningful to modern astronomy.

Although many comets follow periodical trajectories, they lose a small part of their compositions each time they reach close to the sun. Therefore, the dynamics and morphology of comets change over time. No. 29 in Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an active comet. In this case, the active comet ejects so much gas and dust that it starts whirling on its axis, which is extremely rare nowadays. Moreover, in 648 A.D., at the beginning of Tang dynasty in China (or Byzantine era in Rome), some observers already studied the relation between the tail of the comet and its location to the sun in the Book of Jin. After 900 years, the same relation was also discovered by European astronomers.

Up till now, historians have found evidence of amazing astronomical observations carried in all ancient civilizations. What makes ancient China stand out is not just the early timing but also the scientific accuracy.

The New Book of Tang, a work of official history covering the entire Tang dynasty, records comprehensive activities of the well-known comet Halley from March 22, to April 28 in the year of 837 A.D.. During this period, the writing documents the observed time, location, length, shape and change of Halley every day until it disappeared. Although comet Halley was visible to the entire world at that time, historical records in other regions of the world are much more general, serving for a more poetic goal than scientific. In fact, the first scientific documentation in Europe as complete as the one in the New Book of Tang only occurred in 1456.

Another important parameter in scientific studies is time. Since ancient Chinese used both lunisolar and sexagesimal calendars, the dates of astronomical events are very precise. Moreover, historians also use the evolution of Chinese characters and languages to further confirm the time of the discovered tablets, scrolls, papers etc. Therefore, it is surprisingly accurate to convert the dates of 29 observations on Halley across 2200 years from different Chinese dynasties, to the modern calendar we use now.

Thanks to these detailed ancient records with precise dates, astronomers were able to revise the trajectory of Halley in 1982 after combining all previous observations dated back to 240 B.C.. They concluded that the period of Halley is not a constant but floating between 76 and 79 years.

Other than comets, ancient Chinese have made countless significant scientific contributions to modern astronomy:

The earliest record of a supernova explosion in 185 A.D. (Han dynasty of China) supports the recent X-ray observational results on supernova remnant RCW 86 in 2006;

The thorough sky maps (Figure 2) made in 320 A.D. (Jin dynasty of China) led to an early estimate of axial precession without any modern equipment;

Six different theories had emerged independently in China to probe the structure of the Universe, including Xuan Ye Shuo proposed before 648 A.D.. This theory suggests that stars and the Milky Way are made of gas and floating in the endless universe, which is surprisingly close to what modern astronomy suggests!

The exploration of astronomy has been deeply embedded in Chinese culture and history. , the word for universe in Chinese, means space and time. The theoretical support of this definition first appeared in 1907 as Albert Einstein developed the concept of general relativity. However, the word itself was invented before 200 B.C.. Ever since, it has reminded humans that the story of the universe has no boundaries in time or space.

The life expectancy of humans can be ignored compared to the vastness of the universe. However, looking back in history, the curiosity for the universe from various minds always remains the same beyond the boundaries of time and space. With sincere affection, we are just humans that look up into the same starry sky with numerous wonders regardless of time, location, country, or any other difference. Meanwhile, every inch of the starlight embraces us all equally.

Thanks to all the valuable ancient documents, we can now take a glance at the same sky our ancestors looked up to. Those diligent and rigorous scientists in the early days of human civilization made unimaginable contributions to the history of astronomy. They composed a lore of time, marking the glory of human intelligence and devotion like the brightest star.

Reference: 4000 ans Dastronomi Chinoise by Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud

Edited by Gloria Fonseca Alvarez

Featured image credit: Pixabay

About Wei Vivyan YanI am a PhD candidate at Dartmouth College, where I study AGNs and their host galaxies. My research focuses on origin and evolution of AGN obscuration. Before then, I did my undergraduate at University of Science and Technology of China. Outside of astronomy, I am currently writing my first fiction novel. I also enjoy traveling and outdoor activities.

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Beyond the Boundaries of Time and Space - Astrobites

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