Monthly Archives: April 2021

All Tech Revolves Around This Disruptor – Forbes

Posted: April 4, 2021 at 5:08 pm

SHANGHAI, CHINA - MARCH 24: A Hisense chip is on display during the Appliance & Electronics World ... [+] Expo (AWE) 2021 at National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) on March 24, 2021 in Shanghai, China. (Photo by Gao Yuwen/VCG via Getty Images)

Silicon Valley is the birthplace of American tech. Giants like Google and Apple have become the face of Californias disruption hub. But long before we were typing Google searches into our iPhones, Silicon Valley got its name by creating the worlds most important industry: computer chips.

Silicon Valley is the birthplace of American tech. Giants like Google and Apple have become the face of Californias disruption hub. But long before we were typing Google searches into our iPhones, Silicon Valley got its name by creating the worlds most important industry: computer chips.

Computer chips, also called semiconductors, are the brains of electronics.These days, the entire world runs on semiconductors. There would be no iPhone, Amazon Webstore, or online messaging apps without them.

Temperature sensors in air conditioners are powered by tiny microchips. Rice cookers cook rice to perfection because built-in semiconductors control the heat. The chip inside pacemakers sends electrical pulses to the heart to keep it beating regularly.

From flying across oceans to hailing a ride on our smartphones when we land; streaming movies to buying stuff online; from checking out groceries to paying for dinner with your credit card:every modern system runs on chips.

You cant grab a packet of microchips off the shelf at Walmart. But the latest cameras, TVs, washing machines, ovens, and refrigerators are all made smart by semis. In 2019 there were 300 billion computer chips sold. Thats roughly 40 for every man, woman, and child in the world. And chip companies raked in $450 billion:

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Virtually all of human progress over the past 60 years has been driven by computer chips becoming more powerful. Remember, chips are the brains of computers. And the more brain cells (transistors) a chip has, the faster it is.

The NASA supercomputer that sent Neil Armstrong to the moon in 1969 had 2,000 transistors. But get this: there are11.8 billionbrain cells packed onto the chip inside the new iPhone! Keep in mind, modern chips are no larger than your thumbnail:

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All the tech progress in our lifetime has come from chipmakers figuring out how to cram more transistors onto these microchips. Its how we can do things on our pocket-sized smartphones that IBM mainframes larger than a double-decker bus never could.

In short,semiconductors are the most important goods the world has ever known. They are the fuel powering every modern technology. And they are also key to every future disruption you can think of.

Self-driving cars, artificial intelligence, computer vision, space tourism, genomic medicine. You name it, these world-changing disruptions ALLneedfaster chips.

Youre might already be familiar with chip giantNvidia (NVDA). Nvidia, Qualcomm, and AMD are often referred to as chipmakers, but thats a misnomer. These companies dont actually make semiconductors. Theyre more like architects, crafting blueprints and intricate designs for the chips.

When it comes to physically manufacturing the chips, they hand the reins toTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSM). TSMC is the worlds largest semiconductor manufacturer. Today, roughly 70% of top-shelf chips pass through its factories. And its list of clients reads like a whos who in the tech world.

Its made the chips inside every Apple iPhone and Mac since 2014. Its produced Nvidias chips since the 90s. Giants like Qualcomm, Google, and AMD pay TSMC billions of dollars a year.

Most investors have never heard of TSMC, likely because it doesnt make any chips of its own. Its a dedicated manufacturer, only producing chips for big-name tech giants. Most of TSMCs factories are on the island of Taiwan. My contact John told me its plant in Hsinchu is the most incredible building hes ever set foot inside.

Once you pass through security, you have to throw on a protective cover-all suit with masks and gloves. Then you walk into an air shower. Its a special chamber that blasts you with filtered air to remove any particles, like dust or hair.

The semiconductors TSMC makes are so fine, a single speck of dust can ruin them. Its so-called cleanroom must be thousands of times more purified than outside. John said the air is so sterile you have to drink gallons of water to stay hydrated.

What stood out most was how he described TSMCs factory robots:

A monorail-like track bolted to the ceiling loops around the factory. The shuttles zooming around above your head are carrying partly-finished chips, some worth more than solid diamonds.

These robots travel 400,000 km a day, combined. Its the equivalent of running around planet Earth 10 times!

TSMC recently stole Intels crown as the worlds leading chip manufacturer. Remember, all tech progress has been fueled by chipmakers cramming more transistors onto these tiny silicon wafers. This process is the closest thing to magic in the real world.

The chip inside Apples new iPhone has a transistor etched into it every 5 nanometers. Thatsfive billionths of a meter, or 1,000X smaller than a red blood cell.

Chipmakers refer to the task of producing ever faster chips as recipes. Making chips is just like baking a cake. You can have all the right ingredients (or machines), but you must get the mixjustright for it to work.

Intel pioneered chipmaking back in 1968. And until recently, it always cooked the recipe correctly before anyone else. That allowed it to keep producing the worlds fastest chips.

But Intel was four years late to the latest chip innovation, allowing TSMC to leapfrog it for the first time ever.TSMC is now the only chipmaker in the world capable of producing leading-edge chips.And thats transformed it into the worlds most important tech company.

Think about it: when Apple and Nvidia need new chips made, who will they call? It can only be TSMC. These firms spent roughly $550 million designing their latest chips. When youre ploughing that kind of money into design, you will only hire the best chipmaker to build them. TSMC is like the sun, sitting at the center of the tech universe. Every company reliant on faster chips now revolves around it.

As chipmaking gets more complex and expensive, TSMC is leaving its rivals in the dust.

In 2001 there were 30 chipmakers vying for the #1 crown. Today, TSMC is the only chipmaker in the world capable of making leading-edge chips. Intel and Samsung are the only others left standing, and both are 12 years behind.

TSMCs only problem is figuring out how to make more chips. Apple, Nvidia, AMD and a handful of others have booked out its entire capacity until the second half of 2021.

Ive followed this disruptor for a couple years now, and its among the most consistent performers youll ever lay eyes on. Its grown sales 15X since 2000, and business has gone vertical over the past decade:

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Remember, semiconductors are the fuel of our modern world. Every future disruption you can think of relies on faster and faster chips. As the principal supplier of those chips, TSMC is now the most important tech company in the world.

I call it a forever stock. Buy the stock today and lock it away for 10 years. Watch along the way as it compounds your initial investment into a small fortune.

Get my report"The Great Disruptors:3 Breakthrough Stocks Set to Double Your Money".These stocks will hand you 100% gains as they disrupt whole industries.Get your free copy here.

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All Tech Revolves Around This Disruptor - Forbes

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Spring Into Action: Navigating the New Business Landscape – RisMedia.com

Posted: at 5:08 pm

Its safe to say that the real estate environment has significantly changed after undergoing several shifts in the past year alone. But where does that leave the industry in terms of planning for the future? RISMedias next all-day virtual event,Spring Into Action, co-presented by the National Association of REALTORS, is going to tackle the business landscape, looking at everything from technology to new opportunities, the role of the office space, teams, branding and more.

Tune in on April 8 from 11 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. EDT, as well be bringing together more than 75 of the industrys leaders, coaches and trainers to get you ready for the future business landscape, no matter what it might look like in the next several years.

Click here to register for a 50% discount!All registrants will receive a complimentary digital copy of RISMedias Ultimate Social Media Guide as a giveaway ($50 value).

The following sessions will be focusing on different aspects of the real estate business landscape:

Women in Real Estate: Seizing the Opportunities in 2021As the 2021 real estate market heads into prime season, the potential for success is great. This panel of leading women in real estate discuss the most exciting opportunities for the year ahead, and how brokers and real estate professionals can take advantage of the possibilities.

Featuring: Joan Docktor, Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Bess Freedman, Brown Harris Stevens Helen Hanna Casey, Howard Hanna Real Estate Services Rosey Koberlein, Long Companies Christina Pappas, The Keyes Company/Illustrated Properties

Broadcasting: 11:25 a.m. EDT More About This Session

Fighting Back With TechnologyAre venture capital firms and tech giants a threat to the longevity of the real estate brokerage model? In this special one-on-one discussion, Morgan Carey shares how brokers and agents can fight back and mitigate the competitive challenge with the right online strategy.

Featuring: Morgan Carey, Real Estate Webmasters John Featherston, RISMediaBroadcasting: 12:05 p.m. EDT More About This Session

Broker Track: The Future of Brick & Mortar: The New Face of the Real Estate FirmOperating throughout a pandemic environment has changed the approach to businessin many cases, for the better. As we set our sights on a post-COVID world, brokers discuss what the office of tomorrow will look like and how it will make their business models more efficient and effective.

Featuring: Lacey Merrick Conway, Latter & Blum Joe Horning, Shorewest, REALTORS Vince Leisey, Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Ambassador Real Estate Scott MacDonald, RE/MAX Gateway

Broadcasting: 1:50 p.m. EDT More About This Session

Broker Track: The New Urban LandscapeUrban markets, like New York City, took a hit in the wake of COVID-19. But new opportunities have since emerged. In this session, two real estate icons share how theyre navigating business in the Big Apple during pandemic times, and what the outlook is for city markets across the country.

Featuring: Bess Freedman, Brown Harris Stevens Diane M. Ramirez, Brown Harris Stevens Residential Sales, LLC John Featherston, RISMedia

Broadcasting: 2:20 p.m. EDT More About This SessionAgent Track: The Power of 2 Brands: How to Sync Your Brand With Your BrokersWhen an agent can brand themselves or their team through marketing and social media in conjunction with the strengths of their brokerage, they can create a powerful tool that will help successfully grow their business.

Featuring: Vince Leisey, Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Ambassador Real Estate John Featherston, RISMedia

Broadcasting: 2:25 p.m. EDT More About This Session

Agent Track: How to Make Your Team More Successful in 2021Agent teams are rising in prominence and productivity. Is your team equipped to compete against the increasing competition? In this session, leading coach and team expert Verl Workman and his panel strategize ways for your team to reach its maximum potential in 2021.

Featuring: Ron Howard, Ron Howard & Associates of RE/MAX Advantage Lisa Milkovich, The Milkovich Team, John L. Scott Real Estate Heidi Picard-Ramsay, BHHS New England, New York & Westchester Properties Verl Workman, Workman Success Systems

Broadcasting: 3:45 p.m. EDT More About This Session

Click here to receive 50% off registration now to kick off the spring market right!

Spring Into Action 2021 SponsorsDiamond SponsorsNational Association of REALTORS Center for REALTOR DevelopmentReal Estate Webmasters

Master SponsorCENTURY 21The Corcoran Group

Host SponsorLone Wolf TechnologiesQualiaRealtors Property Resource, LLCRocket Mortgage

Event SponsorsCoreLogicDavid Knox Productions, Inc.The Institute for Luxury Home MarketingPillar To Post Home InspectorsSherri Johnson Coaching & ConsultingLiz Dominguez is RISMedias senior online editor. Email her your real estate news ideas tolizd@rismedia.com.

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Researchers have found that even the best Speech recognition systems are actually biased – Digital Information World

Posted: at 5:08 pm

The researchers from the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Cancer Institute and the Delft University of Technology, has founded that even the state of the art Automatic speech recognition (ASR) algorithm struggles while identifying the accents of people from different regions. According to these researchers, the ASR system for the Dutch Language can recognize speakers of specific age groups, genders and even the countries of origin much better than others.

This speech recognition has come a very long way since IBM developed and demonstrated the very first speech recognition system the Shoebox Machine back in early 1960s, which is also known as the forerunner of the modern worlds voice recognition system, and the launch of the famous Worlds of Wonders Julie Doll back in 1987. In spite of all the progress achieved with the help of Artificial Intelligence, the current speech recognition system are not upto the level and are also considered to be biased. A study , ordered by the Washington Post states that the famous smart speakers manufactured by the very own Google and Amazon, are predicted to not to be able to understand Non-American accents as compared to American accents.

Very recently, the Cambridge based advocacy organization, Algorithmic Justice Leagues Voice erasure project discovered that the speech recognition system of the famous Tech Giants including Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM and even Google itself has collectively secured a word error of about 35% for African American voice in comparison to just 19 % for White American voices.

The co-workers of this latest research has decided to check and investigate that how well a Dutch based Automatic Speech recognition system would do while recognizing speech from different groups of speakers. A series of experiments were to be carried out to examine if the Dutch ASR system is able to keep up with the diversity in speech with factors including gender, age and accent.

In the beginning the ASR system was fed some sample date from the CGN , a technique used to familiarize AI language models to the Dutch language. This CGN contains recordings of People ranging from 18-65 years old from different regions of Netherlands and Flanders of Belgium that covered speaking style of telephonic conversation as well as broadcast news. CGN has an astonishing 483 hours of speech time including 1678 men and 1185 women. But in order to make things more complex for the system, the co-author introduced the data augmentation technique to increase the training data hours up to nine fold.

When this test subject ASR system was run for a test drive from CGN the results showed that the female speech was more reliably identified as compared to males regardless of their speaking style. In addition to this the system had a hard time recognizing speech from older people as compared to young ones mainly because the younger People were more articulated. And it seemed to be easy to identify native speech as compared to non native speaker. The Dutch children had an error rate of about 20% which was better than the non-native age group.

Researchers believe that the only way to lessen this speech bias issue is possible at Algorithmic level and cannot be done in datasets. They concluded this study on a piece of paper by adding that the direct bias mitigation will concern the diversifying and aiming for a balanced representation in datasets whereas an indirect bias mitigation technique will deal with a variety including age, region, gender and more. And both of them working together can make it easier to ensure a more developing environment for the automatic speech recognition (ASR).

Read next:Tech is changing dramatically fast, almost a third of the consumers feel that they cant keep up with the speed of technology

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Bypassing Apple’s App Tracking Transparency feature tested by Snap – Digital Information World

Posted: at 5:08 pm

Snap is the company behind one of the most popular social media app Snapchat. It allows the users to chat through picture or video messages. The message is available for only a short period time before the message or the snap becomes inaccessible. The company of Snapchat is very aggressive in making new updates and changes on the app and every day new updates are found by the users of Snapchat.

Snap hasreportedly searched for new ways to bypass the upcoming feature of Apple that is related to the tracking transparency feature. The upcoming launch of Apples new iOS 14 feature is about App Tracking Transparency (ATT). This feature of iOS forces the app to ask for permission from the user before they will be able to track them.

Some of the Chinese companies and other tech giants have been trying to find a way to get around Appels App Tracking Transparency by using third-party data, even if the user denies the permission that is the feature of the iOS 14. The documents that are obtained by the Financial Times are showing that Snap is trying to gather all the information from third-party corporations and companies to look into whether have responded to advert campaigns or not. Snap started the probabilistic matching in which the plan is to measure the information that includes the IP address of the user instead of their personal information to monitor the records. This was confirmed by Snap, that they have been performing the probabilistic matching for several months to take a look at the impression of the privacy insurance policies of Apple. Snap also mentioned that they plan to change the program when the ATT feature of Apple is launched.

Snap also mentions that the social network won't be able to track users without their permission, however they wish that they might collect information on the same characteristics without breaking any privacy principles.

According to the reports, Apple has sent letters to the Snap and all the other China-based companies that are trying to get around ATT to track users without their permission. The letter supposedly warned the companies that this attempt will result in expulsion from the App Store. In February, Snap warned all the investors that the launch of upcoming Apple privacy changes can hurt the income of the company.

The feature of App Tracking Transparency has drawn outrage and critics from companies that are reliant on advertising especially Facebook. It claims that the new feature will hurt the revenue of the small and medium-sized business, however, Facebook has admitted that they have no other option rather than accepting the new privacy policies.

The new ATT feature that is related to the privacy of the users is anticipated to be launched in iOS 14.5 sometime in the upcoming spring.

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How Dark Patterns Trick People On the Internet Without Them Realizing – Digital Information World

Posted: at 5:08 pm

Dark patterns are seen throughout the internet and most of the time you just dont realize that theseDark patterns are working in the backgrounds to manipulate your behavior. If you do not know what dark patterns are, allow us to make you understand.Dark patterns are kinds of hacks, designs or options on the different platforms and apps which are made to manipulate or heavily influence users and encourage them to make certain choices which will be in the favor of the said company or the websites and you do it without even realizing it sometimes. The term dark pattern was made by a man called Harry Brignull in 2010 who has been keeping a track of all the dark patterns and activity since then. It was revealed that the dark patterns have existed long before the existence of the internet with previously with the mail-order music club Columbia Houses amazing deal to buy 12 CDs for just one penny (plus shipping and handling), which then automatically opted them in to a CD-a-month club that was almost impossible to cancel as an example but with the power and the wider availability of the internet such patterns have become more common and powerful.

There are so many examples of dark patterns on the internet like the trial streaming services which asks for your bank accounts when you sign up for a free month trial will automatically charge you once the trial is over. Ads on the applications or websites will appear covering the entire screen but the X to remove them will be so small and faint in the corner that sometimes it can be missed by the users or the X is so small that you accidentally click on the ad itself and are redirected to the ads websites.

While these may be small examples, do you know large tech giants manipulate you into these patterns as well?

Instagram which is a renowned application walks on this path too. You must have at some point in your Instagram using activity received a pop up asking if you want the service to use your app and website activity to provide a better ads experience. This basically means the app wants to track and transfer your data in order to link you up with the ads of preference and this is one the biggest sources of revenue collection for the applications. Along with this pop up you are given two options one in a black column which is a shade darker than its background reading Make ads less personalized and a blue box reading Make ads more personalized. The blue color is vibrant than the black one and will be immediately catchy to the users eye. Apart from this Instagram uses words like activity and personalized instead of tracking and targeting to convince users in accepting their tracking requests without them realizing what it is all about. This is what dark patterns are all about.

Dark patterns online have been fooling people for very long now and making them give up their time data and money but if things go in favor of advocates and regulators wanting to ban this type of patterns on the internet it will not be long before the websites and companies will not be able to fool people for much longer.

H/T: Vox Media.

Read next:Dear Gamers Beware of The Malware Hidden Inside Cheat Codes!

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Facebook, Google, Uber release return to work plans: Bay Area Tech firms set the date – Cupertino Today

Posted: at 5:08 pm

Posted By: Staff WriterApril 1, 2021

The areas tech giants have given guidance this week on return-to-work plans, according to multiple reports. The plans impact a significant portion of the regions workforce.

Facebook has set a May 10 opening target date for a voluntary return to onsite work, for up to 10 percent of maximum seated capacity in its Menlo Park headquarters, provided local COVID-19 case data continues to improve. Offices in Sunnyvale will open May 24, followed by Fremont on May 17 and San Francisco on June 7, under the same parameters. Employees can still opt to work from home until early July, and can choose to continue remotely until their local office has reached 50 percent capacity, which for the largest offices could be after Labor Day.

Uber welcomed employees to its new San Francisco headquarters on March 29, allowing up to 20 percent of employees to return to work on a voluntary basis. The rideshare giant had previously slated September 13 as its return date.

Google notified employees on Wednesday they will be allowed to return to the workplace in April on a voluntary basis, at reduced capacity subject to local COVID-19 health guidance, ahead of the September 1 return deadline announced at the end of last year.

Apple CEO Tim Cook has remained tight-lipped about return to work plans since telling employees in December they would be working from home until June. However he recently signaled the companys commitment to in-person work, telling People Magazine last month, I cant wait until that happens,and describing Apple as very much an in-person team because we believe thats best for collaboration.

Most companies have indicated a hybrid approach will likely be part of the operations model going forward. Vaccines will not be required to return to work at many top firms, at least initially, but key perks will be absent from the onsite work experience as well. Free food, onsite workout centers and WiFi-enabled shuttles are among the benefits not yet available to returning employees.

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Google will not attend Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2021 due to COVID protocols – Indulgexpress

Posted: at 5:08 pm

Google

Tech giant Google will not to participate in-person in the Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2021 due to COVID protocols. The news comes after several tech giants like Nokia, Ericsson, Sony and Oracle decided not to attend the flagship event meant for the global smartphone industry.

Google said that following current COVID-19 travel restrictions and protocols, it "has made the decision to not exhibit at Mobile World Congress this year". "We will continue to collaborate closely with GSMA and support our partners through virtual opportunities. We look forward to this year's activities and seeing you in Barcelona in 2022," the company said in a statement to The Verge on Wednesday.

In February, the GSMA that runs MWC said it would go ahead with the in-person event in June year with proper Covid-19 precautions.

However, with Covid cases rising again globally, more and more tech giants have announced not to take the risk. MWC Barcelona is an annual trade show organised by GSMA, dedicated primarily to the mobile communications industry.

Its annual attendance was generally around 100,000 people, while mobile phone manufacturers often use the conference to unveil upcoming devices.

GSMA has extended the MWC brand to two other trade shows in Shanghai, China (MWC Shanghai) and Los Angeles, United States (MWC Los Angeles, formerly MWC Americas), but the brand remains most synonymous with the Barcelona event.

*Edited from an IANS report

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Baby in Iraq first ever human documented with three penises – The Jerusalem Post

Posted: at 5:07 pm

A baby in Iraq has made history: He is the first person to be documented as being born with threepenises.Also known as triphallia, the Kurdish baby from Duhok is the first human to have been documented as such, according to Dr. Shakir Saleem Jamali in a study on the find in the academic periodical the International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.

Having more than one penis isn't new. Someone with two penises is known to have a condition called diphallia. As the study noted, it occurs in around one in every 5-6 million live births. However, the three-month-old boy has three. Despite this, only one could be called the "true penis," since the others do not possess urethrae and cannot function normally.

The two supernumerary penises were surgically removed, with no adverse effects reported.

Diphallia was first formally reported in 1609, and cases continue to arise.

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Yes, Matt Gaetz was the only no vote on 2017 human trafficking bill – PolitiFact

Posted: at 5:07 pm

U.S. Rep. Matt Gaetzs vote against a human trafficking bill back in 2017 is popping up on social media following a New York Times report that federal authorities are investigating whether Gaetz violated human trafficking laws.

The New York Times reported based on unnamed sources that the Justice Department is investigating whether Gaetz, a Florida Republican, had a sexual relationship with a 17-year-old girl and paid for her to travel with him. The newspaper reported that the investigation started during the final months of the Trump administration and is part of a broader investigation into a Gaetz ally, Joel Greenberg, a former tax collector in Seminole County who was indicted on charges including sex trafficking. Gaetz has not been charged.

Gaetz said on Twitter and told the New York Times, Axios and Fox News that the allegations are false and are part of an effort to extort $25 million from him and his family.

A Facebook post used the popular "how it started, how its going" meme to juxtapose the Justice Department investigation with Gaetzs past vote on a bill in Congress.

How it started: "Matt Gaetz defends lone no vote on anti-human trafficking bill."

How its going: "The DOJ is reportedly investigating whether Rep. Matt Gaetz had a sexual relationship with a 17-year-old and violated sex-trafficking laws," taken from a Business Insider headline.

The Facebook post was flagged as part of Facebooks efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.)

In this case, its accurate to say that Gaetz was the only member to vote against such a measure in 2017. The Facebook post could be interpreted to suggest that his 2017 vote led to or is somehow tied to the Justice Department investigation, but that isnt proven, and its not the focus of our fact-check.

Gaetz really was the only vote against an anti-human trafficking bill that Trump signed into law. The reason he offered at the time was not on the bills substance, but in favor of limiting government.

The Combating Human Trafficking in Commercial Vehicles Act passed the Senate by unanimous consent in September 2017. When the House passed the bill in December 2017, Gaetz was the only no vote. President Donald Trump signed the bill into law in January 2018.

The bill directed the Transportation Department to designate an official to coordinate human trafficking prevention efforts and called for establishing an advisory committee on human trafficking. The committee submitted a 128-page report in July 2019 that included recommendations to combat human trafficking.

Following coverage of his vote in his home newspaper, the Northwest Florida Daily News, Gaetz went on Facebook live to explain his opposition. Gaetz called the bill "mission creep" and an "expansion of the federal government" beyond what is in the Constitution.

Gaetz said when a proposed bill creates a new government entity or board, his office scrutinizes the legislation.

"Unless there is an overwhelming, compelling reason that our existing agencies in the federal government can't handle that problem, I vote no because voters in Northwest Florida did not send me to Washington to go and create more federal government," Gaetz said. "If anything, we should be abolishing a lot of the agencies at the federal level like the Department of Education, like the EPA and sending that power back to our state governments."

However, Gaetz said it is important to combat human trafficking and said when he was in the state Legislaure he worked to make it easier for prosecutors to bring cases against human traffickers. We contacted Gaetzs congressional office to ask them to point to a bill he appeared to reference but did not receive a reply by our deadline.

Our ruling

A Facebook post said Gaetz was the lone vote in the House against an anti-human trafficking bill.

In 2017, Gaetz was the lone vote against a bill that directed federal officials to take steps to combat human trafficking, including the creation of an advisory committee. Gaetz said that combating human trafficking was important, but he was against creating a new federal entity to do so.

We rate this statement True.

RELATED: U.S. Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-Fla., on the Truth-O-Meter

RELATED: Graph showing rising human trafficking arrests under Trump draws on bogus data

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Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from Bat to Human Pathogen – JD Supra

Posted: at 5:07 pm

A recent COVID post elicited the comment that we were just a "ray of sunshine." Following in this tradition, this post concerns a recent report, in PLOS Biology, that the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID-19) evinced the development of a "highly efficient human pathogen" (to quote Billie Eilish, "Duh!").

The paper, entitled "Natural selection in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in bats created a generalist virus and highly capable human pathogen," was reported by an international team* of researchers. It was known prior to this work that SARS-CoV-2 and the virus that caused the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003 (which these authors term "SARS-CoV-1" to avoid confusion) arose in bats, and that SARS-CoV-2 is particularly infective in humans, inter alia, for having a furin protease cleavage site (Arg-X-X-Arg/ Arg-X-Arg/Lys-Arg) in its Spike protein, which facilitates protease-related binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) because furin is expressed in human lung tissue. The interesting conclusions drawn by these authors is that mutational adaptations that facilitate human infection by the virus occurred prior to the jump from bats to humans, which accounts (at least in part) for the rapid dissemination/infectivity in the pandemic because the virus did not require long-term incubation to achieve the species switch typical of other zoonotic viruses. Specifically, the authors report:

[U]nlike most other RNA viruses which acquire adaptations after switching to a new host species for efficient replication and spreading as successfully as exhibited by SARS-CoV-2, the Sarbecoviruses [a closely related bat viral species]which already transmit frequently among bat speciescan exploit the generalist properties of their ACE2 binding ability, facilitating successful infection of non-bat species, including humans.

The paper reports these researchers' comparison between signs of positive selection during the pandemic with historic selection in related bat viruses. They assessed 133,741 SARS-CoV-2 virus samples collected in the first 11 months of the pandemic with 69 samples of related (Sarbecovirus) virus genomes for the frequencies of nonsynonymous (dN) mutations (which result in amino acid sequence differences that can be subject to selective pressures) with synonymous (dS) mutations (which change at the nucleic acid but not amino acid sequence). Nonsynonymous mutations were expected to arise (i.e., be detected) more slowly in the viral population, because while both synonymous and nonsynonymous changes arise "randomly" there is no basis for selection of synonymous ones. As expected, dN mutations arose at 4% the rate of dS when comparing SARS-CoV-2 with related bat Sarbecovirus RaTG13. The authors further report that "[t]he vast majority of 20,687 observed mutations occur at very low frequency, with 79% of mutations observed in 10 or fewer of the 133,741 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences analysed." They conclude from these data that "SARS-CoV-2 is evolving relatively slowly with no dramatic increases in selective pressures occurring over the sampling period [from] December 2019 to October 2020."

Perhaps surprisingly, the D614G mutation, putatively associated with higher rates of infection (see "The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity"), was detected in samples collected early in the pandemic, whereas other mutated sites occurred later, suggesting that the D614G variant has a higher capacity for positive selection in unvaccinated/uninfected populations because it has had a longer time to spread through the virus populations. In addition, these researchers found that most of the other mutations were only transiently present in the viral population.

In comparisons with other bat viruses, "diversifying" selection, associated with the ability of the virus to "jump" species, was found in the earliest branches of virus evolution from the bat virus. These researchers further report that there was "no evidence of selection in the terminal branch leading to SARS-CoV-2[, c]onsistent with the nonhuman progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 requiring little or no novel adaptation to successfully infect humans" (although they also caution that "no model can detect all signatures of historic genomic adaptation, and mutations which may enable SARS-CoV-2 to infect humans could have arisen by genetic drift in the reservoir host before human exposure").

Also found was evidence of a related bat virus, RmYN02, that has a sequence in comparison with SARS-CoV-2 that indicates recombination with prototype of SARS-CoV-2 as early as 1976, evidence of how long this virus was "brewing" in bat populations over time and consistent with "direct" bat-to-human transmission; indeed, the researchers found no evidence that related viruses are found in pangolins.

Further (and having the character of improvident destiny or the propensity for God to play dice contrary to Einstein's preferences), the sequence comparisons with bat viruses are consistent not with sequence changes related to a change in host species (from bat to human) but more consistent with a history of sequence changes related to the bat host(s) (such as immune avoidance or tissue preferences) having arisen that "preselected" the virus for effective human infection. As these authors write: "[t]hese results suggest that the majority of adaptive changes which generated SARS-CoV-2 took place prior to its emergence in the human population."

Exceptions are the mutations related to UK (B.1.1.7) or South African (B.1.351) mutations, which seem associated with "host immunity due to previous exposure and/or chronic infections of probably immunocompromised individuals," i.e., mutations more in line with conventional stories of how zoonotic viruses show sequence changes related to adaptation to a new host.

There has been evidence supporting these conclusions (outside the depth of the genetic analyses presented here; see "Sequence Comparisons Illustrate Susceptibility to Coronavirus Infection") regarding the biology of the observed ease of transmission to other hosts due to evolution of a "generalist" virus that arose in bats. In this regard, the authors state "[t]he apparent 'success' of these bat viruses to transmit to multiple other mammals and spread with few to no significant genomic changes further supports the hypothesis that the SARS-CoV-2 progenitor is from a viral lineage with a relatively generalist nature." This is consistent with a mechanism wherein this "generalist" virus arose in bat populations over the past ~100 years as a function of host switching or tissue tropism within bat species, perhaps due to resistance in bats (see "How Bats Are Different").

Finally, and consistent with these ideas, the authors present a histogram of the various related coronavirus species showing the genetic distance between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and illustrating that the genetic changes characterizing the increased human infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 arose late in the evolution of this species.

The authors conclude with a cautionary note:

An overarching point stemming from these observations is the lack of sampling and knowledge of the diversity in this viral subgenus. In particular, the closest known bat viruses to SARS-CoV-2 are relatively divergent in time[], and the apparent generalist nature of these viruses suggests that there are species of wild mammals, yet to be sampled, infected with nCoV-like viruses. Serological studies of communities in China that come into contact with bats indicate that incidental and dead-end spillover of SARS-like viruses into humans do occur[]. Due to the high diversity and generalist nature of these Sarbecoviruses, a future spillover, potentially coupled with a recombination event with SARS-CoV-2, is possible, and such a "SARS-CoV-3" emergence could be sufficiently divergent to evade either natural or vaccine-acquired immunity, as demonstrated for SARS-CoV-1 versus SARS-CoV-2. We must therefore dramatically ramp up surveillance for Sarbecovirusesat the humananimal interface and monitor carefully for future SARS-CoV emergence in the human population.

* MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from Bat to Human Pathogen - JD Supra

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