Monthly Archives: April 2021

Two more countries will join the moon-landing club next year, if all goes according to plan.

The United Arab Emirates' (UAE) robotic Rashid moon rover will be delivered to the lunar surface in 2022 by HAKUTO-R, a lander built by the Japanese company ispace, mission team members announced today (April 14).

The upcoming Emirates Lunar Mission will be the first moon landing for the Arab world and for Japan. To date, just three nations have soft-landed a spacecraft on the moon the United States, the then-Soviet Union and China.

Lunar timeline: Humanity's exploration of the moon

Today's announcement also represents a significant timeline shift for the Emirates Lunar Mission. When the UAE first announced the project last fall, the target launch date was 2024.

"We are honored that MBRSC has entrusted ispace's lunar payload transportation service to play a key role in carrying out this historic moment for the UAE," ispace founder and CEO Takeshi Hakamada said in a statement, referring to the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, the UAE's space agency, which was founded in 2006.

"The world will be watching as our commercial lander carries the Rashid rover to the moon," Hakamada added. "We're pleased to advance collaboration between the UAE and Japan in space exploration, as well as to inspire more collaborations for lunar exploration between the public and commercial sector around the world."

The Emirates Lunar Mission will send the 22-lb. (10 kilograms) Rashid to an equatorial locale on the moon's near side. The final landing site has not yet been announced.

The little four-wheeled rover will study its surroundings for at least one lunar day, or about 14 Earth days, using a high-resolution camera, a thermal imager, a microscopic imager and a Langmuir probe. This latter instrument could help scientists better understand the electrically charged environment at the lunar surface, which is apparently caused by the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing constantly from the sun.

But Rashid's work will also help the UAE, and humanity in general, prepare for even bigger leaps in the future, if all goes according to plan.

"The Emirates Lunar Mission represents a milestone in the UAE's space sector, as the mission will contribute towards providing valuable data and information relating to the moon that will serve the global scientific community as well as test capabilities that would be crucial for manned missions to Mars," Adnan AlRais, senior director of the MBRSC's Remote Sensing Department, said in the same statement.

AlRais is also program manager of Mars 2117, an MBRSC initiative that aims to establish a human settlement on the Red Planet by that year. (The program was launched four years ago, with the goal of making a Mars colony happen within a century.)

The UAE has already tasted some Mars success,another first for an Arab nation. The country's robotic Hope probe began orbiting Mars in February and has beamed home some gorgeous views of the Red Planet.

The Emirates Lunar Mission will be the first moon trip for HAKUTO-R, which ispace has been developing for more than a decade. The company, which was established in 2010, managed Team HAKUTO, one of the five finalists in the Google Lunar X Prize, a private race to the moon that ended in 2018 without a winner.

ispace is planning to launch its second lunar mission, which will also include a rover deployment, in 2023. Both of those flights are expected to lift off aboard SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets, ispace representatives said.

Those two missions are envisioned to be just the beginning for ispace. Like the UAE, the Tokyo-based company has big ambitions in the final frontier.

"From Mission 3 and beyond, we will increase the frequency of lunar landings and rover expeditions to transport customer payloads to the moon," the company's website reads. "Our landers will deploy swarms of rovers to the lunar surface to pioneer the discovery and development of lunar resources, enabling the steady development of lunar industry and human presence on the moon."

Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.

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Japanese ispace lander to carry UAE moon rover to lunar surface in 2022 - Space.com

There can be no mistaking that interest in Mars is growing. In February 2021, three brand new spacecraft arrived at the Red Planet.

The first was the UAEs Emirates Mars Mission, also known as Hope, which entered orbit on 9 February to study the planets atmosphere. Just days later Chinas Tianwen-1 settled in, and is now getting ready to deploy a lander that will carry a rover to the surface in May. The third visitor, NASAs Perseverance rover, is carrying equipment to look for the chemical traces of past life.

However, it may just be the UAEs mission that history remembers as the most significant. It is nothing less than the first step in the countrys stated ambition to establish an international human settlement on Mars by 2117.

And its not just the UAE that is thinking about living on Mars.

In February 2020, The Mars Society, an organisation dedicated to the human exploration and settlement of the Red Planet, launched an international competition to design a Martian city. Entries came from 175 teams from more than a dozen countries.

Read more about exploring Mars:

Reading them, I was struck by the ingenuity displayed by the teams in coming up with extremely clever technical, economic and aesthetic solutions to the problems of designing a practical and beautiful Mars City state, says Dr Robert Zubrin, founder and president of the Mars Society.

One of the teams that entered was the Sustainable Offworld Network (SONet), a community of professionals in the academic and private sectors dedicated to the development of sustainable human settlements on other worlds. Their entry: Nwa city.

Select citizens may be permitted to study the Nwa valley in pressure suits containing enough air to sustain them for at least 10 hours. Due to the harsh night climate, this exploration will only be possible during the day ABIBOO Studio

Nwa is a Martian city made of tunnels built up to 150 metres deep into a cliff face. The tunnels would house residential and work areas, as well as urban orchards and green domes. Like communal gardens in cities today, they would include plants, animals and even small bodies of water. As many daily activities would be completed below ground, these lushly planted domes are designed to provide a psychological lift for colonists, offering spectacular views out across the Martian terrain.

What made the Mars Society challenge stand out was that it wasnt asking the teams to determine how to make a scientific outpost for an extended but ultimately temporary habitation. Instead it was asking specifically for a city state that would be capable of housing a million people, providing schools, shops, hospitals and even facilities to process the dead.

The city also needed to be self-supporting as much as possible. It would have to produce all the food, clothing, shelter, power, consumer products, vehicles and machines for a million people. With Earth so far away, it would only be possible to import a small amount of key components, such as advanced electronics.

As it will be a permanent residence, extra care was taken with Nwa to provide for the inhabitants psychological wellbeing. This is the view through a Martian green dome, and out across the Martian planes ABIBOO Studio

The approach was very different to a temporary settlement, says architect and urban designer Alfredo Muoz of Abiboo Studios, who also serves on the SONet board.

In a temporary base, where a limited number of people live for months, or even years, doing their work and then returning home, the only real concern is keeping them alive. But somewhere that is going to be home for the rest of their lives is a different matter altogether. It required thinking about a much wider variety of issues.

We started thinking, Okay, how do we ensure the right psychological environment to ensure that people are having a happy and enriching life? How can we create a beautiful experience and a life around the community in a place that is pretty harsh? says Muoz.

This meant Nwa not only had to protect its inhabitants from the deadly Martian climate of temperatures as low as -103C, but also allow a new civilisation to flourish. In other words, a lot of planning was needed for the project.

Green domes will be built where the tunnels reach the cliff face. Some of these green domes will function as parks, others will be used to run experiments to see if vegetation can be adapted to Martian conditions. All will feature views of the Mars landscape beyond ABIBOO Studio

Nwa city was designed by a 35-strong team that worked for four months to perfect the concept. It would be the capital of five such cities spread across the Red Planet, each one capable of sustaining between 200,000 and 250,000 people. The SONet team even identified the places where Nwa and its sister cities would sit on Mars: a site located 2,250km from the extinct volcanoes of Mars Tharsis region, near the planets equator.

The cities would be separated by a couple of thousand kilometres,and they would be accessed by the Martian equivalent of a light railway. Only Abalos City would be further away. Located towards the Martian north pole, it would be the water-mining settlement.

You would be forgiven for thinking that building not one but five cities on Mars is somewhat overambitious. Key materials required for everything from rocket fuel to manufacturing need to be extracted from natural Mars resources. For instance, graphite and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (used for construction) can be obtained through atmospheric CO2. Similarly, native sulphur found in deposits on the Martian surface can be used to create cement.

But to astrophysicist Guillem Anglada-Escud, Institute of Space Sciences/CSIC, Spain, and the founder of SONet, once he broke it all down he realised that he was facing the same set of problems that city planners have on Earth with just one major twist. Everything that you need to run a city on Earth, you need on Mars as well, the only extra thing you need on Mars is air, he says.

Crops will be cultivated in the agricultural modules in an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide. With an air pressure just one-quarter that at sea level on Earth, it will not be breathable for humans. Cultivation must therefore be fully automated ABIBOO Studio

Quite a bit of air, in fact: the Nwa designers estimate 187,500,000m3 of it would be required to maintain the citys 200,000 inhabitants (about 240kg of oxygen and 490kg of nitrogen per person). The traditional approach to this problem has been to build vast domes that trap air.

But for Nwa, the team came up with the idea of building into a cliff face. Not only would this help them trap air in the 30-metre diameter tunnels and caverns they planned to excavate, but the cliff would also protect the residents from harmful solar radiation that can reach the surface of the airless planet. Plus, the cliff rock provides low-cost protection from the massive pressure difference inside and outside the city.

The mesa at the top of the cliff is where the large solar arrays and a nuclear power station would generate the 37kW per citizen needed to maintain life-support systems. Areas for food production would also be based here, providing the crops that will make up half of citizens diets (the other half consists of insects, cellular meat and atmosphere-revitalising macroalgae).

The cliff tunnels are just one part of Nwa city. On the cliff top, agricultural modules and solar panels are situated. Further away is the citys nuclear power station. Down in the valley is the rocket pad for new arrivals ABIBOO Studio

Construction of this vertical city would take place in phases. The first 10 years is when there would be substantial input from Earth. This would be in the form of machines and components that the colonist workforce would use to begin the construction. At the end of the first decade, SONet estimates that the city will be home to 10,000 people.

Colonists would be need to pay $300k for a one-way ticket to Mars and a 25.5m2 residential unit. They would be required to become a member of the working force. Around Nwas 50th anniversary, the colony would become large enough that it could become an independent state from Earth.

It seems realistic that we could start Nwa by 2054, and have it finished by the end of the century, if there are the right financial resources and the right will, says Muoz.

By building Nwa city into tunnels in a cliff face, the habitation and work modules can be placed under layers of rock, shielding the citizens from the radiation that reaches the surface of Mars ABIBOO Studio

Yet at present, Nwa city exists only on paper. However, the construction of a series of Nwa demonstration facilities on Earth to test the concept and its various technological solutions is currently being planned. These will be experiments not only on planetary exploration, but experiments on architecture, material sciences, biology, ecology, economy, people living together and their psychology, says Anglada-Escud.

Reflecting on the Mars Society competition, in which Nwa finished in the top 20, Zubrin says, What moved me most of all was the glowing idealism of the teams in striving to define a new and better way for humans to live together in a new world.

To be sure, the teams did not agree on the specifics, and their ideas ran the gamut from concepts that could be broadly described as social democratic to libertarian. But what they all had in common was a passionate commitment to the search for something better. What could be more important?

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The plans to build a Martian mega city youd actually want to travel 300 million km to live in - BBC Focus Magazine

While Tesla might be the biggest automobile maker in the world, and the biggest reason behind Elon Musks rise to the top of the top, its SpaceX that has the heart of the worlds richest man. Musk has hinted, on numerous occasions, that his goal is to set up a colony on Mars, and all his business endeavors are a way to fuel this mission. Going by that, its no wonder that Musk is paying the most attention to SpaceX, a fact which is further confirmed by todays announcement. According to regulatory filings, SpaceX has raised $1.16 billion in an equity financing over a course of two months.

This does not come as a surprise at all. A company that is building a globe spanning constellation, launching multiple satellite missions every month, and developingthevehicle for inter planetary travel must have a lot of expenses to handle, even for someone like Elon Musk.

In fact, the company recently raised $850mn, which was confirmed by an SEC filing which was filed in February this year.

The company has several different missions in the pipeline, even though it has already completed its first manned mission. However, if you know Elon Musk, you know that he is not a chill-out guy (the guy tweeted Well, back to work. after receiving the news that he became the richest guy on the planet). His company is currently working on Starlink, a constellation of satellites that will provide internet to every corner of the world over the coming years.

Moreover, it is also building Starship prototypes regularly, and even though the last 3 tests did not go as planned, Musk stays optimistic. In fact, he said that SpaceX will be landing its Starship rockets on Mars well before 2030. I dont know about you, but when Musk is this confident about something, I dont argue.

Thus, this new funding will probably go towards funding all the companys ongoing projects, as so far, it has no real source of revenue.

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SpaceX gets $1.16Bn to continue on its long-shot space programs - The Tech Portal