Monthly Archives: July 2020

Rare pamphlet added to MASC Hogarth Press collection with employee bequest – WSU News

Posted: July 21, 2020 at 12:47 pm

By Nella Letizia, WSU Libraries

In 1942, Londons Hogarth Press published a pamphlet by British physician Isaac Harris called The Calcium Bread Scandal, a spirited denunciation of the Food Ministrys proposal of adding nutrients, including calcium, to bread as a way to fortify the health of the British public during wartime.

In any case, the disease [osteoporosis] is so rare that adding calcium to bread for this purpose [preventing osteoporosis] would be like burning a house in order to roast a pig, the good doctor wrote.

WSUs Manuscripts, Archives and Special Collections (MASC) recently acquired Harriss colorful and rare pamphlet, thanks to a $10,000 bequest of former MASC employee Leila Luedeking, who supported the Hogarth Press Collection as well as the Leonard and Virginia Woolf Library during her life.

While working at MASC from 1973 to 1998, Luedeking cataloged many of its rare book collections and especially contributed to the description of the Woolf Library. She served as a crucial resource for Woolf scholars in the United States and the United Kingdom who corresponded with the department. MASCs files include detailed letters and emails that Luedeking wrote to them.

She was a recognized expert on the work of Leonard Woolf and coauthored an important bibliography of his vast literary, political and critical publications, said Trevor Bond, WSU Libraries associate dean of digital initiatives and special collections. This work remains the standard source for Leonard Woolf.

With the acquisition of The Calcium Bread Scandal, MASC reached its goal of holding a copy of every title published by Hogarth Press from its founding by Virginia and Leonard Woolf in 1917 until Leonard sold his interest in the press in 1946, said special collections librarian Greg Matthews.

Harriss pamphlet has two parts: The first is his main diatribe against the Food Ministrys plan, which he explains in 10 points. The second reprints four letters Harris submitted to the editors of newspapers and medical journals arguing against the medical efficacy of adding nutritional supplements to bread. These pieces are more technical.

Harris objected to the Food Ministrys proposal for other reasons than the rarity of osteoporosis in the population. He also pointed out that Vitamin D aids the physiological absorption of calcium, so adding the mineral supplement without its necessary vitamin counterpart would be ineffective. Finally, Harris viewed the bread supplement scheme as a symptom of the very fascism the Allies were fighting against, Matthews said.

To-day it is one food crank who becomes the dictator; to-morrow there may be another, Harris wrote. To-day it is calcium; to-morrow, Heaven knows what else may be imposed upon us.

Matthews appreciates the doctors candor. Harriss writing style was clear as befits an expert writing for a general audience, though he exhibited a flair for simile and rousing rhetoric, encouraging his readers to resist the rise of tyranny at home, he said.

Luedeking came to Pullman in 1956 when her husband, Robert, was hired by WSU to teach chemical engineering. The couple raised five daughters here, and according to her obituary, Luedeking joined her husband at the university first as a graduate student and then as an employee in MASC when her youngest started preschool.

Colleagues who worked with Luedeking found her to be a good bibliographer. Rare books cataloger Julie King, who started working in MASC in 1986, remembers that Luedeking was involved at the start when MASC obtained the Woolf Library in the early 1970s.

Leila catalogued the bulk of the Woolf Library, King said. She was quite protective of the books, and rightly so. At the time, the Woolf Library was interfiled with the other books in MASC, and we have since collected it all into its own section in the book stacks, but Leila provided the foundation work.

Luedeking also initiated getting many MASC collections catalogued online, including those associated with Leonard and Virginia Woolf.

We were members of the Washington Library Network at the time, and Leila got us on the online format, King said. She and humanities librarian Ann Wierum were responsible for acquiring many of our English literature sub-collections: D.H. Lawrence, John Masefield, Vita Sackville-West, Henry James and others.

I could tell she was fussy about details, she added. I am, toothats what makes a good cataloguer, so I made sure to have everything just so.

Luedekings devotion to the Woolf collections didnt stop with her retirement in 1998; Bond said she regularly gave to MASC afterward until her death last November so that the department could continue to collect items.

I had the pleasure of working with Leila for a few months before she retired, he said. I remembered her as a quiet, sharp and dedicated colleague.

See the article here:

Rare pamphlet added to MASC Hogarth Press collection with employee bequest - WSU News

Posted in Food Supplements | Comments Off on Rare pamphlet added to MASC Hogarth Press collection with employee bequest – WSU News

2020 NutraIngredients-USA Product of the Year Winners – NutraIngredients-usa.com

Posted: at 12:47 pm

The awards cover 14 categories, including products of the year. These awards showcase the best in finished product innovations and market successes in specific categories, including omega-3, probiotic and sports nutrition.

The product of the year for Omega-3 recognizes the best branded or own-label supplements, foods and beverages containing omega-3 as a core ingredient.

Winner: Omega-3 with Xtra Absorb by Nature Made

Nature Made Omega-3 with Xtra Absorb technology is made with a specially designed emulsion system to enable nearly 4x better absorption than standard fish oil concentrate.

The judges viewed the smaller pills that can achieve therapeutic blood levels as somewhat of a game changer. This technology, coupled with impressive sales data, made for a winning product.

We are thrilled to have Nature Mades Omega-3 with Xtra Absorb named NutraIngredients Omega-3 Product of the year, commented Tobe Cohen, EVP, Chief Growth Officer at Pharmavite LLC, makers of Nature Made brand vitamins.This honor is a reflection of our deep commitment to delivering high-quality products rooted in science, a mission that is more important now than ever as Americans look for trusted and proven vitamins and supplements to bolster their health and wellness.

The Probiotic Product of the Year award celebrates the best branded or own-label supplements, functional foods and beverages containing probiotics. Interest in probiotics and the potential benefits of a healthy microbiome have led to multiple years of stellar growth for probiotic products.

Winner: Baby's Nordic Flora Probiotic Powder by Nordic Naturals

Babys Nordic Flora Probiotic Powder delivers digestive support for little ones 6-months to 3 years old and combines two extensively studied probiotic strainsLactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. Lactis.

The judges called this a well-thought out product for a clearly-defined and under-served category with two strains that are supported by solid science.

What great news! enthused Nick Noloboff, Senior Writer, Nordic Naturals. Winning Product of the Year for our Babys Probiotic Powder is especially meaningful to us given the work that Nordic Naturals has done to expand our supplement line and maintain the product quality that customers rely on. Ever since we introduced a higher standard of fish oil 25 years ago, innovation has been our thing. Weve always believed that with the right approach to ingredients and manufacturingand by always prioritizing qualitythe opportunity to innovate and excel is endless. Thanks for recognizing our commitment to making better supplements.

The Sports Nutrition Product of the Year is a new award for 2020, and it was as competitive as you might expect from such a category. Sports and active nutrition products are positioned for both niche athletic populations and the more mainstream active consumer.

This award celebrates the best branded or own-label supplements, functional foods and beverages positioned to enhance athletic performance and recovery.

Winner: 2before blackcurrant powder by 2before Performance Nutrition

2before is a berry juice powder providing a proven, efficacious dose of polyphenols from Adaptive New Zealand blackcurrants to deliver a significant sports performance improvement.

The judges appreciated the evidence behind this product, its clean sourcing story as well as its third-party lab certification.

Brendan Vercoe, Commercial Development Manager, Plant, New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, toldNutraIngredients-USA that the award is an honor:Adaptive blackcurrants are a known elite sports nutrition ingredient in New Zealand, but we wanted to create a finished product that would resonate in the US market. So we set out to create a food first performance brand in a format that would allow athletes to create a new pre-ritual. We are extremely honored for NutraIngredients-USA to validate all the hard work we have put into both world-class research, but also ultimately a product that we hope can make a significant difference to athletic performance, recovery and immunity, as we count down a year to the Tokyo Olympics. We will continue to educate dietitians and athletes on the benefits of Adaptive New Zealand blackcurrants and seek to create a category for food first performance nutrition.

See original here:

2020 NutraIngredients-USA Product of the Year Winners - NutraIngredients-usa.com

Posted in Food Supplements | Comments Off on 2020 NutraIngredients-USA Product of the Year Winners – NutraIngredients-usa.com

An Overview Of EU Rules On Consumer Advertising Of Over-The-Counter Products In The Life Sciences Sector – Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment -…

Posted: at 12:47 pm

1. Introduction

Commentary on EU life science advertising regulation frequentlyfocuses on the rules applicable to advertisements for prescriptionproducts directed to healthcare professionals. Less iswritten about other types of products that form part of the EUhealthcare market, and the advertising restrictions that exist inrelation to the marketing of these products to consumers.While advertising restrictions on over-the-counter (OTC) productsare not, generally speaking, as detailed and stringent as thosewhich exist in relation to prescription medicines, it isnevertheless important to be aware of the regulatory framework thatapplies to consumer advertisements for such products. Thischapter is, therefore, intended to provide a summary of theoverarching EU regulatory framework for consumer advertisingof:

The European market for these OTC consumer healthcare productsis made up of over 2,000 companies.1 We summarisehere the general framework of law and industry codes of practicethat exist at EU level to regulate the advertising of thesecategories of products to consumers, with examples from nationalapproaches and commenting, where relevant, on recent developments.

At EU level, Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercialpractices2 (the UCP Directive) governsbusiness-to-consumer commercial practices relating to all kinds ofproducts and services including medicines, medical devices andfoods. In particular, the UCP Directive contains a broadprohibition on misleading and aggressive advertising. Forthese purposes, advertising is misleading if it contains falseinformation or in any way (including through overall presentation)deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer (even if theinformation is factually correct) and causes or is likely to causehim to take a transactional decision that he would have otherwisenot taken. Aggressive commercial practices includeadvertising that applies undue influence, or pressure, in a waywhich significantly limits the consumer's ability to make aninformed decision. There are also restrictions on comparativeadvertising set out in Directive 2006/114/EC3 whichapply to advertising directed at consumers. The EU lawprovisions, as implemented in national laws, are enforcednationally through varying mechanisms; in some Member States it ispossible for companies to bring direct actions against competitors,whereas other countries require actions to be brought only byregulatory authorities. National laws may contain additionalrestrictions on both general and product-specific consumeradvertising.

Several pan-European industry bodies represent the interests ofmanufacturers of consumer healthcare products. These includethe Association of the European Self-Care Industry (AESGP), whichrepresents manufacturers of non-prescription medicines, foodsupplements and self-care medical devices in Europe, and theEuropean Federation of Associations of Health Product Manufacturers(EHPM), which represents specialist health product manufacturers inEurope. Individual companies may be affiliated with theseEuropean bodies directly or indirectly through nationalassociations. For example, the Dutch association representingmanufacturers of self-care products (Neprofarm) is a member ofAESGP while its trade association for operators concerned with foodsupplements (NPN) is a member of EHPM. Some national industrybodies are charged with operating self-regulatory systems ofadvertising control, and have their own enforcement mechanisms inplace. For example, in the UK, advertisements issued bycompanies who are members of the Proprietary Association of GreatBritain (PAGB) will, in the first instance, be supervised by thePAGB, whereas companies which have not agreed to abide by thePAGB's Codes of Practice will be supervised directly by theMedicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Inaddition to sector-specific enforcement agencies, advertising andpromotion of consumer health products is also subject toenforcement by bodies who enforce advertising standards generally,such as the UK Advertising Standards Agency (ASA).

The advertising to consumers of medicines not subject toprescription is regulated by the general advertising rules outlinedabove, and by Directive 2001/83/EC (the Directive) as implementedinto national laws. In addition, guidance is sometimesavailable at a national level from regulatoryauthorities,4 independent advertisingbodies,5 and industry associations.6There does not currently exist any pan-European industry code ofconduct applicable to the advertising of non-prescriptionmedicines,7 although AESGP represents the interests ofmanufacturers of non-prescription medicines at European level.

While advertising to the general public of prescription-onlymedicines is prohibited under the Directive, there is no suchrestriction in relation to non-prescription medicines.Provided they have a valid marketing authorisation and do notcontain any narcotic or psychotropic substances, non-prescriptionmedicines (including non-prescription herbal medicines) may,therefore, be advertised both to healthcare professionals and thegeneral public if they comply with the advertising requirements setout in the Directive, and with any further requirements containedin national law (discussed below). In addition to complyingwith the Directive's advertising rules applicable toprescription medicinal products, advertisements of non-prescriptionmedicines to the general public must also:

Advertisements for herbal medicinal products authorised by atraditional herbal registration must be accompanied by a noticestating "traditional herbal medicine for use in specificindication(s) exclusively based on long-standing use".

Homeopathic medicinal products must comply with the general EUlaw advertising requirements applicable to non-prescriptionmedicines, subject to additional limitations on the informationthat may be included in such advertisements. For example,advertisements for homeopathic medicines must include a statementthat the products are "without approved therapeuticindications".

Further restrictions on non-prescription medicines advertisingto consumers may be set out under national law and/or industrycodes. For example, French law prohibits advertising ofnon-prescription medicines to the general public where themedicines are reimbursed under the national social securityschemes. National industry codes of practice frequently setout detailed requirements specific to consumer advertising ofnon-prescription medicines. While compliance with such codesis not legally mandated, it is encouraged and represents industrybest practice. Compliance with the codes, which typicallyreflect and often elaborate on the legal requirements, is usually agood indication of compliance with legal requirements and thereforehelps to minimise enforcement action.

In some European countries, there is a requirement to obtainpre-approval from a regulatory body (e.g., the ANSM in France) oran industry body (e.g., the PAGB in the UK, where membercompanies' advertisements to consumers are concerned) beforeadvertisements for non-prescription medicines may be issued.Obtaining such approval further reduces the risk of enforcementaction for improper advertising.

There is little by way of EU law specifically directed towardsmedical devices advertising. Under the Medical DeviceDirective, only products that are CE-marked may be marketed inEurope, and only in accordance with their intended use. Theseprinciples extend to claims made in advertisements: to make amedicinal claim in an advertisement for a self-care medical device,the device must be CE-marked and the claim must be within the scopeof the device's intended use. Enforcement actions takenat national level in relation to self-care medical devices oftenconcern advertising that has made unauthorised use of medicinalclaims.

The Medical Devices Regulation8 introduces a specificprohibition on advertising that may mislead in relation to adevice's intended purpose, safety and performance.

The position under national laws is patchy, with some countrieshaving introduced laws to further regulate medical deviceadvertising (including, in some cases, laws that specificallygovern the advertising of self-care medical devices) beyond that ofthe EU-wide legislation.

In the context of industry self-regulation, it is important tonote that the Code of Ethical Business Practice issued by theEuropean medical device industry representative body, MedTechEurope, does not govern advertisements directed to consumers.However, several countries have issued national codes of conduct tothis effect; for example, the UK's PAGB Medical DevicesConsumer Code which is applicable to member companies'advertisements concerning self-care medical devices (those thattreat or prevent a self-treatable condition).

Food supplements are regulated as foods under EU law.Regulation (EC) No 1924/20069 (the Claims Regulation),which is directly effective in Member States, places strictcontrols on the use of nutrition and health claims on foodlabelling and in advertising. Under the ClaimsRegulation:

Under the Claims Regulation, only nutrition claims that arelisted in the Annex to the Regulation, and/or health claims thathave been authorised by the European Commission following aEuropean Food Safety Authority scientific review arepermitted. The only exception to these requirements is inrelation to claims that are trade marks (or brand or"fancy" names) and general, non-specific health claims(e.g., "good for you"). These claims may be usedwithout prior approval, provided they are "accompaniedby" an approved claim (which, in the case of a general healthclaim, must be an authorised specific health claim, such as thecalcium example given above).

The Claims Regulation is enforced at national level, andnational regulators have to date taken varying approaches in theirinterpretation of its requirements. A recent decision by theEuropean Court of Justice Case C-524/18Schwabe,10 which followed a referral from aGerman court, has helpfully clarified the meaning of the ClaimsRegulation's use of the phrase "accompaniedby". The European Court held that the concept of"accompanying" includes both a substantive and a visualdimension. The substantive element requires that the contentof the "general" health claim and the specific healthclaim match, meaning that the former is fully supported insubstance by the latter. In relation to the visual element,the Court held that this normally requires "spatial proximityor immediate vicinity" but that, exceptionally, a clearreference, such as an asterisk, between the two claims may suffice(e.g., in cases where the packaging of a food supplement contains areference to general, non-specific health benefits of a nutrient orfood on the front of the packaging, whereas the specific healthclaim intended to accompany it appears only on the back of thatpackaging). This is a more restrictive approach than thatwhich was preferred by the Advocate General,11 but willnevertheless help to inform a more uniform application of therelevant rules across Europe.

Also of importance to food supplements advertising in the EU isDirective 2002/46/EC (the Food Supplements Directive), whichprovides for specific marketing requirements relating to foodsupplements. These include that the labelling, presentationand advertising of food supplements:

There has been a recent flurry of activity by nationalregulators in some European countries in response to advertisementsfor food supplements that purport to prevent or treat infectionwith coronavirus/COVID-19. Such advertisements are contraryto the prohibition on medical claims contained in the FoodSupplements Directive, as implemented in national laws. Forexample, the Finnish Food Authority issued a statement in April2020, noting that marketing of foods (including food supplements)for the purpose of preventing or treating coronavirus had increasedsignificantly on the internet and social media, that these mustimmediately cease, and reminding commercial entities of their legalduties in this regard.13 In the UK, the ASA hasissued several recent decisions which uphold complaints made inrelation to advertisements claiming that various marketed vitamins,minerals and amino acids could help prevent or treatCOVID-19. For example, statements such as "Help protectand prevent against the new strand of virus (known as theCoronavirus) with a REVIV Megaboost IV Therapy containing ahigh dose of Vitamin C" were determined to be contrary to theapplicable regulatory requirements and the advertiser was orderedto remove the material, and refrain from making unauthorisedmedicinal claims going forward.14

Footnotes

1. (Hyperlink) [Accessed 20 May 2020].

2. Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumercommercial practices in the internal market and amending CouncilDirective 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC)No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil.

3. Directive 2006/114/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council of 12 December 2006 concerning misleading andcomparative advertising.

4. For example, the UK Medicines and Healthcare productsRegulatory Agency (MHRA) "Blue Guide".

5. For example, the UK Advertising Codes applied by theAdvertising Standards Authority (ASA).

6. For example, the UK PAGB's Advertising Codes forMedicines.

7. The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industriesand Associations (EFPIA) Code of Practice does not apply toactivities relating solely to non-prescriptionmedicines.

8. Article 7 of Regulation (EU) No 2017/745 of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medicaldevices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC.

9. Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition andhealth claims made on foods.

10. Case C-524/18, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH &Co.KG v Queisser Pharma GmbH & Co. KG (30 January2020).

11. Opinion of Advocate General Hogan delivered on 12September 2019.

12. Articles 6(2) and 7 of Directive 2002/46/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on theapproximation of the laws of the Member States relating to foodsupplements.

13. (Hyperlink) [Accessed 20 May2020].

14. ASA Ruling on REVIV UK Ltd (22 April 2020).Similar decisions were issued by ASA on the same day in relation toadvertisements by the Private Harley Street Clinic and CosmeticMedical Advice UK Ltd t/a Dr Rita Rakus Clinic.

Originally published by ICLG.com.

The content of this article is intended to provide a generalguide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be soughtabout your specific circumstances.

Here is the original post:

An Overview Of EU Rules On Consumer Advertising Of Over-The-Counter Products In The Life Sciences Sector - Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment -...

Posted in Food Supplements | Comments Off on An Overview Of EU Rules On Consumer Advertising Of Over-The-Counter Products In The Life Sciences Sector – Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment -…

Protein Supplements Market 2020 | Analyzing The COVID-19 Impact Followed By Restraints, Opportunities And Projected Developments – Cole of Duty

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Trusted Business Insights answers what are the scenarios for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis for the Protein Supplements market.

Trusted Business Insights presents an updated and Latest Study on Protein Supplements Market 2019-2026. The report contains market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While emphasizing the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.The report further elaborates on the micro and macroeconomic aspects including the socio-political landscape that is anticipated to shape the demand of the Protein Supplements market during the forecast period (2019-2029).It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

Get Sample Copy of this Report @ Protein Supplements Market Size, Share, Global Market Research and Industry Forecast Report, 2027 (Includes Business Impact of COVID-19)

Industry Insights, Market Size, CAGR, High-Level Analysis: Protein Supplements Market

The global protein supplements market size was estimated at USD 17.55 billion in 2019, and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 8.0 % during the forecast period, driven by increase in health and fitness centers and consumer health consciousness. Increasing popularity among millennials along with development of innovative protein-based supplements in different forms, coupled with numerous health benefits of the product are some of the major factors driving the growth. Furthermore,positive outlook toward sports nutrition on account of increasing importance of active lifestyle along with rising awareness regarding health benefits of protein is expected to play a crucial role in promoting the use of the supplements.Factors, such as hectic lifestyle and rising health consciousness are anticipated to boost the overall market growth. In addition, growing functional advantages including muscle repair, energy boost, and weight loss are projected to further fuel the demand. Rising usage of snack-based meal replacements and demand for greater ingredient traceability and authenticity are other factors likely to augment the demand for protein supplements in near future.

Various socio-economic factors, including rising disposable income, urbanization, and aging population, are anticipated to positively impact the product demand. In addition, growing concerns regarding obesity, preference for vegan protein sources due to rising veganism, along with rising spending on health-related products is projected to fuel the product demand in near future. Rising penetration of organized retail and e-retailing is expected to further boost the demand in the forthcoming years.A significant rise in gym subscriptions, especially in Asia Pacific along with rising awareness regarding health and fitness among millennials, primarily backed by their robust disposable income is anticipated to further drive the demand for protein supplements. Along with physical activity, millennials prefer including protein powder in the diet. This trend is expected to positively influence the market growth over the forecast period. Rising consumption of packaged nutritional food products such as protein bars and Ready to Drink (RTD) products. Introduction of healthy products by various manufacturers is anticipated to further drive the growth of the market.

Product Insights of Protein Supplements Market

The protein powder segment held around 64.0% of the protein supplements market in terms of revenue in 2019. Factors such as the strong online sales, mass distribution channels, and increasing number of standalone mass facing brands by various companies, such as Glanbia, NBTY, and IOVATE are expected to drive the growth. Rising demand from body builders, elite athletes, and casual exercisers is anticipated to further propel the growth of the segment in the forthcoming years.The RTD segment is anticipated to register the fastest growth in terms of revenue from 2020 to 2027. Ready to drink protein supplements are pre-formulated drinks that are easily available. These drinks offer a high dose of protein that can consumed pre-workout, post-workout, or on the go. These products are easily absorbed by the body, they promote muscle recovery, and aid in lean muscle growth. The increasing demand for sports nutritional supplements coupled with rising demand for easy and readily available supplementation is expected to fuel the growth over the forecast period.

Application Insights of Protein Supplements Market

Sports nutrition segment held around 66.8% of the overall market share in terms of revenue in 2019. Increasing demand for sport nutritional supplements from core, strength, endurance athletes, weekend warriors, fitness enthusiasts, and professional athletes is expected to drive the demand. In addition, growing demand for sports nutritional supplementation to promote lean muscle growth, improve performance, stamina, and weight loss is projected to drive the growth.The functional food segment is projected to hold a significant market share over the forecast period. The increasing efforts to lead a healthy and active lifestyle coupled with the growing understanding about the link between exercising and maintaining a balanced and nutrient rich diet is driving the demand for protein-rich functional foods and beverages.Distribution Channel InsightsOnline stores segment held around 59.5% of the overall market share in 2019. The increasing number of internet users, ease of access, 24/7 availability, and lots of options to choose from are the factors driving online sales. Moreover, discussion portals, discounts and offers on products, and implementation of various promotion strategies will fuel online sales over the forecast period.Consumers can save money while purchasing products of their choice online within their range of budget without compromising on content, brand, and quality. Trust of consumers plays a crucial role in determining demand for a specific product, wherein the customer orders are largely reckoned through websites such as amazon, Walmart, and eBay, wherein these e-commerce focus on having a brand follow ups on regular basis.Direct to Customer (DTC) held a significant revenue share in 2019. DTC channel involves direct marketing aimed at the end consumers, companies are developing user friendly and specialized websites to market their products without the need for any third-party distribution. Major companies including Glanbia, Quest Nutrition, IOVATE, Amway, and NBTY and investing in direct to consumer channels to expand their consumer base and to extend their reach to other regions. Major retailers in U.S., including Walmart, are moving into this industry and are investing in private label varieties to promote the sale of products.Retail sale is expected to witness slower growth over the forecast period owing to strong competition from other distribution channels, such as online stores and DTC channels.Source InsightsAnimal-based segment held around 67.9% of the overall market share in terms of revenue in 2019. It consists of meat and dairy proteins including whey, casein, egg, beef, poultry, and fish. Animal based products are complete sources owing to the presence of all the essential amino acids. Milk and egg proteins are the most consumed animal based products. In addition, the presence of various nutrients including vitamin B12, vitamin D, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), heme-iron, and zinc makes animal-based products the preferred source. Hence, the segment is anticipated to drive growth of the overall market during the forecast period.

Plant-based product segment is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, owing to the growing popularity among vegans, vegetarians, and people allergic to dairy and egg proteins. Plant-based products consists of proteins derived from various sources, such as soy, peas, hemp, wheat, rice, quinoa, canola, cranberry, pumpkin, potato, flax and oat. Among these sources, soy and pea were some of the dominant segments. However, plant based products are not considered to be complete sources, owing to the lack of one or more essential amino acids. So various plant based products are often blended together to account for all the essential nutrients.

Regional Insights of Protein Supplements Market

North America emerged as the largest regional market in 2019 with a share of 50.3% in terms of revenue and is expected to retain its pole position throughout the forecast period. Led by countries, such as U.S. and Canada, the regional market has been witnessing a surge in demand for sports nutritional supplements. From a raw material sourcing standpoint, key players operating in the region have been benefiting from an abundant supply of raw materials, thereby facilitating large scale production across the region.Asia Pacific is expected to expand at the fastest CAGR of 8.6% over the forecast period. Increasing consumer focus on preventive healthcare, shifting consumption patterns, westernization of diet, and increasing cost of public health care systems are some of the factors contributing to the regional market growth.In addition, factors such as the rising middle-class population and penetration of organized retail are anticipated fuel the demand for protein supplements in the forthcoming years. However, in Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration has proposed reclassification of the supplements as a therapeutic good or medicine from 2020. This development is expected to hamper the current growth in the country, which in turn expected to negatively impact the regional market growth.

Market Share Insights of Protein Supplements Market

The market is exceptionally aggressive with organizations undertaking activities including regular mergers, acquisitions, and capital extensions. Established players are concentrating on expanding their overall market share alongside productivity through technological innovation. Numerous global and regional players are currently operating in the market. Key protein supplement manufacturers are implementing various growth strategies to keep up with the rising demand for sports nutritional supplements from various consumers including athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and everyday people seeking active and healthier lifestyles.In October 2018, Glanbia plc acquired SlimFast one of the leading weight management and health and wellness brand manufacturing ready to mix powders, ready to drink products, and gluten free meal replacement shakes to name a few. This transition complements Glanbia Plc existing portfolio by targeting lifestyle consumers. It will also help the global consumer trends focused on convenient formats and snacking.Most major players currently hold a strong position, which is likely to pose as a barrier for new entrants. However, technological breakthrough and research expertise are likely to improve the chances of new entrants. Distribution and sales locations are other beneficial factors helping the companies enhance their overall market positioning. Prominent players have set up distribution networks for product supply in developing regions including Central and South America and Asia Pacific, owing to increasing demand from these regions.The market is dominated by major players, such as Glanbia Plc, AMCO Proteins, Quest Nutrition, NOW Foods, NBTY, MusclePharm Corp, Abbot Laboratories, Cyto Sport, IOVATE, and Transparent Labs.

Segmentations, Sub Segmentations, CAGR, & High-Level Analysis overview of Protein Supplements Market Research ReportThis report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2019 to 2030. For the purpose of this study, this market research report has segmented the global protein supplements market report on the basis of source, product, distribution channels, application, and region:

Source Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

Animal-based

Whey

Casein

Egg

Fish

Others

Plant-based

Soy

Spirulina

Pumpkin Seed

Hemp

Rice

Pea

Others

Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

Protein Powder

Protein Bars

Ready to Drink

Others

Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

Supermarkets

Online Stores

Direct to Customers (DTC)

Others

Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2019 2030)

Sports Nutrition

Functional Food

Quick Read Table of Contents of this Report @ Protein Supplements Market Size, Share, Global Market Research and Industry Forecast Report, 2027 (Includes Business Impact of COVID-19)

Trusted Business InsightsShelly ArnoldMedia & Marketing ExecutiveEmail Me For Any ClarificationsConnect on LinkedInClick to follow Trusted Business Insights LinkedIn for Market Data and Updates.US: +1 646 568 9797UK: +44 330 808 0580

Read the original here:

Protein Supplements Market 2020 | Analyzing The COVID-19 Impact Followed By Restraints, Opportunities And Projected Developments - Cole of Duty

Posted in Food Supplements | Comments Off on Protein Supplements Market 2020 | Analyzing The COVID-19 Impact Followed By Restraints, Opportunities And Projected Developments – Cole of Duty

NASAs Mars Exploration Program

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Astrobiology is a relatively new field of study, where scientists from a variety of disciplines (astronomy, biology, geology, physics, etc.) work together to understand the potential for life to exist beyond Earth. However, the exploration of Mars has been intertwined with NASAs search for life from the beginning. The twin Viking landers of 1976 were NASAs first life detection mission, and although the results from the experiments failed to detect life in the Martian regolith, and resulted in a long period with fewer Mars missions, it was not the end of the fascination that the Astrobiology science community had for the red planet.

The field of Astrobiology saw a resurgence due to the controversy surrounding the possible fossil life in the ALH84001 meteorite, and from the outsized public response to this announcement, and subsequent interest from Congress and the White House, NASAs Astrobiology Program (https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/ )and one of its major programs, the NASA Astrobiology Institute (https://nai.nasa.gov/ ) were formed.

Also at this time, NASAs Mars Exploration Program began to investigate Mars with an increasing focus on missions to the Red Planet. The Pathfinder mission and Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) were sent to Mars to Follow the Water, recognizing that liquid water is necessary for life to exist on Earth. After establishing that Mars once had significant amount of water on its surface, the Mars Science Laboratory (which includes the Curiosity rover) was sent to Mars to determine whether Mars had the right ingredients in the rocks to host life, signaling a shift to the next theme of Explore Habitability. MEP is now developing the Mars 2020 rover mission (https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/ ) to determine whether life may have left telltale signatures in the rocks on Marss surface, a further shift to the current science theme Seek the Signs of Life.

Finding fossils preserved from early Mars might tell us that life once flourished on this planet. We can search for evidence of cells preserved in rocks, or at a much smaller scale: compounds called biosignatures are molecular fossils, specific compounds that give some indication of the organisms that created them. However, over hundreds of millions of years these molecular fossils on Mars are subject to being destroyed or transformed to the point where they may no longer be recognized as biosignatures. Future missions must either find surface regions where erosion from wind-blown sand has recently exposed very ancient material, or alternately samples must be obtained from a shielded region beneath the surface. This latter approach is being taken by the ExoMars rover (http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48088-mission-overview/ ) under development where drilled samples taken from a depth of up to 2 meters will be analyzed.

Read more:

NASAs Mars Exploration Program

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on NASAs Mars Exploration Program

Overview | Mars NASA Solar System Exploration

Posted: at 12:46 pm

The fourth planet from the Sun, Mars is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere.

This dynamic planet has seasons, polar ice caps and weather and canyons and extinct volcanoes, evidence it was once an even more active past.

Mars is one of the most explored bodies in our solar system, and it's the only planet where we've sent rovers to roam the alien landscape. NASA currently has three spacecraft in orbit, one rover and one lander on the surface. India and ESA also have spacecraft in orbit above Mars. These robotic explorers have found lots of evidence that Mars was much wetter and warmer, with a thicker atmosphere, billions of years ago. NASA plans to send the next-generation Perseverance rover to Mars this summer.

Go farther. Explore Mars In Depth

Ten Things to Know About Mars

10 Need-to-Know Things About Mars

1

If the Sun were as tall as a typical front door, Earth would be the size of a dime, and Mars would be about as big as an aspirin tablet.

2

Mars orbits our Sun, a star. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun at an average distance of about 228 million km (142 million miles) or 1.52 AU.

3

One day on Mars takes a little over 24 hours. Mars makes a complete orbit around the Sun (a year in Martian time) in 687 Earth days.

4

Mars is a rocky planet. Its solid surface has been altered by volcanoes, impacts, winds, crustal movement and chemical reactions.

5

Mars has a thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2), argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), and a small amount of oxygen and water vapor.

6

Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos.

7

There are no rings around Mars.

8

Several missions have visited this planet, from flybys and orbiters to rovers on the surface.The first true Mars mission success was the Mariner 4 flyby in 1965.

9

At this time, Mars' surface cannot support life as we know it. Current missions are determining Mars' past and future potential for life.

10

Mars is known as the Red Planet because iron minerals in the Martian soil oxidize, or rust, causing the soil and atmosphere to look red.

Humans to Mars

NASA's latest robotic mission to the Red Planet, Mars 2020, aims to help future astronauts brave that inhospitable landscape.

While the science goal of the Mars 2020 rover is to look for signs of ancient life it will be the first spacecraft to collect samples of the Martian surface, caching them in tubes that could be returned to Earth on a future mission the vehicle also includes technology that paves the way for human exploration of Mars.

Robotic explorers, like the Mars 2020 rover, have long served as pathfinders to get humans into space, to the Moon and, eventually, the the surface of the Red Planet.

Read More:

Pop Culture

No other planet has captured our collective imagination quite like Mars.

In the late 1800s when people first observed the canal-like features on Mars' surface, many speculated that an intelligent alien species resided there. This led to numerous stories about Martians, some of whom invade Earth, like in the 1938 radio drama, The War of the Worlds. According to an enduring urban legend, many listeners believed the story to be real news coverage of an invasion, causing widespread panic.

Countless stories since have taken place on Mars or explored the possibilities of its Martian inhabitants. Movies like Total Recall (1990 and 2012) take us to a terraformed Mars and a struggling colony running out of air. A Martian colony and Earth have a prickly relationship in The Expanse television series and novels.

And in the 2014 novel and and its 2015 movie adaptation, The Martian, botanist Mark Whatney is stranded alone on the planet and struggles to survive until a rescue mission can retrieve him.

Kid-Friendly Mars

Kid-Friendly Mars

Mars is a cold desert world. It is half the size of Earth. Mars is sometimes called the Red Planet. It's red because of rusty iron in the ground.

Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons, and weather. It has a very thin atmosphere made of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon.

There are signs of ancient floods on Mars, but now water mostly exists in icy dirt and thin clouds. On some Martian hillsides, there is evidence of liquid salty water in the ground.

Visit NASA SpacePlace for more kid-friendly facts.

Resources

More here:

Overview | Mars NASA Solar System Exploration

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on Overview | Mars NASA Solar System Exploration

Mars Facts – Interesting Facts about Planet Mars

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is the second smallest planet in the solar system. Named after the Roman god of war, Mars is also often described as the Red Planet due to its reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide.

Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. They were discovered in 1877 by astronomer Asaph Hall, who named them for the Latin terms fear and panic. These moons are thought to be captured asteroids and are among the smallest natural satellites in the solar system.

Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system Olympus Mons. It measures some 600 kilometres across and rises nearly 27 kilometres above the surrounding terrain. It is a shield volcano built by the continuous action of flowing lava over millions and millions of years that began some 3 billion years ago.

Olympus Mons is part of a complex of volcanoes that lie along a volcanic plateau called the Tharsis Bulge. This entire region lies over a hotspot, a place in the planets crust that allows magma from deep inside to flow out to the surface.

The Valles Marineris is an extensive canyon system on the Mars equator. It is 4,200 kilometres long and, in places, is 7 kilometres deep. On Earth, it would span the entire North American continent and beyond.

Mars has has a very primitive form of plate tectonics, and the action of two plates past each other began splitting the surface some 3.5 billion years ago. That set the stage for the formation of the Valles Marineris.

Sources: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/overview/ , https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html, https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/maps/mars-viking-hemisphere-point-perspectives First Published: June 2012Last Updated: May 2020Author: Chris Jones

See more here:

Mars Facts - Interesting Facts about Planet Mars

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on Mars Facts – Interesting Facts about Planet Mars

Mars Facts: Life, Water and Robots on the Red Planet | Space

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Befitting the Red Planet's bloody color, the Romans named it after their god of war. In truth, the Romans copied the ancient Greeks, who also named the planet after their god of war, Ares. Other civilizations also typically gave the planet names based on its color for example, the Egyptians named it "Her Desher," meaning "the red one," while ancient Chinese astronomers dubbed it "the fire star."

The bright rust color Mars is known for is due toiron-rich mineralsin its regolith the loose dust and rock covering its surface. The soil of Earth is a kind of regolith, too, albeit one loaded with organic content. According to NASA, the iron minerals oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red.

Thecold, thin atmospheremeans liquid water likely cannot exist on the Martian surface for any length of time. Features called recurring slope lineae may have spurts of briny water flowing on the surface, but this evidence is disputed; some scientists argue the hydrogen spotted from orbit in this region may instead indicate briny salts. This means that although this desert planet is just half the diameter of Earth, it has the same amount of dry land.

The Red Planet is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest, longest valley in the solar system.Olympus Monsis roughly 17 miles (27 kilometers) high, about three times as tall as Mount Everest, while theValles Marineris system of valleys named after the Mariner 9 probe that discovered it in 1971 reaches as deep as 6 miles (10 km) and runs east-west for roughly 2,500 miles (4,000 km), about one-fifth of the distance around Mars and close to the width of Australia.

Scientists think the Valles Marineris formed mostly by rifting of the crust as it got stretched. Individual canyons within the system are as much as 60 miles (100 km) wide. The canyons merge in the central part of the Valles Marineris in a region as much as 370 miles (600 km) wide. Large channels emerging from the ends of some canyons and layered sediments within suggest the canyons might once have been filled with liquid water.

Mars also has the largest volcanoes in the solar system, Olympus Mons being one of them. The massive volcano, which is about 370 miles (600 km) in diameter, is wide enough to cover the state of New Mexico. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano, with slopes that rise gradually like those of Hawaiian volcanoes, and was created by eruptions of lavas that flowed for long distances before solidifying. Mars also has many other kinds of volcanic landforms, from small, steep-sided cones to enormous plains coated in hardened lava. Some minor eruptions might still occur on the planet.

Channels, valleys and gullies are found all over Mars, and suggest that liquid water might have flowed across the planet's surface in recent times. Some channels can be 60 miles (100 km) wide and 1,200 miles (2,000 km) long.Water may still lie in cracks and pores in underground rock. A study by scientists in 2018 suggested that salty water below the Martian surface could hold a considerable amount of oxygen, which would support microbial life. However, the amount of oxygen depends on temperature and pressure; temperature changes on Mars from time to time as the tilt of its rotation axis shifts.

Many regions of Mars are flat, low-lying plains. The lowest of the northern plains are among the flattest, smoothest places in the solar system, potentially created by water that once flowed across the Martian surface. The northern hemisphere mostly lies at a lower elevation than the southern hemisphere, suggesting the crust may be thinner in the north than in the south. This difference between the north and south might be due to a very large impact shortly after the birth of Mars.

The number of craters on Mars varies dramatically from place to place, depending on how old the surface is. Much of the surface of the southern hemisphere is extremely old, and so has many craters including the planet's largest, 1,400-mile-wide (2,300 km) Hellas Planitia while that of northern hemisphere is younger and so has fewer craters. Some volcanoes also have a few craters, which suggests they erupted recently, with the resulting lava covering up any old craters. Some craters have unusual-looking deposits of debris around them resembling solidified mudflows, potentially indicating that the impactor hit underground water or ice.

In 2018, the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft detected what could be a slurry of water and grains underneath icy Planum Australe. (Some reports describe it as a "lake," but it's unclear how much regolith is inside the water.) This body of water is said to be about 12.4 miles (20 km) across. Its underground location is reminiscent of similar underground lakes in Antarctica, which have been found to host microbes. Late in the year, Mars Express also spied a huge, icy zone in the Red Planet's Korolev Crater.

Vast deposits of what appear to be finely layered stacks of water ice and dust extend from the poles to latitudes of about 80 degrees in both hemispheres. These were probably deposited by the atmosphere over long spans of time. On top of much of these layered deposits in both hemispheres are caps of water ice that remain frozen year-round.

Additional seasonal caps of frost appear in the wintertime. These are made of solid carbon dioxide, also known as "dry ice," which has condensed from carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. In the deepest part of the winter, this frost can extend from the poles to latitudes as low as 45 degrees, or halfway to the equator. Thedry ice layerappears to have a fluffy texture, like freshly fallen snow, according to a report in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets.

Mars is much colder than Earth, in large part due to its greater distance from the sun. Theaverage temperatureis about minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius), although it can vary from minus 195 F (minus 125 C) near the poles during the winter to as much as 70 F (20 C) at midday near the equator.

The carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere of Mars is also about 100 times less dense than Earth's on average, but it is nevertheless thick enough to support weather, clouds and winds. The density of the atmosphere varies seasonally, as winter forces carbon dioxide to freeze out of the Martian air. In the ancient past, the atmosphere was likely thicker and able to support water flowing on its surface. Over time, lighter molecules in the Martian atmosphere escaped under pressure from the solar wind, which affected the atmosphere because Mars does not have a global magnetic field. This process is being studied today by NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) mission.

NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found the first definitive detections ofcarbon-dioxide snow clouds, making Mars the only body in the solar system known to host such unusual winter weather. The Red Planet also causes water-ice snow to fall from the clouds.

The dust storms on Mars are the largest in the solar system, capable of blanketing the entire Red Planet and lasting for months. One theory as to why dust storms can grow so big on Mars is because the airborne dust particles absorb sunlight, warming the Martian atmosphere in their vicinity. Warm pockets of air then flow toward colder regions, generating winds. Strong winds lift more dust off the ground, which, in turn, heats the atmosphere, raising more wind and kicking up more dust.

The axis of Mars, like Earth's, is tilted with relation to the sun. This means that like Earth, the amount of sunlight falling on certain parts of the Red Planet can vary widely during the year, giving Mars seasons.

Related: How Long Does It Take to Get to Mars

However, the seasons that Mars experiences are more extreme than Earth's because the Red Planet's elliptical, oval-shaped orbit around the sun is more elongated than that of any of the other major planets. When Mars is closest to the sun, its southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a short, very hot summer, while the northern hemisphere experiences a short, cold winter. When Mars is farthest from the sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a long, mild summer, while the southern hemisphere experiences a long, cold winter.

The tilt of the Red Planet's axis swings wildly over time because it's not stabilized by a large moon, such as Earth is. This led to different climates on the Martian surface throughout its history. A 2017 study suggests that the changing tilt also influenced therelease of methaneinto Mars' atmosphere, causing temporary warming periods that allowed water to flow.

Facts about Mars' orbit:

Average distance from the sun: 141,633,260 miles (227,936,640 km). By comparison: 1.524 times that of Earth.

Perihelion (closest): 128,400,000 miles (206,600,000 km). By comparison: 1.404 times that of Earth.

Aphelion (farthest): 154,900,000 miles (249,200,000 km). By comparison: 1.638 times that of Earth.

Atmospheric composition (by volume)

According to NASA, the atmosphere of Mars is 95.32 percent carbon dioxide, 2.7 percent nitrogen, 1.6 percent argon, 0.13 percent oxygen, 0.08 percent carbon monoxide, with minor amounts of water, nitrogen oxide, neon, hydrogen-deuterium-oxygen, krypton and xenon.

Magnetic field

Mars currently has no global magnetic field, but there are regions of its crust that can be at least 10 times more strongly magnetized than anything measured on Earth, which suggests those regions are remnants of an ancient global magnetic field.

Chemical composition

Mars likely has a solid core composed of iron, nickel and sulfur. The mantle of Mars is probably similar to Earth's in that it is composed mostly of peridotite, which is made up primarily of silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium. The crust is probably largely made of the volcanic rock basalt, which is also common in the crusts of the Earth and the moon, although some crustal rocks, especially in the northern hemisphere, may be a form of andesite, a volcanic rock that contains more silica than basalt does.

Internal structure

Scientists think that on average, the Martian core is between 1,800 and 2,400 miles in diameter (3,000 and 4,000 km), its mantle is about 900 to 1,200 miles (5,400 to 7,200 km) wide and its crust is about 30 miles (50 km) thick.

The twomoons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall over the course of a week in 1877. Hall had almost given up his search for a moon of Mars, but his wife, Angelina, urged him on. He discovered Deimos the next night, and Phobos six days after that. He named the moons after the sons of the Greek war god Ares Phobos means "fear," while Deimos means "rout."

Both Phobos and Deimos are apparently made of carbon-rich rock mixed with ice and are covered in dust and loose rocks. They are tiny next to Earth's moon, and are irregularly shaped, since they lack enough gravity to pull themselves into a more circular form. The widestPhobosgets is about 17 miles (27 km), and the widest Deimos gets is roughly 9 miles (15 km).

Both moons are pockmarked with craters from meteor impacts. The surface of Phobos also possesses an intricate pattern of grooves, which may be cracks that formed after the impact created the moon's largest crater a hole about 6 miles (10 km) wide, or nearly half the width of Phobos. They always show the same face to Mars, just as our moon does to Earth.

It remains uncertain how Phobos andDeimoswere born. They may have been asteroids captured by Mars' gravitational pull, or they may have been formed in orbit around Mars the same time the planet came into existence.Ultraviolet lightreflected from Phobos provides strong evidence that the moon is a captured asteroid ,according to astronomers at the University of Padova in Italy.

Phobos is gradually spiraling toward Mars, drawing about 6 feet (1.8 meters) closer to the Red Planet each century. Within 50 million years, Phobos will either smash into Mars or break up and form a ring of debris around the planet.

The first person to watch Mars with a telescope wasGalileo Galilei. In the century following, astronomers discovered the planet's polar ice caps. In the 19th and 20th centuries, researchers believed they saw a network of long, straight canals on Mars, that hinted at possible civilization, although later these proved to be mistaken interpretations of dark regions they saw.

A number of martian rocks have fallen to the surface of Earth over the eons, providing scientists a rare opportunity to study Martian rocks without having to leave our planet. One of the most controversial finds was Allan Hills 84001 (ALH 84001) a Martian meteorite that in 1996, was said to contain shapes reminiscent of small fossils. The find garnered a lot of media attention at the time, but subsequent studies dismissed the idea. The debate was still ongoing in 2016, the 20th anniversary of the announcement. In 2018, a separate meteorite study found that organic molecules the building blocks of life, although not necessarily life itself could have formed on Mars through battery-like chemical reactions.

Robotic spacecraft began observing Mars in the 1960s, with the United States launchingMariner 4 in 1964 and Mariners 6 and 7 in 1969. The missions revealed Mars to be a barren world, without any signs of the life or civilizations people had imagined there. In 1971,Mariner 9orbited Mars, mapping about 80 percent of the planet and discovering its volcanoes and canyons.

The Soviet Union also launched numerous spacecraft in the 1960s and early 1970s, but most of those missions failed. Mars 2 (1971) and Mars 3 (1971) operated successfully, but were unable to map the surface due to dust storms. NASA'sViking 1lander touched down on the surface of Mars in 1976, the first successful landing on the Red Planet. The lander took the first close-up pictures of the Martian surface but found no strongevidence for life.

The next two craft to successfully reach Mars were the Mars Pathfinder, a lander, andMars Global Surveyor, an orbiter, both launched in 1996. A small robot onboard Pathfinder namedSojourner the first wheeled rover to explore the surface of another planet ventured over the planet's surface analyzing rocks.

In 2001, the NASA launched theMars Odysseyprobe, which discovered vast amounts of water ice beneath the Martian surface, mostly in the upper 3 feet (1 meter). It remains uncertain whether more water lies underneath, since the probe cannot see water any deeper.

In 2003, Mars passed closer to Earth than anytime in that past 60,000 years. That same year, NASA launched two rovers, nicknamedSpiritandOpportunity, which explored different regions of the Martian surface. Both rovers found signs that water once flowed on the planet's surface.

In 2008, NASA sent another mission, Phoenix, to land in the northern plains of Mars and search for water which it succeeded in doing.

In 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission sent theMars Curiosity rover, to investigate Martian rocks and determine the geologic processes that created them. Among the mission's findings was thefirst meteoriteon the surface of the Red Planet. The rover has found complex organic molecules on the surface, as well as seasonal fluctuations in methane concentrations in the atmosphere.

NASA has two other orbiters working around the planet,Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterandMAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution). The European Space Agency (ESA) also has two spacecraft orbiting the planet:Mars Expressand the Trace Gas Orbiter.

In September 2014, India'sMars Orbiter Missionalso reached the Red Planet, making it the fourth nation to successfully enter orbit around Mars.

In November 2018, NASA sent a stationary lander called Mars InSight to the surface. InSight will examine the planet's geologic activity by burrowing a probe underground.

NASA plans to launch a successor rover mission to Curiosity, called Mars 2020. This mission will search for ancient signs of life and, depending on how promising its samples look, it may "cache" the results in safe spots on the Red Planet for a future rover to pick up.

ESA is working on its own ExoMars rover that should also launch in 2020, and will include a drill to go deep into the Red Planet, collecting soil samples from about 2 meters (6.5 feet) deep.

Mars is far from an easy planet to reach. NASA, Russia, the European Space Agency, China, Japan and the Soviet Union collectively lost many spacecraft in their quest to explore the Red Planet. Notable examples include:

1992 NASA's Mars Observer

1996 Russia's Mars 96

1998 NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter, Japan's Nozomi

1999 NASA's Mars Polar Lander

2003 ESA's Beagle 2 lander

2011 Russia's Fobus-Grunt mission to Phobos with the Chinese Yinghuo-1 orbiter

2016 ESA's Schiaparelli test lander

Robots aren't the only ones getting a ticket to Mars. A workshop group of scientists from government agencies, academia and industry have determined that aNASA-led manned mission to Marsshould be possible by the 2030s. However, in late 2017, the Trump administration directed NASA to send people back to the moon before going to Mars. NASA is now more focused on a concept called the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway that would be a moon-based space station and headquarters for further space exploration.

Robotic missions to the Red Planet have seen much success in the past few decades, but it remains a considerable challenge to get people to Mars. With current rocket technology, it would take several months for people to travel to Mars, and that means they would live for several months in microgravity, which has devastating effects on the human body. Performing activities in the moderate gravity on Mars could prove extremely difficult after many months in microgravity. Research on the effects of microgravity continues on the International Space Station.

NASA isn't the only one with Martian astronaut hopefuls. Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX, has outlined multiple concepts to bring people to Mars. In November 2018, Musk rebranded SpaceX's future "Big Falcon Rocket" to "Starship". Other nations, including China and Russia, have also announced their goals for sending humans to Mars.

Additional resources:

This article was updated on Feb. 7, 2019, by Space.com contributor Elizabeth Howell.

Continued here:

Mars Facts: Life, Water and Robots on the Red Planet | Space

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on Mars Facts: Life, Water and Robots on the Red Planet | Space

NASA’s Mars Rover Drivers Need Your Help NASAs Mars …

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Using an online tool to label Martian terrain types, you can train an artificial intelligence algorithm that could improve the way engineers guide the Curiosity rover.

You may be able to help NASA's Curiosity rover drivers better navigate Mars. Using the online tool AI4Mars to label terrain features in pictures downloaded from the Red Planet, you can train an artificial intelligence algorithm to automatically read the landscape.

Is that a big rock to the left? Could it be sand? Or maybe it's nice, flat bedrock. AI4Mars, which is hosted on the citizen science website Zooniverse, lets you draw boundaries around terrain and choose one of four labels. Those labels are key to sharpening the Martian terrain-classification algorithm called SPOC (Soil Property and Object Classification).

Developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which has managed all of the agency's Mars rover missions, SPOC labels various terrain types, creating a visual map that helps mission team members determine which paths to take. SPOC is already in use, but the system could use further training.

"Typically, hundreds of thousands of examples are needed to train a deep learning algorithm," said Hiro Ono, an AI researcher at JPL. "Algorithms for self-driving cars, for example, are trained with numerous images of roads, signs, traffic lights, pedestrians and other vehicles. Other public datasets for deep learning contain people, animals and buildings but no Martian landscapes."

Once fully up to speed, SPOC will be able to automatically distinguish between cohesive soil, high rocks, flat bedrock and dangerous sand dunes, sending images to Earth that will make it easier to plan Curiosity's next moves.

"In the future, we hope this algorithm can become accurate enough to do other useful tasks, like predicting how likely a rover's wheels are to slip on different surfaces," Ono said.

The Job of Rover Planners

JPL engineers called rover planners may benefit the most from a better-trained SPOC. They are responsible for Curiosity's every move, whether it's taking a selfie, trickling pulverized samples into the rover's body to be analyzed or driving from one spot to the next.

It can take four to five hours to work out a drive (which is now done virtually), requiring multiple people to write and review hundreds of lines of code. The task involves extensive collaboration with scientists as well: Geologists assess the terrain to predict whether Curiosity's wheels could slip, be damaged by sharp rocks or get stuck in sand, which trapped both the Spirit and Opportunity rovers.

Planners also consider which way the rover will be pointed at the end of a drive, since its high-gain antenna needs a clear line of sight to Earth to receive commands. And they try to anticipate shadows falling across the terrain during a drive, which can interfere with how Curiosity determines distance. (The rover uses a technique called visual odometry, comparing camera images to nearby landmarks.)

How AI Could Help

SPOC won't replace the complicated, time-intensive work of rover planners. But it can free them to focus on other aspects of their job, like discussing with scientists which rocks to study next.

"It's our job to figure out how to safely get the mission's science," said Stephanie Oij, one of the JPL rover planners involved in AI4Mars. "Automatically generating terrain labels would save us time and help us be more productive."

The benefits of a smarter algorithm would extend to planners on NASA's next Mars mission, the Perseverance rover, which launches this summer. But first, an archive of labeled images is needed. More than 8,000 Curiosity images have been uploaded to the AI4Mars site so far, providing plenty of fodder for the algorithm. Ono hopes to add images from Spirit and Opportunity in the future. In the meantime, JPL volunteers are translating the site so that participants who speak Spanish, Hindi, Japanese and several other languages can contribute as well.

For more, visit:

https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html

News Media ContactsAndrew GoodJet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.818-393-2433andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov

Grey Hautaluoma / Alana JohnsonNASA Headquarters, Washington202-358-0668 / 202-358-1501grey.hautaluoma-1@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov

Here is the original post:

NASA's Mars Rover Drivers Need Your Help NASAs Mars ...

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on NASA’s Mars Rover Drivers Need Your Help NASAs Mars …

Mars Mission From United Arab Emirates Embarks on 7-Month Journey – The New York Times

Posted: at 12:45 pm

Youll be hearing a lot about Mars in the weeks to come this summer. Three missions are launching toward the red planet, taking advantage of the way Earth and its neighbor get closer every 26 months or so, allowing a relatively short trip between the two worlds. If they launch successfully, the spacecraft will arrive at Mars early next year.

The first of the three missions, built by the United Arab Emirates, lifted off on Monday morning from a launch site in Japan (it was the end of Sunday afternoon in the United States). Carried into calm skies by a Mitsubishi H-IIA rocket, the spacecraft separated from the rocket about an hour later and began a journey to Mars that will last until February. The trip to the red planet begins a bold entry into interplanetary exploration by a small country that has previously only sent a few small satellites to orbit.

The Emirates Mars Mission, also known as Hope, is an orbiter that will study Mars from above the planet. It will join a fleet of six other spacecrafts studying the red planet from space, three operated by NASA, two by the European Space Agency (one shared with Russia) and one by India. Each contains different instruments to help further research of the Martian atmosphere and surface.

The Hope orbiter is carrying three instruments: an infrared spectrometer, an ultraviolet spectrometer and a camera. From its high orbit varying from 12,400 miles to 27,000 miles above the surface the spacecraft will give planetary scientists their first global view of Martian weather at all times of day. Over its two-year mission, it will investigate how dust storms and other weather phenomena near the Martian surface speed or slow the loss of the planets atmosphere into space.

The Emirates previously built and launched three earth observing satellites, gaining experience from a collaboration with a South Korean company. The country also has a nascent human spaceflight program. Last year, its first astronaut, Hazzaa al-Mansoori, who completed an eight-day stay at the International Space Station, was carried there aboard a Russian rocket.

For the Mars mission, the country took a similar approach to the earlier satellites by working with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, where Hope was built before being sent to Dubai for testing.

Emirati engineers worked side by side with their counterparts in Boulder, Colo., learning and doing as they designed and assembled the spacecraft.

Two other missions are headed to Mars in the weeks to come.

The next expected launch will be Chinas Tianwen-1, which could occur between later this week through early August.

The Chinese mission includes an orbiter, a lander and a rover that will study the Martian soils water and ice content, among other research targets. This will be Chinas second attempt to get to Mars. Its first, Yinghuo-1, failed to escape Earth in 2011 when the Russian rocket that was carrying it malfunctioned. In the years since that mission, China has completed a number of successful crewed missions in low earth orbit, and it landed a rover on the far side of the moon, the only spacecraft that has ever accomplished that feat.

On July 30, NASA is scheduled to launch Perseverance, a robotic rover that will be the fifth wheeled American vehicle to explore Mars. It will land in a crater called Jezero, seeking to find signs of ancient, extinct life that might have once thrived when the crater was a lake.

Early in its mission, Perseverance will release a small experimental helicopter, Ingenuity. It will attempt short flights in the thin Martian atmosphere, aiming to demonstrate that the technology can extend the reach of missions beyond the limited range of robotic rovers.

A fourth mission, the joint Russian-European Rosalind Franklin rover, was to launch this summer, too. But technical hurdles, aggravated by the coronavirus pandemic, could not be overcome in time to meet the launch window. It is now scheduled to launch in 2022.

More here:

Mars Mission From United Arab Emirates Embarks on 7-Month Journey - The New York Times

Posted in Mars | Comments Off on Mars Mission From United Arab Emirates Embarks on 7-Month Journey – The New York Times