Monthly Archives: July 2017

Cosmic Gate Premiere Monster Trance Track and Announce New … – EDM Sauce

Posted: July 8, 2017 at 4:22 am

Earlier in the year, Cosmic Gate released their highly anticipated album Materia: Chapter.One (you can read my full review of that album here). The nine-track album had some major hits behind it including Fall Into You with JES and Spectrum with Ilan Bluestone. In a previous interview I had with the boys, they mentioned that they were planning on putting out the second chapter of their album later in the year.

Fast forward to today, Bossi and Nic have come through with their promise of a round two of Materia by dropping their latest track, Tonight with Emma Hewitt. The track premiered last night during Armin van Buuren's A State of Trance 821 radio show. The new single will be part of a nine-track collection which will see the trance duo team up with big names like Markus Schulz, Eric Lumiere and Super8 & Tab among others.

The single starts off strong by building into a heavy thumping beat and eventually introducing Hewitt's beautiful vocals. By the middle of the track, a dancefloor-ready drop envelops the lyrics Hewitt can be found crying, ton-i-i-i-ght only to have a steady dispense back into the thumping synth beats that carry it towards its end.

The track blends itself perfectly with the sounds of Materia- Chapter.One and continues Cosmic Gate's domination of progressive trance tracks they have been known to deliver.

Materia- Chapter.Two is due out on September first, but you can pre-order the album here. Take a listen to Cosmic Gate and Emma Hewitt's Tonight:

And for a sneak-peek of what other sounds Materia- Chapter.Two will contain, check out the album teaser:

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Cosmic Gate Premiere Monster Trance Track and Announce New ... - EDM Sauce

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AscendTMS launches commission system for TMS Software – Fleet Owner

Posted: at 4:21 am

InMotion Global, Inc. announced that AscendTMS has released a new commission and branch split management system available for TMS software.

The new module is provided as an included feature of the Premium AscendTMS subscription. It allows carriers and freight brokers to setup and manage a variety of sales commission and branch split programs, along with full commission overrides on a load-by-load basis, the company noted.

Tim Higham, president and CEO of InMotion Global, Inc. said, Commissions and sales incentives are the life-blood of all successful carriers and freight brokers. So, we designed our new commissions system to let the sales team monitor their own successes in real-time. Any commissioned sales representative can see exactly what has been paid, what is owed, and what their future commissions are expected to be. Better still, sales managers dont need to be asked to run commission reports, the sales reps can do it themselves any time they wish.

Higham continued, Whether you have one sales person or one thousand, this new AscendTMS feature gives you a happier and more productive sales force, which translates into more revenue and more profit. Thats why AscendTMS is the fastest-growing TMS in the world today. Never again will sales reps question their commissions or their branch split. AscendTMS does everything and its perfectly accurate every single time.

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Active Runner in Focus: Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V) – Stock Rover

Posted: at 4:21 am

Shares ofTargeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V) have seen the needle move0.00% or 0.00 in the most recent session. TheTSXV listed companysaw a recent bid of0.05 on56000 volume.

Investing in the stock market may include having to keep emotions in check. When things get crazy, investors may be forced with tough decisions. Being able to stay away from impulsive decisions may help when the time comes to tweak the portfolio. Having the proper discipline and market perspective may also be a highly desirable trait for a successful trader. Investors who are able to practice discipline may be able to avoid emotional trading pitfalls in the future. Even highly experienced investors may have to someday make the difficult decisions in order to keep the portfolio strong. Figuring out what works and what doesnt may take many years of trial and error. Learning to filter through the daily noise can be a big asset when trying to focus on the particularly important information.

Now letstake a look at how the fundamentals are stacking up for Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V). Fundamental analysis takes into consideration market, industry and stock conditions to help determine if the shares are correctly valued. Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. currently has a yearly EPS of -0.11. This number is derived from the total net income divided by shares outstanding. In other words, EPS reveals how profitable a company is on a share owner basis.

Whichever way the markets go, investors will need to watch which companies are hitting their marks on the earnings front. Investors may closely follow sell-side analyst estimates. It is important to remember that analyst projections are just that, projections. Following analyst expectations can provide a good glimpse into company actions, but strictly following what the analysts are saying may lead to difficulty in the future. Doing careful and extensive individual stock research may provide the investor with a more robust scope with which to successfully trade the market.

Another key indicator that can help investors determine if a stock might be a quality investment is the Return on Equity or ROE. Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V) currently has Return on Equity of -124.73. ROE is a ratio that measures profits generated from the investments received from shareholders.

In other words, the ratio reveals how effective the firm is at turning shareholder investment into company profits. A company with high ROE typically reflects well on management and how well a company is run at a high level. A firm with a lower ROE might encourage potential investors to dig further to see why profits arent being generated from shareholder money.

Another ratio we can look at is the Return on Invested Capital or more commonly referred to as ROIC. Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V) has a current ROIC of -108.54. ROIC is calculated by dividing Net Income Dividends by Total Capital Invested.

Similar to ROE, ROIC measures how effectively company management is using invested capital to generate company income. A high ROIC number typically reflects positively on company management while a low number typically reflects the opposite.

Turning to Return on Assets or ROA, Targeted Microwave Solutions Inc. (TMS.V) has a current ROA of -95.05. This is a profitability ratio that measures net income generated from total company assets during a given period. This ratio reveals how quick a company can turn its assets into profits. In other words, the ratio provides insight into the profitability of a firms assets. The ratio is calculated by dividing total net income by the average total assets.

A higher ROA compared to peers in the same industry, would suggest that company management is able to effectively generate profits from their assets. Similar to the other ratios, a lower number might raise red flags about managements ability when compared to other companies in a similar sector.

Investors are usually scouring the markets for that next great stock pick. Locating that special winner to jumpstart the portfolio may involve lots of diligent hard work. Filing through the massive amounts of data regarding public companies can be an overwhelming task. Many successful investors will approach the equity markets from various sides. This may include keeping a close eye on the fundamentals as well as the technical data. This may also include following sell-side analyst opinions and tracking what the big money institutions are buying or selling.

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Computer Program Helps CF Patients Tell Doctors Which At-home Therapies Work Best – Cystic Fibrosis News Today

Posted: at 4:19 am

Acomputer program created by physicians in Cincinnati may help cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to keep using those at-hometreatments they feel are most effective, by providing them an easy way of sharing their preferences and a giventherapys effectiveness with their doctors.

CF patients rely ona variety of home therapies, from medications such as dornase alfa, antibiotics, and hypertonic saline, to regularactivitieslikeexercise. Theyspend an average of 1 to 2 hours every day doing these therapies at home. Still, patients often find it difficult to do all of the therapies their doctors advise, and dont consider themall equallybeneficial to their health.

When therapies come up we discuss risks and benefits and I have a lot of patients say Yeah, but I am not doing that. They say, I dont like the drug, it makes me wheezy or Exercise, it takes too much time and doesnt really help me very much, Patricia Joseph, MD, director of the Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program at University of Cincinnati Medical Center, said in a press release.

Involving patients in decision-making regardingtherapiesis knownto increase treatment adherence. Therefore, the team developed a computerized, shared decision-making program to help patients prioritize thosetreatments they find to be both effective and preferable.

Researchers conducted a field study of theprogram in21 CF patients, ages 20 to 66, to determine its acceptability, understandability, and ease of use.

Participantswere questioned as to their treatmentgoals, and then asked to rate the importance of each goal. These goals ranged from avoidinglung infections, to breathing more easily, decreasing the amount of time that need be spent on treatment and lowering the cost of treatments, toimproving everyday life (functionality) and well-being. They also noted those treatments they considered most important.

Data regarding thesegoals and treatment preferences were thenput into a computational framework called Analytic Hierarchy Process, which assigns weight to both of these parameters and a score for each goal/treatment.

What this tool does that is different is that it takes their preferences and their personal experiences with the therapies along with their personal goals for care and integrates them to help prioritize their own home care plan, Joseph said. The tool gets their preferences and values and helps them prioritize their best home treatment plan.

Results showed that CF patients found the program easy to understand and enjoyed being a part of their own therapeutic regimen.

Priority scores for each parameter were calculated from 0 to 1. The most important treatment goal for patients was improving breathing function (0.27), followed by improving functionality (0.24), preventing lung infection (0.21), decreasing time spent with treatment (0.16), and lowering treatment costs (0.11).

Patients found the tool easy to understand and felt engaged as active participants in their care, said Mark Eckman, MD, the studys lead author, and the Posey Professor of Clinical Medicine at UC. The tool was responsive to variations in patient preferences.

The team hopes to beginclinical trials to determine the impact this shared-decision program can haveon doctors visits.

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Nationals CF Taylor leaves game – Channel3000.com – WISC-TV3

Posted: at 4:19 am

WASHINGTON -- Nationals center fielder Michael A. Taylor left Washington's game against the Atlanta Braves in the top of the fourth inning Thursday night due to an undisclosed reason.

Taylor reached on a fielder's choice in the first inning and then grounded out to third in the third, but there was no apparent sign of an injury. The Nationals are one of the few major league teams that do not announce in-game injuries.

Taylor became the regular center fielder in late April when Adam Eaton strained his left knee when he hit the first base bag at Nationals Park in a weird way.

A Florida native, Taylor is hitting .278 with 12 homers, 35 RBIs and 10 steals. Brian Goodwin moved from left to center, and Ryan Raburn took over in left for the Nationals in the top of the fourth.

The start of the game was delayed 3 hours, 5 minutes by the threat of heavy rain that never materialized. A light rain fell before the start of the game, and Nationals Park took on a lot of water during a rainout Wednesday against the New York Mets.

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OPINION: Lou Zako: Political correctness is killing us – Petoskey News-Review

Posted: at 4:18 am

The following guest commentary was written by Lou Zako, a semi-retired doctor living in Harbor Springs. His views are his own. Email him at lrzako@gmail.com.

As a person of faith, my world view recognizes that both good and evil are ever-present in our lives. While government can at times protect from evil, it is often ineffective, and at times counter-productive. We must look to our religions, our communities, and our families to help instill good in our psyches.

The radical left, which includes a significant number in government at various levels, much of academia, and much of the main-stream media, has been remarkably successful in silencing those of us with traditional values, including love of country, through the use of political correctness.

I challenge my readers to introspectively ask themselves if the threat of being called a racist leads them to remain silent in the face of obvious bias. How many of us are willing to go to a local school board meeting to challenge the board and the administration when they unconstitutionally prohibit students from expressing their religious beliefs.

An excellent example of the intimidation of the populace into silence is the insane issue of transgender bathrooms, forced upon every school district in America by the Obama administration, in concert with big business and the New York Times. The hypocrisy of pretending to protect a person of a specific biologic gender from harassment without any regard for an overwhelming majority of children deprived of their right to privacy is stark and dramatic. In graphic terms, this policy mandated public schools to permit a teenage boy with a penis to use the girls bathrooms and showers by simply declaring that he felt like a female that day. Most of us would label such an edict insane, but it is actually much worse. It is in fact, intimidation of the citizenry to bend to the will of a tyrannical leftist government.

Almost daily we witness the radical left silencing the rest of us by using the race card. While it is perfectly acceptable to mock a Donald Trump or a George W. Bush, rather than debating specific issues, we dare not mock or disagree with Barack Obama for fear of being labeled as a racist.

A frank look at the end result of the Western European and North American elite preaching to the rest of us about the virtues of diversity and multiculturalism leads to the conclusion that millions of ordinary Americans, Brits, or Germans are tired of being human fodder for radical Islamists. The elites have their high walls and their bodyguards to protect them from terrorists, while making every effort to disarm the rest of us and leave us as helpless prey to terrorists. The radical lefts definition of diversity, interestingly enough, apparently does not include diversity of political thought. Does one need to ask oneself how many conservatives are on the faculties of the University of Michigan, Harvard, and Berkeley? How many conservatives are on the staff of the New York Times, the Washington Post, NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN, etc. How many climate scientists who express skepticism of the role of human activity in climate change receive funding for their studies? Even changing global warming to climate change is an example of political correctness. When radical environmentalists were mocked for their almost religious belief in the coming end of the earth through global warming by ordinary citizens who often had to don sweaters during cold weather, rather than questioning the validity of their unproven assumption that the seas would rise during our brief lifetimes and we would all fry, they changed the terminology to climate change. In Michigan the climate changes month by month. Our ancestors have endured both ice ages and ages of warming.

To silence critics, the radical left invoke the piety that the overwhelming majority of climate scientists agree that man-made global warming is beyond discussion or dispute. These same scientists fathers and mothers asserted that energy could neither be created or destroyed until a sole maverick, Albert Einstein, proved them all wrong. True science is not about forced conformity but rather a search for the truth and a healthy degree of skepticism for any theory.

As the Western World is now witnessing terrorist massacres of ordinary people in Europe and the U.S. on a frighteningly regular basis, still our governmental agencies, the intelligence community, the FBI, the military, and the local police are forced to eschew profiling. In other words, the Detroit and Chicago police are prohibited from stopping and frisking young black males any more often than old white ladies, in spite of the fact that a disparate percentage of violent crime is committed by young black thugs against defenseless black children and black seniors. Moreover, town after town in America has had imposed on its citizenry large numbers of refugees from violent areas of the Middle East, including young Arabic males, many of whom never assimilate or take on our Western values. Ask the families of the victims of terrorist attacks at the Boston marathon or San Bernardino whether political correctness was in any part responsible for the loss of their loved ones.

The next time you meet any of your liberal/progressive/morally superior friends, ask them whether they share more concern for the safety and welfare of their fellow citizens or for undocumented immigrants, aka illegal aliens.

Note the madness of the elites of the United Kingdom. In spite of terrorist massacre after massacre the vast majority of British police are unarmed. More than 90 percent of Londons Metropolitan Police Force carries no weapons.

A majority of rational people now agree that political correctness kills.

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What is the Source of Our Culture of Euphemism and Political Correctness? – Patheos (blog)

Posted: at 4:18 am

Nothing is as it seems these days (Juan Gris, Still Life with a Bordeaux Bottle, 1919; Wikimedia, PD-Old-70)

The sources of euphemism and political correctness are too close to be seen.

The Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowski spent the better part of the 50s and 60s attempting to create a (Soviet Communist-) Socialism with a Human Face.Some of his more important attempts are collected in Toward a Marxist Humanism: Essays on the Left Today.The failure to square the circlewas one of the things that forcedKolakowski into exile in the West. His success in documenting the failure of real-existing socialismin his magisterial three-volume The Main Currents of Marxism made him a short-term pariah among Western Cultural Marxist intellectualswhen such a thing actually still existed.His book, along with Solzhenitsyns The Gulag Archipelago (Im surprised and disappointed to see it out of print) and The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, put the final nails in the Western Marxist economic tradition. It hasnt recovered from the defeat, but those who keep on harping about the omnipresence of Cultural Marxism seem content with chasing a ghost, rather than dealing with the present. Im happy to let them chase their specters of Marx.

The collapse of Real-Existing Socialism (Soviet Communism witha Human Face) made it look like there was no alternative after 1989. It took less than 20 years for the world to realize that there is a problem with capitalism. 2008 was a watershed moment that made many realize that a project to create Capitalism with a Human Face is all thats left to us. That is,if we refuse to countenance other working solutions, what are called the Third Ways(between capitalism and communism). Mark Fishers little manifesto,Capitalist Realism: IsThere No Alternative?,is a kind of interim report card on how the human face refuses to stick to capitalism as it refused to stick to communist-socialism:

Really Existing Capitalism is marked by the same division which characterized Really Existing Socialism, between, on the one hand, an official culture in which capitalist enterprises are presented as socially responsible and caring, and, on the other, a widespread awareness that companies are actually corrupt, ruthless, etc. In other words, capitalist postmodernity is not quite as incredulous as it would appear to be, as the jeweler Gerald Ratner famously found to his cost.

Side Note: Gerald Ratner is famous for admitting during anInstitute of Directors annual conference at The Royal Albert Hall that some of his products are crap:

We also do cut-glass sherry decanters complete with six glasses on a silver-plated tray that your butler can serve you drinks on, all for 4.95. People say, How can you sell this for such a low price?, I say, because its total crap.

He became a laughingstock for hishonesty and lost hisfortunein the process, only to win it back.His is an unusual case of demaskingCapitalism with a Human Face?

99.9% of the time the mask stays on? What keeps it glued to the face of capitalism? Euphemism and political correctness.Polish philosopherTadeusz Gadacz, aformer pupil of Fr.Jozef Tischner (the Chaplain of Solidarity), explains in a Gazeta Wyborcza (only my Polish readers will understand the irony of this)editorial the gluing process using the categoryof thestructural lieas developed by his master.

[I would like to describe our situation of using euphemisms for everything] by referring to a very concrete concept, which Fr. Jzef Tischner, my master, called the structural lie. We live in a structural lie. In the past it was fascism, communism, today it is the neoliberal market. It is no longer the lie of a single person who is concealing the truth. This lie applies to whole structures of life: political, social, economical, medial, and also educational. We participate in it and we make our peace with it. We do not really believe that we are able to radically change the world, so we take part in it. After all, who can presently change the principles of the neoliberal market? Nobody? And so we say there is no exploitation, theres outsourcing and economizing, there are no murders, there is ethnic cleansing. It makes it easier for us to swallow our dinner.

As my friend likes to say, We no longer have garbage men, we have sanitation experts.' We cover upour economic garbagewith euphemism and political correctness, because we do not want to admit our complicity in the structural lie. That element of self-criticism was something that was sorely missing in the Occupy Wall Street critique of the 1%. The 1% would not exist if not for the complicity of the 99%.

Whos going to write The Black Book of Capitalism: Crimes, Terror, Repression?

Capitalist Realism: IsThere No Alternative? is a pretty good place to start for now.

Bon apptit!

For more on Fr. Tischner see: Solidarity Means Carrying One Anothers Burden.

If youd like to carry a little of this blogs burden, then make a donation through the button on the upper right side of this page.

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Better than CRISPR? LASSO Cloning ropes in Long-Read DNA – Labiotech.eu (blog)

Posted: at 4:17 am

After CRISPR, theres a new genetic technique with a tongue-in-cheek name in town: LASSO cloning.

Researchersfrom four institutions, including the US-based John Hopkins, Rutgers and Harvard, and the University of Trento in Italy, have developed a new technology tostudy large chunks of DNA and their function. The work behind it was recently published inNature Biomedical Engineering,and a patent was filed earlier this month.

This molecular tool is called long adapter single-stranded oligonucleotide, or LASSO for short. The lasso rope metaphor applies to the tools mechanism, which can capture and clone long sequences of DNA fragments. Fragment length had so far been the main challenge for cloning probes and the genome sequencing field at large. Next generation sequencing (NGS), which has gained a lot of attention in medical research, relies on sequencing short fragments that are then put together, like a puzzle, by bioinformatics tools. However, this method falls short for certain types of samples. Short reads capture only about 100 basepairs, or DNA letters, at a time, while LASSO can read more than1000 base pairs.

As a proof of concept, the researchers set out to test LASSO probes in biotechs favorite microorganism,E. coli. The tool managed to simultaneously clone over 3000 DNA fragments of the genome ofE. coli, capturing around 75% of the targets and leaving almost all of the non-targeted DNA alone, and the studys authors say theres still certainly room for improvement.

LASSO cloning should enable the scientific community to build libraries of a given organisms protein in a much faster and cheaper way, democratizing research that was so far only within the reach of big research consortia. The usefulness of such studies ranges from a better understanding of organisms to the ability to screen large libraries of natural enzymes and compounds that could be valuable leads in drug discovery,as it has been done before for some species likePenicilliumfungistrains, for example.

One of the organisms to be better studied is, of course, human beings. Researchers already tested LASSO cloning with human DNA, something has the potential to yield new biomarkers for a range of diseases. Another focus of interest is the human microbiome. As described in the same paper, LASSO was used to build the first protein library of the microbiome, and the research team hopes that it can improve precision medicine strategies that takeinto account the microbes living within us.

Images by DWilliam/Pixabay and Jennifer E. Fairman/John Hopkins University

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Mumbai man booked for card cloning racket – Times of India

Posted: at 4:17 am

PUNE/MUMBAI: The Hadapsar police on Thursday booked a Byculla resident for running a major card-cloning racket. Senior inspector Vishnu Pawar of Hadapsar police said, "On Thursday, we registered a complaint against an unidentified man under the Indian Penal Code and Information Technology Act for transferring Rs 8,000 from the salary account of Bramhanand Pandit (28), an engineer working with a private firm in Hinjewadi, on March 10." "We later came to know that the suspect Sayyed Masrafe (30), who was in the custody of the Bandra police since his arrest on January 18, was involved in this case too. Masrafe was remanded in judicial custody and sent to Arthur road jail on Thursday," Pawar said. The racket was being run since 2016 with the help of six hotel waiters from various places. The gang had cloned details of at least 1,000 debit/credit cards belonging to 96 different banks. It used to mainly operate in Pune, Mumbai and Thane. Masrafe's arrest has helped the police in solving 25 cases.

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Aesthetic Evolution In The Animal World : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture … – NPR

Posted: at 4:17 am

At the heart of Richard O. Prum's new book The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World and Us is a bold idea:

"... that animals are not merely subject to the extrinsic forces of ecological competition, predation, climate, geography, and so on that create natural selection. Rather, animals can play a distinct and vital role in their own evolution through their sexual and social choices."

Actually, this is Charles Darwin's idea his other idea. It's an idea so revolutionary that, unlike natural selection itself, it has been systematically misunderstood, or outright repressed, since Darwin first developed it in his other book The Descent of Man first published in 1871, 12 years after The Origin of Species.

What's so dangerous about what Prum calls "aesthetic evolution by mate choice?" Precisely the idea that it acknowledges, supposedly, real agency in the nonhuman world and that it is an agency that doesn't bottom out in facts about fitness and adaptation. It does so, Prum argues, because it's good science.

Now, it isn't exactly news to be informed that Darwin grappled with the problem of the diversity, indeed the gorgeous magnificence, of ornament in the biological world. It is well-known that he once wrote in a letter to a friend: "the sight of the feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" For the peacock's tail is, manifestly, of no adaptive value whatsoever. It is no aid to flight, no benefit in combat with another, no enhancement of the ability to secure food or provide concealment from predators. In short, it would seem to be one (of countless many) direct counterexamples to the proposition that biological traits are adaptations, that is, that they are selected to enhance survival value or the ability to bring offspring into the world.

The thing about the peacock's tail is that the peahen likes it. It's sexy. It's beautiful to her. It is attractive. And that's why peacocks who've got it, and are able to flaunt it, are in fact more likely to have offspring. So the trait is selected. Not for its adaptive value, but by the female of the species.

And that, Prum suggests, is a very radical idea, especially in Darwin's Victorian England, but even now in a world where patriarchy is still the order of the day.

This is why, Prum argues, evolutionists have tended either to downplay sexual selection or ground it in the logic of adaptation. Perhaps the best known strategy for doing this is to hold that the reason the peahen likes the peacock's tail is that the tail is actually a signal of the peacock's fitness: Only a peacock from a good family with disposable income is going to live long enough to afford the luxury of maladaptive ornamentation. Ornament is conspicuous consumption, on this view, and females like it, so the inevitable logic runs, because they are can't resist male power.

Oy vey! That is an ugly idea and not one that casts the men who are its proponents in a particularly nice light.

It also, according to Prum, completely misses Darwin's revolutionary idea: that the aesthetic delight animals take in each other in this case, that the female takes in the male of the species is arbitrary; it is grounded in nothing more than desire and its fulfillment. It is the conscious sensory experience of animals especially female animals and it is the choices they make as a result of these experiences that are one of the governing forces of natural evolution.

Now Prum is an ornithologist, not a polemicist, and this book is a delight to read also because of the knowledge and the love of learning and teaching that it puts on display. On one point, though, I am quite certain he goes too far. In the final pages of the book he proposes to take his account of aesthetic evolution and use it to show that what the animals are doing, and have been doing, and what Mozart, Manet, van Gogh and Czanne were doing, are all of a piece: art.

The basic problem with other attempts to biologize art by grounding it in natural selection is that they end up treating art, like the peacock's tail, as just another form of conspicuous consumption. And whatever else is true, Mozart, Manet and the rest are not bling, and even if part of why we like them is that there is social prestige attached to them, it's just wildly implausible that that is the basic source of their value.

But Prum's view, as we've already seen, is very different. As I have argued in a brief discussion of Prum in my book Strange Tools, according to Prum's view, beauty is the result of a co-evolutionary process: "Changes in mating preferences have transformed the tail and changes in the tail have transformed mating preferences." Prom extends this account to human art. According to Prum, the pleasures we take in art are directly and specifically bound up with art. Not because art generates a special sort of aesthetic feeling or sensation. But because our responses to art the pleasures we take in it are are bound up with art itself by processes of co-evolution. What we like shapes art and art, in turn, shapes and reshapes what we like. Art, like attractive ornament in the biological world, is the result of a co-evolutionary processes spanning evolutionary and cultural time scales. Art, as Prum puts it, is "a form of communication that co-evolves with its own evolution."

One of the strengths of this view is that it can do justice to radical change in aesthetic evaluation. The works of an artist think Andy Warhol, for example can become beautiful; for these works can contribute to the changing of the very criteria of evaluation by which we aesthetically assess this work itself. And Prum's account also does justice to fact that it is one thing to like something, and another to find it beautiful. Beauty finding something aesthetically pleasing isn't just a matter of liking it. For Prum can allow that our pleasures and preferences get refined through evolutionary recursion. Some pleasures like the pleasures we might take in an elegant mathematical proof, for example, or in the work of the late Beethoven are only available to those who stand on the scaffolding of past communication and agreements.

This is a very powerful proposal. It brings out the distinctively cognitive, that is to say, evaluative, character of the pleasures that art affords. We don't just respond to art, we judge it.

Now, I don't doubt for a minute that peahens take pleasure in what they see, when they see a handsome peacock. Indeed, the seeing itself gives them pleasure. And I have no objection to calling that pleasure aesthetic.

But is it really true that when we look at a work of art we enjoy pleasures of that kind? Not all art is "aesthetic" in this sense. And I don't just mean Warhol and Marcel Duchamp, or even Beethoven's late quartets. The experience of art is seldom tied, in the way the peahen's gaze is tied, to lust or desire for what you are looking at. I make take pleasure when I gaze upon a Poussin landscape, but it is a pleasure that depends, pretty obviously, on the fact that neither the painting, nor anyone or anything in it, is really there. Its importance to me only shows up through my detachment from it. And when Mozart's audiences delighted in the ways he foiled their expectations of how a piece of music was supposed to be organized, they were getting his joke, understand his thought, not just, as it were, languishing in pleasurable sounds.

But I also fear that Prum's theory, as a theory of art, ends up casting the net too wide: Every artifact or social activity or technology is constrained by what we like (evaluative response) even as it offers the opportunity for us to change and update those responses (co-evolution). But art is not merely a social activity or technology even if it masquerades as such. For art always disrupts business as normal and puts the fact that we find ourselves carrying out business as normal on display. Put bluntly: The value of art does not consist in a co-evolving fit or dialog between what we make and what like, but rather in the practice of investigating and questioning and challenging such processes.

I met Prum once, a few years before his book's publication. He heard me give a lecture and we sat next to each other discussing these questions at dinner afterwards. It was a delightful encounter. I fear, however, that he might have had me, or at least those like me, in mind when he writes:

"Some aesthetic philosophers, art historians, and artists may find the recognition of myriad new biotic art forms to be more of an annoyance, or even an outrage, than a contribution to their fields."

Maybe so. But, speaking for myself anyway, it would not be because I doubt the aesthetic richness of the natural world. Or because I see reason to deny the importance of the experience of pleasure and, indeed, of something like beauty, on the part of animals. Animals are truly, in Prum's sense, aesthetic agents.

The problem is not with Prum's insistence that we say "yes" to the aesthetic lives of animals I applaud that. The problem is that, as I read him, Prum ends up saying "no" to art.

Alva No is a philosopher at the University of California, Berkeley, where he writes and teaches about perception, consciousness and art. He is the author of several books, including his latest, Strange Tools: Art and Human Nature (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015). You can keep up with more of what Alva is thinking on Facebook and on Twitter: @alvanoe

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Aesthetic Evolution In The Animal World : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture ... - NPR

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