Monthly Archives: July 2017

This article originally appeared on The Conversation.

Gravity is a constant for all organisms on Earth. It acts on every aspect of our physiology, behavior and developmentno matter what you are, you evolved in an environment where gravity roots us firmly to the ground.

But what happens if youre removed from that familiar environment and placed into a situation outside your evolutionary experience? Thats exactly the question we ask every day of the plants we growin our laboratory. They start out here in our earthbound lab, but theyre on their way to outer space. What could be a more novel environment for a plant than the zero-gravity conditions of spaceflight?

Daily Emails and Alerts - Get the best of Newsweek delivered to your inbox

By studying how plants react to life in space, we can learn more about how they adapt to environmental changes. Not only are plants crucial to almost every facet of life on Earth; plants will be critical to our explorations of the universe. As we look to a future of possible space colonization, its vital to understand how plants will fare off planet before we rely on them within space outposts to recycle our air and water and supplement our food.

So even while we stay right here on the ground,our research plantsblast off and head to theInternational Space Station(ISS). Already theyve given us some surprises about growing in zero gravityand shaken up some of our thinking about how plants grow on Earth.

A NASA image shows the International Space Station as it flew over Madagascar, with three of the five spacecraft docked to the station, in this photo taken on April 6, 2016. Tim Peake/ESA/NASA/Handout via Reuters

Learning from Stressed-Out Plants

Plants make especially great research subjects if youre interested in environmental stress. Because theyre stuck in one spotwhat we biologists call sessile organismsplants must cleverly deal in place with whatever their environment throws at them. Moving to a more favorable spot isnt an option, and they can do little to alter the environment around them.

But what they can do is alter their internal environmentand plants are masters of manipulating their metabolism to cope with perturbations of their surroundings. This characteristic is one of the reasons we use plants in our research; we can count on them to be sensitive reporters of environmental change, even in novel environments like spaceflight.

Folks have been curious about how plants respond to spaceflight from the very beginning of our ability to get there. We launchedour first spaceflight experimenton Space Shuttle Columbia back in 1999, and the things we learned then are still fueling new hypotheses about how plants deal with the absence of gravity.

Were in Florida, Our Research Plants Are in Space

Spaceflight requires specialized growth habitats, specialized tools for observation and sample collection, and of course specialized people to take care of the experiment on orbit.

A typical experiment begins on Earth in our lab with the planting of dormant Arabidopsis seeds in Petri plates containing a nutrient gel. This gel (unlike soil) stays put in zero gravity, and provides the water and nutrients the growing plants will need. The plates are then wrapped in dark cloth, taken to Kennedy Space Center, and eventually loaded into the Dragon Capsule on top of a Falcon 9 rocket to catch a ride to the ISS.

Once docked, an astronaut inserts the plates into the plant growth hardware. The light inside stimulates the seeds to sprout, cameras record the growth of the seedlings over time, and at the end of the experiment, the astronaut harvests the 12-day-old plants and save them in tubes of preservative.

Once returned to us on Earth, we can run more tests on the preserved samples to investigate the unique metabolic processes the plants engaged while on orbit.

Unraveling it Back in the Lab

One of the first things we found was that certain root growth strategies that everyone had assumed need gravity actually dont require it at all.

To seek out water and nutrients, plants need their roots to grow away from where they are planted. On Earth, gravity is the most important cue for the direction to grow, but plants also use touch (think of the root tip as a sensitive fingertip) to help navigate around obstacles.

Back in 1880, Charles Darwin showed that when you grow plants along a slanted surface, the roots dont grow straight away from the seed, but rather take a jog to one side. This root growth strategy is called skewing.Darwin hypothesizedthat a combination of gravity and the root touching its way across the surface was behind itand for 130 years, thats what everyone else thought too.

But in 2010, we saw that the roots of the plants we grew on the ISS marched across the surface of their Petri plate in aperfect example of root skewingno gravity required. It was quite a surprise. So whats really behind root-skewing on orbit, since its obviously not gravity?

Plants on the ISS do have a potentially second source of information from which they could get a directional cue: light. We hypothesized that in the absence of gravity to point roots away from the direction of the leaves, light plays a bigger role in root guidance.

What we found was that yes, light is important, but not just any light will dothere has to be a gradient of light intensity for it to act as a useful guide. Think of it in terms of a good smell: you can navigate to the kitchen with your eyes closed when cookies are just coming out of the oven, but if the whole house is flooded equally with the scent of chocolate chip cookies, you couldnt find your way.

Adjusting Their Metabolic Toolbox on the Fly

In the absence of gravity, plants cant use the tools theyre used to for navigation, so they had to craft together another solution. They can do that by regulating the way they express their genes. That way they can make more or less of specific proteins that are helpful or not in zero gravity. Various plant parts came up with their own gene regulation strategies.

We found a number of genes involved in making and remodeling cell walls areexpressed differentlyin space-grown plants. Other genes involved with light-sensingnormally expressed in leaves on Earthare expressed in roots on the ISS. In leaves, many genes associated with plant hormone signaling are repressed, and genes associated with insect defense are more active.These same trendsare also seen in the relative abundance of proteins involved in signaling, cell wall metabolism and defense.

These patterns of genes and proteins tell a storyin microgravity, plants respond by loosening their cell walls, along with creating new ways to sense their environment.

We track these gene expression changes in real time by labeling specific proteins with a fluorescent tag. Plants engineered withglowing fluorescent proteinscan then report how they are responding to their environment as it is happening. These engineered plants act as biological sensorsbiosensors for short. Specialized cameras and microscopes let us follow how the plant is utilizing those fluorescent proteins.

Insights from Space

This kind of research gives us new understanding of how plants sense and respond to external stimuli at a fundamental, molecular level. The more we can learn about how plants respond to novel and extreme environments, the more prepared we are for understanding how plants will deal with the changing environments theyre up against here on Earth.

And of course our research will inform collective efforts to take our biology off the planet. The observation that gravity isnt as vital to plants as we once thought is welcome news for the prospect of farming on other planets with low gravity, and even on spacecraft where there is no gravity. Humans are explorers, and when we leave earths orbit, you can bet well take plants with us!

Anna-Lisa Paul is a Research Professor, Graduate Faculty in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida.

Robert Ferl is the Director of the Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida.

More:
Plant Life on the International Space Station is Blossoming - Newsweek

Move over, Mickey, Southern California has new rodent celebrities. You might call them Micetronauts 2.0.

The first group of star-trekking mice to ever travel to the International Space Station has returned to their home at a UCLA lab, where theyre being studied for a promising new therapy to regrow lost bone density.

All the rodents from ISS made it back alive and healthy on July4!, said Dr. Chia Soo, a lead researcher on UCLAs NELL-1 study.

A group of forty mice blasted into low-Earth orbit 220 miles up on June 3 from Florida, as part of a robust NASA science mission. Other projects on board included an investigation into mysterious pulsar stars believe to hold keys for better navigation and time-keeping capabilities on Earth, and a fruit-fly study into treating weakened cardiac muscles.

Half the mice in the NELL-1 study are still living on the Space Station and being treated with the protein that Soo and her team believe may spur degraded bone to regrow.

The other half splashed down inside a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft in the Pacific Ocean off Baja California on Monday, and were unloaded the following morning in San Pedro.

The mice passed through the Earths 3,000-degree Fahrenheit atmosphere, at a rate of force equal to about five times their body weight, without injury, scientists said.

They looked really good. They were very healthy, said Louis Stodieck, director of BioServe Space Technologies at the University of Colorado Boulders aerospace-engineering sciences division.

When the 20 still-orbiting astro-mice return to join those now back in the lab, their bone development will be compared.

Stodieck, who managed the rodents complex travel and care accommodations, joined UCLA researchers as the first to greet the returning rodents. During their travel, they lived inside a special habitat and ate moist, nutrient-rich food bars developed by NASA. (Think of a power bar but not quite so sweet, said Stodieck. The mice love it. Its very good, Ive actually tried it.).

Like returning astronauts, the micetronauts appeared initially unsteady in gravity. Their space habitat had mesh walls, allowing them to crawl around with stability.

They get so adapted to microgravity, that gravity probably feels a little hard, Stodieck said. They looked a little bit tenuous, but theyre getting used to it.

Since the Soviet Sputnik program returned the first animals dogs, rodents and insects from a brief trip around the Earth in 1957, the U.S. Space Shuttle program has gone on to return animals from rocket trips.

Advertisement

But these are the first U.S. rodents to participate in a lengthy microgravity research trip, and to board the space stations National Laboratory, Stodieck said.

These studies, with animal models, are few and far between. They are difficult and expensive, he said. Its very important for us, in any of these studies, to maximize their scientific utility. The space station is a tremendous laboratory platform. Were learning a lot of things.

Increasingly, researchers are studying the effects of microgravity on stem cells to understand the full potential of space research.

But the mice are promising some exciting results that could help many people on Earth, according to the scientists.

Astronauts (and micetronauts) experience severe bone loss when they travel outside Earths gravity-laden atmosphere. Floating around in microgravity not only depletes bone mass, it also weakens muscles most notably, heart muscle.

If it can work for microgravity-related bone loss, then it could have increased use for patients one day on Earth who have bone loss from trauma or aging, Soo said.

SpaceXs reusable rockets and spacecraft are enabling U.S. researchers to send experiments to orbit affordably from America for the first time in years.

Five years ago, the self-propelling Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to dock at the International Space Station. Its able to return to Earth by plopping, Space Shuttle-style, into the ocean.

Its also built to return to space repeatedly throughout its life.

The Dragon craft that returned the 20 mice to Earth on July 3 previously flew to the Space Station in 2014.

SpaceXs business model relies on such high-tech recycling and on a consistent, persistent launch calendar.

Keeping pace with growing customer demand, SpaceX launched its third rocket in 12 days last Wednesday just 48 hours after two successive dramatic last-second aborts on the launch pad.

The mission also carried hundreds of fruit flies for an investigation into the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system.

Fruit fly hearts have similar components to humans and are much closer to humans, in some respect, than mice and rats, said Karen Ocorr, who is leading the study at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute in La Jolla.

The research team sent hundreds of flies packed in six tissue box-sized habitats. Four of the boxes carried 2,000 fly eggs, and others carried hundreds of breeding adults, intended to give birth in space to flies that would return to Earth.

We have a team of 12 people who will be present in the lab when we receive the flies back, Ocorr said. Well spend the next month or more trying to understand the effects on their skeletal muscle and heart muscle function, among other things.

People who have long-term illnesses, or are infirm and spend a long time in bed, experience progressive cardiac dysfunctions, she said, adding that this study could help develop new therapies for weak hearts.

Lennox Middle School students will also soon get back research from inside this Dragon. Theyre studying whether lemon-mint plants grow better, worse, or the same in microgravity, as part of the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program.

We wanted to use mint because its something we use a lot in our Hispanic culture, said Nayeli Salgado, one of the Lennox school team members. It has many uses stomach aches, ear aches. You can use it instead of medicine. It takes the pain away.

Read more:
Meet the mice who soared through space and back again - The San Gabriel Valley Tribune