Monthly Archives: July 2017

Ask SAM: Is NC First in Freedom? Flight? Anything else? – Winston-Salem Journal

Posted: July 11, 2017 at 10:01 pm

Q: Many years ago, there was a controversy over whether North Carolina could be called First in Freedom on license tags. The N.C. Division of Motor Vehicles also issued auto license plates with First in Flight which were challenged by Ohio. After all these years of that, I now see that new license plates are back to First in Freedom. What other firsts can North Carolina claim?

Answer: According to the state Department of Transportation, the First in Freedom plate recognizes two events: The signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence on May 20, 1775, and the Halifax Resolves on April 12, 1776.

These two events are also commemorated on the North Carolina state flag, according to the DOT, and are regarded as the first steps toward independence from Great Britain during the early stages of the American Revolution.

You can read more about the Mecklenburg Declaration at the Mecklenburg Historical Associations website, http://www.meckdec.org/declaration. Bear in mind that some historians dispute the authenticity of that declaration. Also, there has been some controversy about how appropriate the slogan First in Freedom is for a state that allowed slavery for so long.

First in Freedom plates were reinstated as an option in 2015. At the time, Gov. Pat McCrory said North Carolina is a state of firsts and we continue to be a leader in innovation. What a great way to celebrate North Carolinas rich history and the birth of our nation by offering drivers a chance to proudly display a plate that honors our contribution to freedom, here in one of the most military friendly states.

As to First in Flight, the dispute there is over which state should get credit for the flight of Wilbur and Orville Wright, who were from Ohio but made their historic flight in North Carolina. According to NCPedia.org, Wilbur was gathering information about flight and wrote to the United States Weather Bureau to learn about wind speeds in different places around the country to find the most favorable conditions.

The Weather Bureau told Wilbur about Kitty Hawk on the Outer Banks. Wilbur then wrote the Kitty Hawk weather station to ask about the area. He received a warm reply from the local postmaster, Bill Tate. Kitty Hawk had more to offer than just strong winds, Tate told Wilbur. It also had soft sand for landing a glider and friendly people who would be willing to help. And it was an isolated place where Wilbur could get the privacy he wanted.

The brothers traveled back and forth between their bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio, and Kitty Hawk while working on the project.

Connecticut also claims to be first in flight, citing a powered flight by Gustave Whitehead there in 1901, two years before the Wright Brothers flight in 1903.

As to other firsts, according to the Secretary of States office, we can claim the first public university in the United States (UNC Chapel Hill), the first English child born in America (Virginia Dare), the first state art museum, the first outdoor drama in America (The Lost Colony), Americas first gold rush, and the first known miniature golf course, which is neat but probably not good fodder for a license plate slogan.

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Ask SAM: Is NC First in Freedom? Flight? Anything else? - Winston-Salem Journal

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Audi seeks to eclipse emissions scandal with new technology-packed A8 car – Reuters

Posted: at 10:00 pm

BARCELONA (Reuters) - Battered by its emissions scandal, Audi launched its latest technology-packed A8 luxury saloon on Tuesday, aimed at overtaking rivals Mercedes-Benz and BMW as it struggles to overcome its biggest-ever corporate crisis.

Last week Munich prosecutors arrested an Audi employee in connection with "dieselgate", the latest setback to Volkswagen's (VOWG_p.DE) luxury car arm and main profit driver, after the German government a month earlier had accused Audi of cheating on emissions tests.

On Tuesday Audi shifted the focus back to its products with its top management hosting 2,000 guests in Barcelona to unveil the new A8, whose Level-3 self-driving technology enables the car to completely control driving at up to 60 kilometers (37 miles) per hour, beating the Mercedes S-Class and the BMW 7-Series.

Having slipped behind its two German rivals on global sales last year, Audi has risked stalling without innovation and needed a new prestige product, said Stefan Bratzel, head of the Center of Automotive Management think-tank near Cologne.

"Innovation is key in premium car-making," Bratzel said. "The new A8 will polish the brand's image and line-up at a critical time."

Even Audi acknowledged that amid ongoing investigations, persistent pressure on its chief executive for his crisis management and analysts' criticism of Audi's ageing vehicle design, the new A8 creates an opportunity for a clean break.

"It's gratifying that we are able to set a positive sign for real 'Vorsprung durch Technik', advancement through technology," R&D chief Peter Mertens said.

Mercedes and BMW have accelerated their autonomous-driving development programs with Mercedes owner Daimler joining forces with car parts maker Robert Bosch [ROBG.UL] in April and BMW collaborating with other firms including U.S. parts maker Delphi and chipmaker Intel.

Featuring a more distinctive design and a foot massager for rear-seat passengers, the new A8 heralds the start of a series of redesigns and new model launches at Audi including an electric sport-utility vehicle (SUV) to take on Tesla's Model X, the all-new Q4 and Q8 SUVs and redesigned A6 and A7 model lines.

A source at Audi said development of the A8, which took about five years, suffered from changes at the brand's research and development department, though assiduous work by division heads helped ensure that delays were kept in check. The A8 will reach German dealerships in the fourth quarter.

Audi is on its third development chief since dieselgate broke in late 2015, with Mertens, who took office in May, the brand's fifth R&D boss since 2012.

"The top brass at VW group and Audi are so preoccupied with the diesel issue that the company's management is lastingly distracted," said Christian Strenger, a supervisory board member at Deutsche Bank's retail asset management arm DWS.

With the new A8's retail price up almost 8 percent on its predecessor at 90,600 euros ($103,000), Audi will also struggle to narrow the gap with its traditional rivals, research firm IHS Markit said.

A8 sales in the core markets of Europe, China and the Americas may climb 3.2 percent to 35,571 cars by 2025 from 34,468 next year, IHS said.

By comparison, IHS expects deliveries of BMW's 7-Series to fall 7.6 percent to 52,238 cars by 2025 and deliveries of Mercedes' S-Class to jump 24 percent to 85,389 cars.

S-Class and 7-Series prices start at 88,447 euros and 78,100 euros respectively, according to company data.

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Audi seeks to eclipse emissions scandal with new technology-packed A8 car - Reuters

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Technology can save lives, not just improve them – The Guardian

Posted: at 10:00 pm

Bristol Braille Technology, which won the accessibility award, created an affordable braille electronic reader, designed with, by and for blind people. Photograph: AbilityNet

With so much coverage about the dark underbelly of the internet and how many of our technological advances have been hijacked for nefarious activities whether its our computers having the potential to spy on us, Russian hackers interfering with democratic elections or our hospitals IT systems being hacked it was a relief to be asked to judge this years AbilityNet Tech4Good awards. As the name suggests, these awards showcase the people and organisations using technology to make the world a better place. And Im pleased to report that there are many amazing tech entrepreneurs working across the globe to create a brighter digital future.

Among the winners in the eight categories who were announced yesterday, are Bristol Braille Technology, the winner of the accessibility award. The social enterprise has created an affordable braille electronic reader, designed with, by and for blind people. Unlike existing readers which can only display a single line of text, Bristol Brailles device can show a full page of words and numbers. This means users can deliver speeches, use spreadsheets easily and read music notation, scientific and mathematical formulas. Currently being trialled in Britain, Ireland and the US, the social enterprise hopes to launch the device later this year or early 2018 for around 600800.

Chatterbox, another communications aid, was developed by Mursal Hedayat, a refugee from Afghanistan, to provide language tutoring. It recruits, trains and supports talented individuals who are refugees through a website to find work as language tutors. Refugees, who are dispersed across the UK, are linked up with individuals and organisations often based somewhere else which require those language skills.

One of the most inspiring categories this year was the digital health award. The winner, Haiyan Zhang, developed a wireless sensor, Fizzyo, in her free time, to make physiotherapy exercises more fun for two teenage brothers with cystic fibrosis. By connecting the sensor to their physiotherapy equipment, she turned the exercises into controls for video games. Working in conjunction with Great Ormond Street hospital, Zhang is developing the sensor further, so it can be trialled in 100 homes around the UK to study the long-term efficacy of physiotherapy treatment.

Another entry in this category, which also won the public vote for the best entry, aims to improve cancer diagnosis. Co-founded by two doctors based at Kings College London, C the Signs hopes to improve earlier diagnosis of cancer. With over 200 different types of cancer, it is hard for GPs to spot all the potential signs of cancer in a 10-minute appointment. C the Signs, available on smartphones and as a website, allows GPs to enter patients symptoms and see what tests or urgent referrals the patient may need, in under 30 seconds. A pilot launches this week by Herts Valleys and Luton clinical commissioning groups, where the tool will be used by 1,000 GPs covering a population of 850,000 patients.

It was also good to see the Guardian 2014 Charity Awards winner, Sky Badger, pick up an award from the tech community for helping parents with disabled children through its extensive website and social media platform.

A new category, in conjunction with Comic Relief, recognised the contribution of technology to improving lives in sub-Saharan Africa. The winning entrant, Praekelts MomConnect project, allows pregnant women in South Africa with a mobile phone to access vital information and advice to improve maternal health during pregnancy.

Technology can seem remote and tricky to grasp. But as in previous years, the 2017 Tech4Good winners prove that it can not only improve peoples lives, but save them.

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The Technology That Will Make It Impossible for You to Believe What You See – The Atlantic

Posted: at 10:00 pm

The president was seething.

His problem was with the press, yes, but also with the technology they used. Electronic media had changed everything. People were glued to their screens. I have never heard or seen such outrageous, vicious, distorted reporting, he said in a news conference.

The age of television news, Richard Nixon told reporters gathered that day in October 1973, was shaking the confidence of the American people. He didnt yet know his presidency would reach a calamitous end. When Nixon announced he would resign, in August 1974, he spoke directly into a television camera. The recording remains stunning half-a-century latermostly because of the historic nature of the moment, but also because of the power of broadcast.

Even in an informational era transformed by the web, video is a gripping format. In the chaos of real-time news, especially, theres an advantage to being able to see something with your own eyes.

Or, there used to be.

At a time when distrust in journalistic institutions is swelling, technology that further muddies the ability to discern whats real is rapidly advancing. Convincing Photoshop-esque techniques for video have arrived, and the result is simultaneously terrifying and remarkable.

Computer scientists can now make realistic lip-synched videosostensibly putting anyones words into another persons mouth.

The animated gif that you see above? Thats not actually Barack Obama speaking. Its a synthesized video of Obama, made to appear as though hes speaking words that were actually inputted from an audio file.

The clip comes from researchers at the University of Washington, who developed an algorithm to take audio of someone talking and turn that into a realistic video of someone speaking those words. In the video below, you can see a side-by-side comparison of the original audiowhich came from actual Obama remarksand the generated video.

Obama was a natural subject for this kind of experiment because there are so many readily available, high-quality video clips of him speaking. In order to make a photo-realistic mouth texture, researchers had to input many, many examples of Obama speakinglayering that data atop a more basic mouth shape. The researchers used whats called a recurrent neural network to synthesize the mouth shape from the audio. (This kind of system, modeled on the human brain, can take in huge piles of data and find patterns. Recurrent neural networks are also used for facial recognition and speech recognition.) They trained their system using millions of existing video frames. Finally, they smoothed out the footage using compositing techniques applied to real footage of Obamas head and torso.

The researchers wrote a paper about their technique, and they plan to present their findings at a computer graphics and interactive techniques conference next month.

The idea is to use the technology for better communication between people, says Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, a co-author of the paper and an assistant professor in the department of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington. She thinks this technology could be useful for video conferencingone could generate a realistic video from audio, even when a systems bandwidth is too low to support video transmission, for example. Eventually, the technique could be used as a form of teleportation in virtual reality and augmented reality, making a convincing avatar of a person appear to be in the same room as a real person, across any distance in space and time.

What Makes Tom Hanks Look Like Tom Hanks

Were not learning just how to give a talking face to Siri, or to use Obama as your GPS navigation, but were learning how to capture human personas, says Supasorn Suwajanakorn, a co-author of the paper. Not surprisingly, several major technology companies have taken notice: Samsung, Google, Facebook, and Intel all chipped in funding for this research. Their interest likely spans the realms of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and robotics. I hope we can study and transfer these human qualities to robots and make them more like a person, Suwajanakorn told me.

Quite clearly, though, the technique could be used to deceive. People are already fooled by doctored photos, impostor accounts on social media, and other sorts of digital mimicry all the time.

Imagine the confusion that might surround a convincing video of the president being made to say something he never actually said. I do worry, Kemelmacher-Shlizerman acknowledged. But the good outweighs the bad, she insists. I believe its a breakthrough.

There are ways for experts to determine whether a video has been faked using this technique. Since researchers still rely on legitimate footage to produce portions of a lip-synched video, like the speakers head, its possible to identify the original video that was used to create the made-up one.

So, by creating a database of internet videos, we can detect fake videos by searching through the database and see whether there exists a video with the same head and background, Suwajanakorn told me. Another artifact that can be an indication is the blurry mouth [and] teeth region. This may be not noticeable by human eyes, but a program that compares the blurriness of the mouth region to the rest of the video can easily be developed and will work quite reliably.

It also helps if you have two or more recordings of a person from different views, Suwajanakorn said. Thats much harder to fake. These are useful safeguards, but the technology will still pose challenges as people realize its potential. Not everyone will know how to seek out the databases and programs that allow for careful vettingor even think to question a realistic-looking video in the first place. And those who share misinformation unintentionally will likely exacerbate the increasing distrust in experts who can help make sense of things

My thought is that people will not believe videos, just like how we do not believe photos once were aware that tools like Photoshop exist, Suwajanakorn told me. This could be both good and bad, and we have to move on to a more reliable source of evidence.

But what does reliability mean when you cannot believe your own eyes? With enough convincing distortions to reality, it becomes very difficult to know whats real.

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4 Smart Technology Tests Happening in Las Vegas – Government Technology

Posted: at 10:00 pm

(TNS)-- Were a year into the Innovation District, a testing zone for technologies that could make Las Vegas run more productively. That translates to added conveniences, environmental safeguards and security enhancements, playing off the citys motto: Building community to make life better.

The Las Vegas City Council unanimously passed a resolution last February to establish the district downtown. If we can build applications that make residents and visitors safe while theyre here enjoying the area, or provide better transportation options, thats what we want to do, said Michael Sherwood, director of information technology and innovation for the city.

The district is a proving ground, with tests being run on multiple programs that carry out similar functions. The plan is to use the standouts long-term and on a much larger scale.

The city is partnering with these firms in the hope of creating a safer, smoother travel environment. Numinas sensing platform tracks the street flow of all objects to help city planners maximize features for the ways theyre most used. Motionlofts hardware and software count vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians in real time and analyze behaviors tied to transportation. Both systems reveal areas prone to jaywalking, putting the city in a position to strategically curb unsafe activity.

Hitachis sophisticated optics can be used for traffic management, but in the Innovation District theyll scan for danger. The camera can detect if someone leaves a backpack at an intersection, and then can send out a police or fire response, said Sherwood, adding that the city was finalizing its agreement with Hitachi and should roll out the pilot program in 30 to 60 days. The system also counts parking spaces and tracks vacancies, data that will be used to help motorists find parking through the soon-to-launch GoVegas app.

Ciscos cloud-based service collects data on traffic and parking and even how full garbage bins are. But its environmental sensing might be most exciting. It monitors idling cars for carbon emissions and can change a light from red to green and make successive lights turn green faster to maximize flow and minimize pollution. The city of Las Vegas is 100 percent sustainable. All the electricity we consume, we produce, Sherwood said. If we lower the carbon footprint in the city, it makes the community better.

The autonomous shuttle Arma, developed by Paris-based Navya, completed its first stateside road test in Las Vegas in January tied to the Consumer Electronics Show. And its set to return to the district in September. This time it will go live in traffic with passengers onboard, in conjunction with the launch of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). DSRC sends traffic-signal timing data to the shuttle, which adjusts its speed to avoid hitting any red lights. Arma eventually will operate in a loop, starting around the Container Park area on Fremont Street down to the Mob Museum on Stewart Avenue, and rides will be free.

Sometime this year, the city hopes to add infrared cameras and sound sensors to the testing zone. If a fire broke out, the cameras would detect the temperature spike and alert emergency dispatch, cutting response time and the chance that flames would spread and cause more damage. And the sensors would pick up sounds such as glass breaking, prompting cameras to view the area so a system monitor could alert authorities if someone were breaking into a vehicle or building.

2017 the Las Vegas Sun (Las Vegas, Nev.) Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

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A Texas-size boom in technology: Gov. Abbott – CNBC

Posted: at 10:00 pm

Those are some of the advantages that helped Texas win the Governor's Cup for the most new and expanded corporate facility projects in the nation for the fifth year in a row. Over the past year, Texas welcomed Kubota Tractors, Farmer Brothers and Serenova, along with new facilities for Amazon, Facebook and GM Financial, to name just a few. Tech giants Apple, Oracle, Google and Microsoft are also expanding their corporate presence and jobs in Texas' innovation corridor.

In fact, Texas is in the middle of an innovation renaissance. From biotech and defense tech to wearable tech and clean tech, technologies developed in the Lone Star State are changing the world in which we live.

Texas is also where the tech talent wants to live, with Austin, San Antonio, Houston and Dallas ranking among the top metro areas for startup activity.

The Texas model is proof that limited government secures economic liberty and encourages unlimited opportunity.

To spur even greater economic expansion, I will continue to fight back against overregulation by the federal government and rein in regulatory regimes at the local level that create a patchwork of compliance complexities.

The freedom to experiment with new business models, like transportation network companies, should be permitted by default. Across industries, we need to remove barriers to entry, encourage competition, enact consistent consumer safety regulations and then empower consumers to choose.

By unleashing the power of entrepreneurs and innovators, and securing the freedom to aspire, Texas will long remain the best state for business.

By Texas Gov. Greg Abbott

Editor's note: This commentary was written before the release of the Top States 2017 data. The governor did not have knowledge of the rankings or the comprehensive data.

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South Korea says North doesn’t have ICBM re-entry technology – Reuters

Posted: at 10:00 pm

SEOUL (Reuters) - South Korea's intelligence agency does not believe North Korea has secured re-entry capabilities for its intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program, a South Korean lawmaker said on Tuesday, disputing Pyongyang's account.

North Korea launched what was said to be a nuclear-capable ICBM last week as it presses on with its nuclear and missile programs in defiance of United Nations sanctions.

Pyongyang's state media said last week's test successfully verified the atmospheric re-entry of the warhead loaded on the test-launched missile, which experts say may be able to reach the U.S. state of Alaska.

However, Yi Wan-young, who is also a member of South Korean parliament's intelligence committee, told reporters during a televised briefing that South Korea's National Intelligence Service has not been able to confirm that re-entry was successful.

"Considering how North Korea does not have any testing facilities (for re-entry technology), the agency believes (North Korea) has not yet secured that technology," he said.

Yi said the agency believed the missile launched last week was a modified version of the KN-17 intermediate range missile that was tested in May.

He also said the agency had not detected any unusual activity at North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site.

Reporting by Se Young Lee; Editing by Paul Tait

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Why technology is driving the City’s office boom – Telegraph.co.uk

Posted: at 10:00 pm

In the past month, the pace of change in Londons office market has moved up a gear.

Despite the start of the Brexit negotiations, uncertainty on the future of Londons financial cluster, and the inconclusive general election result, demand for office space has increased.

Office demand in the first half of 2016 was 6.4 million sq ft up from 5.5 million sq ft in the six months to June2016.

On the face of it, this feels disingenuous, given the very real obstacles facing the London economy. While no one has seen the final Brexit deal, one would have to be a huge optimist to imagine the capital will not lose some financial jobs to EU cities like Dublin or Frankfurt.

Yes, the London office market would probably be seeing higher demand today without the political uncertainty, but Brexit has not been an insurmountable barrier to doing deals.

This is because in the property world now, the bread-and-butter...

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When Progress Ebbs: Career Women at the Turn of the 20th Century – lareviewofbooks

Posted: at 10:00 pm

JULY 11, 2017

IN HER 1954 MEMOIR Many a Good Crusade, Virginia Gildersleeve, long-time dean of Barnard College, lamented:

Married or unmarried, womens chances of getting professorships in colleges or universities have deteriorated, I fear, during the last thirty years. Most colleges for women, which during their early decades had a large majority of women on their faculties, have during the past quarter-century made great efforts to secure a considerable proportion of men. As it is far from easy for women to obtain a post [] in a co-educational institution, this has made the situation rather worse than it used to be. (emphasis added)

Gildersleeve, who was born in 1877 and attended the Brearley School in New York (founded to prepare girls for Harvards entrance examination), had seen conditions for professional women change over the course of her storied lifetime not, as she observes above, for the better. She went on to attend Barnard College, then housed in a cramped brownstone on Madison Avenue, and was part of a freshman class of 21 girls. By the time she graduated in 1899, the college had moved to its new spacious accommodations in Morningside Heights, across the street from Columbia University. The new halls seemed huge at first but were quickly filled with an increasing number of female students.

Gildersleeve taught at the college, received her PhD from Columbia in 1908, and was appointed dean of Barnard in 1911, a position she held for 36 years, until she retired in 1947. Despite having fought to allow married women and mothers on the faculty, she noted with dismay in her memoir that she had recently asked a young woman a junior with top marks at one of the countrys best universities whether shed ever had a woman professor. No, [the young woman] answered. I havent. I never thought of a woman professor. I dont believe I should like to study under one.

The phenomenon Gildersleeve witnessed an explosion of women faculty in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, followed by an alarming decline was mirrored in other professions such as medicine. In her 1985 study In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America, Barbara Solomon relates the observations of a 1913 Radcliffe graduate who claimed that her decision to pursue a medical career was inspired by the many women physicians practicing in Boston when she was a child. The number of women doctors in the United States ballooned from under2,500 in 1880 to 9,000 in 1910, amounting to six percent of all doctors a proportion that fell steadily thereafter.

The idea that opportunities had been better for professional women in the early years of the 20th century, but went downhill in the following decades, might seem strange. Its common to believe that social progress moves in one direction upward and to conflate different kinds of freedoms: political, social, economic. Since women won the right to vote in 1920, one might assume that they continued to make considerable professional gains in the aftermath of suffrage. As Gildersleeves remarks show, however, this was not the case. Opportunities declined in the 1920s, despite the previous three decades being something of a golden age for career-minded women.

Social optimism regarding the new careers for women found expression in the little-known silent-era action films of the 1910s that I have written about elsewhere. In these thrill-filled serials, women had ambitions that took them out and about in the world, like the aspiring journalist in The Perils of Pauline (1914), the working journalists in Dollie of the Dailies (1914) and Perils of Our Girl Reporters (1916), the railroad telegraph operator in Hazards of Helen (19141917), or the businesswoman in The Haunted Valley (a late example of the genre in 1923). The daring protagonists of these movies openly courted adventure: they drove cars, flew planes, battled villains on top of moving trains, even brandished guns when necessary. The actresses who played the leads were themselves examples of what women could do if given the opportunity: they performed their own stunts, and even contributed to the scripts. As Helen Holmes of Hazards of Helen put it: if a photoplay actress wants to achieve real thrills, she must write them into the scenario herself.

These adventurous onscreen women were matched by their colleagues behind the camera. During the first two decades of the 20th century, women worked in all aspects of film production from writers, directors, and producers to exhibitors, editors, and script supervisors. For instance, Alice Guy Blach, one of the earliest filmmakers ever, was head of production at the Gaumont Company in France from 1896 to 1906. She married a fellow filmmaker, moved to the United States, and started Solax, her own production company. The firm was so successful that she built her own studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, in 1912. According to film historian Alison McMahan, the studio cost upward of $100,000. It was here that Guy Blach filmed her most expensive and ambitious Solax project, Dick Whittington and His Cat, which cost $35,000.

In her essay Womans Place in Photoplay Production, published in The Moving Picture World in 1914, Guy Blach exhorted women to become film producers:

It has long been a source of wonder to me that many women have not seized on the opportunities offered to them by the motion picture art to make their way to fame and fortune as producers of photodramas. Of all the arts there is probably none in which they can make such splendid use of talents so much more natural to a woman than to a man and so necessary to its perfection.

The transition to the studio system, however, made it more difficult forwomen filmmakers to access the large budgets and distribution system needed to make and sell successful movies. By the late 1910s, Guy Blach was working for hire; by the 1920s, she had stopped making films entirely. A similar fate befell Lois Weber, who in 1916 was elected to the Motion Pictures Directors Association, the only woman to receive such an honor. She went on to form her own production company in 1917, Lois Weber Productions, but her career slowed down after 1922 and she didnt direct films after the late 1920s.

The same fate also befell relative unknowns like Madeline Brandeis, who used the fortune from her divorce settlement to finance her own Hollywood movies. Brandeis directed, wrote, and/or produced well-received short films for children in the 1920s, then went on to make educational films for Path in the later part of the decade, which she wrote, shot, and edited in foreign locations. By the 1930s, however, her filmmaking career had ended and she was writing childrens books, including one called Adventure in Hollywood (1937), in which the two main female characters dream, not of working behind the camera and making their own movies, but of becoming actresses within the studio system. One hundred years later, rather little has changed: in its 2016 Celluloid Ceiling report, the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film found that women comprised 17% of all directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and cinematographers working on the top 250 domestic grossing films.

All this raises the question: What precisely happened to cause career opportunities to dry up in so many fields? Womens success in different professions wasnt merely a wartime phenomenon as the numbers show, women were prominent in fields like higher education, medicine, and film well before World War I broke out. One possible reason for the contraction in opportunities may have been societal backlash against womens success. Certainly, the increasing enrollment of women in co-educational colleges and their growing academic achievements set off alarm bells. Quotas were enforced for women students, certain scholarships were designated off-limits, and junior colleges were established as more conducive outlets for gentler temperaments. In some fields, the mechanisms of professionalization created barriers to entry, requiring specialized studies or membership in guilds that expressly excluded women.

Books like Dr. Edward Clarkes influential Sex in Education: or, A Fair Chance for the Girls (1873) had argued that, while it was perfectly reasonable to afford educational and employment opportunities to women, the usual timing was wrong for their gender. Clarke claimed that excessive study during adolescence diverted energy away from a young womans developing sexual organs, possibly leading to an inability to bear children and to consequent mental illness. Presumably it would have been acceptable for a woman to study or work during her 20s, after her reproductive system had matured, but by then she would be too busy as a wife and mother.

As Clarke puts it: The fact that women have often equaled and sometimes excelled men in physical labor, intellectual effort, and lofty heroism, is sufficient proof that women have muscle, mind, and soul, as well as men; but it is no proof that they have had, or should have, the same kind of training; nor is it any proof that they are destined for the same career as men. This is a wonderful way of both having ones cake and eating it. Clarkes theories allow him to claim that women arent in any way inferior to men, but because of the preexisting condition of being women, they should not receive the same training or have the same career opportunities as men.

Weve come a long way from Clarkes views, but not as far as we might hope. Pernicious undercurrents of gender bias continue to undercut professional womens accomplishments. Women still earn less for comparable work than their male counterparts. Realizing that progress ebbs and flows, that gains made at a particular moment in time arent automatically protected, that they may be lost and have to be won again, is both demoralizing and inspiring. The fact that Gildersleeve, writing in the 1950s, lamented the professional setbacks for women shed seen in her lifetime suggests that things were once much better and that the forward march of progress isnt a given. Rather, it takes constant vigilance and dedicated effort to achieve and maintain.

Radha Vatsal is the author of A Front Page Affairand Murder Between the Lines, mystery novels set in World War Iera New York City, and co-editor of the Women Film Pioneers Project.

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Works-in-progress hit the stage at the New York Musical Festival – 89.3 KPCC

Posted: at 10:00 pm

Every night on Broadway, thousands of people line up to see Hamilton, The Lion King, Hello Dolly or some other high-profile, elaborate musical.

And just a few blocks away, there are more Broadway hopefuls: the writers and composers presenting shows at the New York Musical Festival.

Now in its 14th year, the festival is dedicated to new musicals that are very much works-in-progress. Some are no more than staged readings. Others have costumes, props, sets and a small band of musicians. All of the shows have one thing in common theyre trying to move up the musical food chain.

The showcase includes dozens of productions, many of which feature relatively well-known performers on stage. In the audience are agents, producers, casting directors and theater-lovers hoping to see the very first staging of a new work that could be a future Next to Normal or "Title of Show, two musicals that started at The New York Musical Festival before they made it all the way to Broadway.

Rachel Sussman, producing artistic director, and Dan Markley, executive director of the New York Musical Festival, talked with The Frame host John Horn about what it's like to curate a festival of unproduced musicals.

To hear the full interview, click the blue player above.

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Works-in-progress hit the stage at the New York Musical Festival - 89.3 KPCC

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