Daily Archives: July 25, 2017

The Internet of Living Things – Scientific American (blog)

Posted: July 25, 2017 at 11:46 am

10 A.M.It is hot and sultry in the slums of the Campina Barreto neighborhood on the north side of Recife, in Brazil, and a public health worker named Glaucia has just taken a blood sample from a young, pregnant patient. Glaucia feeds it into a portable sequencer the size of a USB stick, plugs the sequencer into her computer and waits for the results. The device identifies genetic markers of the Zika virus, but flags the fact that this is a mutated strain that could be resistant to existing vaccines. She reports the information to her colleague, Franco, at the nearest hospital and to public health authorities. They need to know that this could signal the start of an outbreak.

This scenario is imaginary, but researchers around the world now use pocket-size genomic sequencers to rapidly detect resistant pathogenic strains in hospitals, explore microbial diversity in Antarctic ice valleys, and diagnose infectious agents in food supply and aboard spaceships (the device works in microgravity). In 2015, for example, Johanna Rhodes from Imperial College London relied on portable sequencers to identify the genetic makeup of Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that had caused an outbreak in a London hospital. The same year, a research team from Birmingham University flew to Guinea and used the same technology to detect strains of Ebola in human blood. In a few months, they had sequenced 142 Ebola genomes on the spot, producing results less than 24 hours after receiving an Ebola-positive sample.

But what if sequencer-equipped researchers were able to transmit what theyre learning directly to others? Imagine students in universities becoming the first sequencing line of defense by detecting bacteria resistant to antibiotics and educating their neighbors about them. Imagine the same neighbors equipped with portable sequencers to identify microorganisms in soils capable of fighting resistant pathogens. These new bio-citizens would be socially responsible actors who use biology as the main language to understand themselves and the world around them, playing an increasing role in protecting global health and ecosystems.

This is the utopian version of what visionaries call the second genomic revolution, where sequencing our genomes and those of other species becomes a pervasive data market in which DNA is the primary currency. Yet we must remain lucid about who will primarily contribute and who will reap the rewards of streaming our DNA to the cloud. The way forward is to make sure that this trove of data does not benefit only those who already reign over our digital infrastructures but build counter powers, global commons where citizens can learn to turn their own data into innovations.

The new lab-in-your-hand technology is the product of Oxford Nanopore Technologies, a British company, whose ambition is to democratize genomic sequencing. Its sequencer, called MinION is as small as a USB-stick and easy to use for any apprentice scientist who knows how to prepare samples of blood, bodily fluids or water to be fed into the device. Such preparation is easily done by amateur biologists in DIY bio labs. Researchers and clinicians across the world have now adopted these portable sequencers, some to detect foodborne outbreaks in hospital, others to analyze the DNA of new species in the jungle. As early skepticism fades away, industry giants (Illumina and Roche) and newcomers (Genapsys) alike are showing interest in following Oxford Nanopores head start in portable sequencing.

If the ambition is to promote more distributed use of genomic sequencing, users also need a ready-made platform for interpreting genetic data. Oxford Nanopore has designed an intelligent cloud lab, Metrichor, to be used for genomics data storage in conjunction with smartphone apps that interpret the meaning of DNA sequences.

The convergence of automation technologies, intelligent algorithms and cloud computing is progressively making genomics available to less skilled actors. While this does not necessarily ensure democratization, it does enable us to imagine it. And so, what if it actually happens?

The world around us would be equipped with increasingly sophisticated bio-sensing capacity: the ability to identify the genetic composition of our bodily fluids, species surrounding us and microorganisms on our skins and in our backyards. Portable genomic sequencers in our pockets and cell phones would become part of our networks of sensorswhat we already call the Internet of things (IoT).

The attributes of a new bio-citizen then look like this: scientists, patients, congressmen, employeeseveryonewill be monitoring the DNA of their own bodies on shared cloud labs. Portable genomic sequencers, the size of a USB stick and connected to our smartphones, would also be integrated to our most strategic technical systems, including agro-food facilities, airports, battlefields and hospitals. These DNA-reading sensors would identify the nature, transmission paths and mutations of deadly viruses, engineered bacteria and even forgotten lethal pathogens that could one day be freed by the melting permafrost. In their home, individuals would have access to liquid biopsies blood tests that could track their most vital biomarkers and identify at an early stage the pieces of DNA shredded by a cancer tumor or a viral agent. If millions of citizens were streaming these data to the cloud, they would build the most powerful data set for preventive and precision medicine the world has ever known. The genetic identity of any living thing, then, acquires a new life on the Internet. We enter the age of the Internet of living things (IoLT).

The amount of genomics data to be stored, curated and protected in the digital bio-space will keep growing, requiring powerful and expensive computing platforms. It will create a complex architecture with new needs related to the governance of such an increasingly data-driven society.

Without access to the cloud, as provided by Google and Amazon, many biomedical projectsfrom J. Craig Venters Human Longevity to genome-wide analyses focused on autism and Alzheimerscould hardly have taken shape. Google and Amazon offer a deal too tempting to refuse: the most sophisticated cybersecurity strategies as well as analytical speed and power. These services seldom come free; universities, companiesin the future, hospitals, doctors and citizenswill likely keep paying for each genome to be stored, analyzed or transferred to a different repository.

Another hard truth is that most analyses of genomic data are comparative, meaning what can be learned about a new and potentially important genomic sequence is based on some existing point of reference. Yet, genomic sequences of interest risk being held by private databasesthink 23andMethat gain a competitive advantage by selling access to their genetic gold.

As a consequence of the growing number of players that may be involved in the process of generating, collecting and processing the data, determining the legal ownership of such data may prove increasingly complex. Like our personal information gathered by the IoT, our genetic secrets might end up trapped by 10,000-word-long consumer agreements.

The powerful and lucrative alliance between genetics and a data-driven society has already made tech giants in Silicon Valley and Seattle the new masters of our digital identities. If we consider the current privatization of consumers data and the erosion of digital privacy, it is not difficult to imagine, in the future, large corporations using their vast computing and machine-learning platforms to commodify continuous streams of genetic data about humans and ecosystems. Global conflicts over ownership would have to be balanced by open-source efforts to ensure that research, data and technological tools primarily serve the public good. The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health is an example, a thriving effort to share genomes across disciplinary and geographical boundaries.

For the Internet of living things to realize its promises, U.S. policymakers and regulators, in collaboration with technologists, should have an ambitious conversation about global data commons. How open and resilient should our big data architectures be, in particular those used for monitoring vital public health and environmental factors?

Experts will also need to consider the challenge and cost of ensuring accuracy when dealing with biological and microbial samples. One can imagine an IoLT node monitoring for Ebola virus and sending a positive signal, which, if not substantiated, could cause panic. The potential of monitoring for biological threats is enormous, but methods to validate data and address personal and collective liability issues are needed.

What is more troubling as we slowly enter the age of ubiquitous genomics sequencing is that we face an increasing socio-economic disparity between the technological elitesSilicon Valley or the new Shenzhen tech Eldoradoand the majority of citizens, the ones who provide data. While I have no hope that this gap will soon be closed, the next decade will first tell us if the new bio-citizen is just in our imagination.

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Stanford announces new Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine – Stanford Medical Center Report

Posted: at 11:45 am

It is a privilege to lead the center and to leverage my previous experience to build Stanfords preeminence in stem cell and gene therapies, said Roncarolo, who is also chief of pediatric stem cell transplantation and regenerative medicine, co-director of the Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases and co-director of the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Stanford Medicines unique environment brings together scientific discovery, translational medicine and clinical treatment. We will accelerate Stanfords fundamental discoveries toward novel stem cell and gene therapies to transform the field and to bring cures to hundreds of diseases affecting millions of children worldwide.

The center consists of several innovative pieces designed to allow the rapid development of early scientific discoveries into the clinic that in the past have languished. This includes an interdisciplinary team of basic and clinical scientists to shepherd nascent therapies developed at Stanford. The team will be headed by associate directors Matthew Porteus, PhD, associate professor of pediatrics, and Anthony Oro, MD, the Eugene and Gloria Bauer Professor and professor of dermatology.

To help with clinical development, the center boasts a dedicated stem cell clinical trial office with Sandeep Soni, MD, clinical associate professor of pediatrics, as medical director. In addition, the center has dedicated clinical trial hospital beds in the Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases located on the top floor of the soon-to-open LucilePackardChildrensHospital. From work performed by scientists over the past decade, the center already has a backlog of nearly two dozen early stage therapies whose development the center will accelerate.

The center will provide novel therapies that can prevent irreversible damage in children, and allow them to live normal, healthy lives, said Mary Leonard, MD, professor and chair of pediatrics and physician-in-chief at Stanford Childrens Health. The stem cell and gene therapy efforts within the center are aligned with the strategic vision of the Department of Pediatrics and Stanfords precision health vision, where we go beyond simply providing treatment for children to instead cure them definitively for their entire lives.

One of the unique features of the center is its close association with the recently opened $35 million Stanford Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, a 23,000-square-foot manufacturing facility located on California Avenue in Palo Alto. One of the first of its kind in the world, the laboratory has the ability to produce newly developed cell and gene therapy therapies according to the Good Manufacturing Practice standards as required for patient treatment.

Headed by executive director David DiGiusto, PhD, the lab can produce diverse cellular products for patient use, such as genetically corrected bone marrow cells for sickle cell anemia, genetically-engineered skin grafts for children with the genetic disease epidermolysis bullosa or genetically-engineered lymphocytes to fight rejection and leukemia.

We are fortunate that Stanford researchers have created such a strong portfolio of innovative candidate therapeutics to develop, said DiGusto. The capabilities of the laboratory will bridge the gap between research and clinical investigation so that the curative potential of these exciting cell and gene therapies can be realized.

For more information about the center, or for information about trials associated with the center, please see https://med.stanford.edu/ptrm/faculty.html, or contact Jennifer Howard at jmhoward@stanford.edu.

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Regenerative medicine startup Rodeo Therapeutics raises $5.9M for drugs to regenerate tissue – GeekWire

Posted: at 11:45 am

Dr. Sanford Markowitz, founder of Rodeo Therapeutics. (Case Western Reserve University Photo)

If you could write a medical wish-list of futuristic technologies, regenerating tissue would be pretty high up there. It could do things like treat a variety of inflammatory conditions and even help cancer patients regrow healthy cells.

A new Seattle-based biotech startup, Rodeo Therapeutics, is hoping its technology can make tissue regeneration a reality, and it has just raised a $5.9 million Series A round from Seattle-based biotech fund Accelerator Corporationto make it happen.

The general idea is simple: Rodeo is hoping to use small-molecule therapies a category most drugs fall into that stimulate the bodys natural regeneration process, like when a skinned knee heals.

Its first focus is to develop a treatmentfor inflammatory bowel disease and one that can help cancer patients cells grow quickly following stem cell transplants. But those goals are just the beginning.

The ability to stimulate the bodys natural processes for tissue regeneration and repair has broad therapeutic potential in disease settings such as ulcerative colitis and in hemopoietic recovery following bone marrow transplantation. Rodeo Therapeutics is focused on developing small-molecule therapies that stimulate these processes and enable new approaches to address serious medical conditions that today have a substantial unmet medical need, said Rodeo Therapeutics founder and cancer researcher Dr.Sanford Markowitz.

The company is currently working on drugs that inhibit an enzyme called 15-PGDH, which has been shown to speed up regenerative processes.

The startup was founded by Markowitz and Dr. Stanton Gerson, researchers at Case Western University, along with Dr.Joseph Ready, a researcher at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Its technology is based on their work. Markowitz is an expert in gastrointestinal cancers, where inflammation can cause serious problems; Dr. Gerson specializes in stem cell and genetic research along with gene therapies and cancer drug development; and Dr. Ready works in regenerative medicine and cancer, specifically synthetic and medicinal chemistry.

The startups corporate office is currently in Accelerator Corporations facilities in Seattle, with its founders in Dallas and Cleveland. Rodeos early operations will be overseen by Accelerator, and the funds CEO Thong Le is currently servingas Rodeos CEO.

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Stealth BioTherapeutics Initiates Phase 2/3 Study of Elamipretide in Patients With Barth Syndrome – Markets Insider

Posted: at 11:45 am

BOSTON, July 24, 2017 /PRNewswire/ --Stealth BioTherapeutics (Stealth), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing therapeutics to treat mitochondrial dysfunction, today announced the initiation of TAZPOWER, a Phase 2/3 study evaluating elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome. Barth syndrome is a rare genetic mitochondrial disease, caused by mutations in the TAZ gene, and characterized by cardiac abnormalities, skeletal muscle weakness, recurrent infections and delayed growth.

"The severe problems experienced by patients with Barth syndrome are caused by misshapen and dysfunctional mitochondria, which reduce the energy production in the affected tissues. The resulting muscle weakness can lead to severe fatigue, heart failure and death," said Stealth Chief Medical Officer Doug Weaver. "In this study, we hope to show that elamipretide may have clinical benefit by improving function in these affected mitochondria."

TAZPOWER is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study that will evaluate the effects of daily elamipretide treatment in a minimum of 12 patients with genetically confirmed Barth syndrome. Patients will be randomized to one of two sequence groups: 12 weeks of single daily subcutaneous injections of elamipretide in Treatment Period 1, followed by 12 weeks of treatment with placebo in Treatment Period 2, with a four-week wash-out period between periods, or vice versa. The primary endpoint is change in distance walked during the six-minute walk test. Secondary endpoints include functional assessments, patient-reported outcomes and safety.

"Our understanding of Barth syndrome and how it manifests has evolved significantly, but current treatment efforts are still limited to the management of symptoms," said Hilary Vernon, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of Pediatrics at McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University and the primary investigator for the study. "The initiation of TAZPOWER represents an important milestone in the potential development of a disease-specific treatment option."

TAZPOWER builds upon Stealth BioTherapeutics's existing rare disease and cardiorenal programs, including three ongoing Phase 2 studies in adults with heart failure (IDDEA-HF, PROGRESS-HF, RESTORE-HF).

"This study underscores our commitment to develop elamipretide for the treatment of rare genetic mitochondrial diseases," said Stealth Chief Executive Officer Reenie McCarthy. "The cardiovascular and skeletal muscle symptoms affecting this population share a common thread with symptoms experienced in diseases commonly associated with aging, such as heart failure, in which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the clinical pathology."

For additional information on the TAZPOWER study or elamipretide, please refer to Stealth's website.

About Barth Syndrome Barth syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by muscle weakness, cardiac abnormalities, recurrent infections and delayed growth. Barth syndrome occurs almost exclusively in males and is estimated to affect one in 200,000 to 400,000 individuals worldwide at birth. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for the disease.

About Stealth BioTherapeutics We are a privately held clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of therapeutics for diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction. We believe there is a strong rationale for our lead product candidate,elamipretide, in indications in these diseases based on encouraging preclinical and early clinical data. We are investigating elamipretide in three primary mitochondrial diseases primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMM), Barth syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) as well as in heart failure, Fuchs' corneal dystrophy and dry age-related macular degeneration.We received Fast Track designation for elamipretide for the treatment of PMM from the FDA in December 2015. We are developing our second product candidate, SBT-20, for central nervous system disorders.Our mission is to be the leader in mitochondrial medicine. To learn more information about us and our pipeline, visitwww.stealthbt.com.

Contacts Media Relations dna Communications Kate Contreras, 617-520-7088 rel="nofollow">Media@StealthBT.com

Investor Relations Stern IR Beth DelGiacco, 212-362-1200 rel="nofollow">IR@StealthBT.com

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Thousands of genes exchanged within microbial communities living on cheese – Phys.Org

Posted: at 11:45 am

July 25, 2017 Emmental cheese. Credit: Wikipedia

Researchers at the University of California San Diego have found that microbial species living on cheese have transferred thousands of genes between each other. They also identified regional hotspots where such exchanges take place, including several genomic "islands" that host exchanges across several species of bacteria.

Postdoctoral fellow Kevin Bonham and assistant professor Rachel Dutton of UC San Diego's Division of Biological Sciences, along with Benjamin Wolfe, a former postdoctoral fellow in the Dutton lab now at Tufts University, use the rinds of artisanal cheese varieties as simple model systems to study microbiomes, or communities of microorganisms. Microbiomes are known to play a key function in many areas, including human health, protecting us from some diseases and amplifying others.

Cheese rinds offer a novel way to study how genes in microbial communities are passed from one organism to another in a process known as "horizontal gene transfer." Details of the study were published July 25th in the journal eLife.

"We examined the genomes of over 150 bacteria from cheese, and found more than 4,000 genes that were shared between bacterial species, including several large genomic islands that were shared by many species," said Dutton, an assistant professor in the Molecular Biology Section and part of UC San Diego's Center for Microbiome Innovation, which leverages the university's strengths in clinical medicine, bioengineering, computer science, the biological and physical sciences, data sciences and other areas to coordinate and accelerate microbiome research. "Horizontal gene transfer has been studied for decades, but examining it in a more natural context is challenging because it requires studying an entire community of microbes, rather than studying them in isolation."

Dutton said a large percentage of transferred genes involved functions dealing with acquiring nutrients, especially iron, which is known to be in short supply on the surface of cheese. Competition for iron is an important theme for microbes in many environments, including during infections of humans by pathogenic microbes.

"Horizontal gene transfer could influence competition for iron and possibly enable 'cheating' within a mixed community," said Dutton.

Based on the new results, Dutton and her colleagues are now probing the intricate dynamics of horizontal gene transfer and how the process unfolds on cheese.

"Since horizontal gene transfer is prevalent in many microbial communities, including those important for human health, we're now trying to study how this process impacts microbial life and death in a community," said Dutton.

Explore further: Researchers study cheese to unlock secrets of how microbial communities form

More information: Kevin S Bonham et al, Extensive horizontal gene transfer in cheese-associated bacteria, eLife (2017). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22144

Go ahead and call Rachel Dutton's research cheesy if you must. As far as she's concerned, it's anything but an insult. A Bauer Fellow at the Faculty of Arts and Sciences' Center for Systems Biology, Dutton and her lab study ...

While many microbiologists build entire research careers around studies of a single microorganism, Rachel Dutton has taken her career in the other directionexamining collections of microbes, but with an unusual twist. ...

Certain antibiotic resistance genes are easily transferred from one bacterial species to another, and can move between farm animals and the human gut. A team led by Chinese researchers has characterized this "mobile resistome," ...

Gene transfers are particularly common in the antibiotic-resistance genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

People sure love their cheeses, but scientists have a lot to learn about the fungi responsible for a blue cheese like Roquefort or a soft Camembert. Now researchers reporting in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on September ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- In a new study, scientists at the University of Maryland and the Institut Pasteur show that bacteria evolve new abilities, such as antibiotic resistance, predominantly by acquiring genes from other bacteria.

Researchers from Monash University's Biomedicine Discovery Institute have helped solve the mystery of how emus became flightless, identifying a gene involved in the development and evolution of bird wings.

Researchers at the University of California San Diego have found that microbial species living on cheese have transferred thousands of genes between each other. They also identified regional hotspots where such exchanges ...

A team of scientists from the Kunming Institute of Botany in China and the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena has discovered that parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta (dodder) not only deplete nutrients from ...

Our bodies are composed of trillions of cells, each with its own job. Cells in our stomach help digest our food, while cells in our eyes detect light, and our immune cells kill off bugs. To be able to perform these specific ...

Humpback whales learn songs in segments like the verses of a human song and can remix them, a new study involving University of Queensland research has found.

New research from Australia and Sweden has shown how a dragonfly's brain anticipates the movement of its prey, enabling it to hunt successfully. This knowledge could lead to innovations in fields such as robot vision.

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Biblical lessons in history – Temple Daily Telegram

Posted: at 11:44 am

I have read a few published letters and books criticizing Christian beliefs and practices. Most people know the greatest history book of all is the Bible. I used to use it to teach my military history classes as a command sergeant major in the U.S. Air Force. It records many other ancient historical events, such as the fall of many city, states and countries.

In elementary school in the 40s and 50s, our teachers used the Bible to teach us how to read and comprehend. Our wonderful country was primarily a Judeo/Christian nation. That has changed. We have, as a nation, drifted far from those fundamental beliefs this country was founded on. Christians and Jews are being called politically incorrect and being denied the right to pray in public. A former president even announced to the world that the United States of America is not a Christian nation! I have been made fun of because I said grace before a meal.

I would recommend to those who oppose Christian beliefs to refer to that history book call the Bible and find out what ever happened to all those countries that did not heed or replaced Biblical teachings and prophesies with their own. I see the Biblical prophesies coming back again in our country as we continue a downhill slide to disaster. Our leaders no longer represent those who elected them. When our judicial system supports and defend unnatural acts and the murder of the unborn, we are in dire straits as a nation.

I urge everyone who reads this to refute it by reading what has happened to those countries that have refused to live by those Biblical rules.

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Challenging Violent SpeechUnless It’s About Israel – Commentary Magazine

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Given their particular sensitivity to the triumphant mightiness of the pen, its profoundly disturbing to note where lines are drawn and exceptions made.

Linda Sarsour, the lefts darling of the day, posted a widely-shared picture of Palestinians praying in the streets of Jerusalem, an act protesting the placement of metal detectors outside the Al Aqsa Mosque. This is resilience. This is perseverance. This is faith. This is commitment. This is inspiration. This is Palestine, Sarsour wrote. Denied access to pray at Al Aqsa Mosque in their own homeland, Palestinians pray on the streets in an act of non-violent resistance. They are met with tear gas and rubber bullets.

Absent from her platitudinous prevarication was any mention of the inarguably violent act that led Israel to construct the metal detectors in the first place, the recent killing of two Israeli police officers at the Temple Mount. Also absent: any reference to the three Israelis who were brutally murdered in the settlement of Halamish on Friday night. It was a far cry from nonviolent resistance when 19-year-old Omar al-Abed entered a home, saw a family finishing a Shabbat dinner, and began indiscriminately stabbing his victims.

Sarsours rhetoric is dangerous precisely because she understands her audience and how to appeal to their emotions. She peppers her statements with a few felicitous bromides like non-violent resistance and hopes no one notices the inconsistency of her arguments. Others on the left are slightly more honest about their intentions.

Writing in Al Jazeera, Stanley Cohen called on Israel to accept that as an occupied people, Palestinians have a right to resistin every way possible. He begins by telling his readers: long ago, it was settled that resistance and even armed struggle against a colonial occupation force is not just recognized under international law but specifically endorsed. His entire article is predicated on a false premise in that it demands the characterization of Israel as a colonial occupation force a characterization that is categorically incoherent.

Cohen cites a 1982 UN Resolution which reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for independence, territorial integrity, national unity and liberation from colonial and foreign domination and foreign occupation by all available means, including armed struggle. He does not mention which countries voted for and against this resolution.

Among the countries that voted for it: Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, Pakistan, Rwanda, Qatar, Niger, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq.

Among the countries who voted against it: Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.

On college campuses, the call for armed struggle has become the Cri de Coeur of leftist students who are otherwise hypersensitive to the impact that intangible words can have on corporeal beings. On Columbias campus, students who form the backbone of the BDS movement have successfully blurred the line between incitement and impassionedalbeit severely misguidedopinion. In 2016, the Columbia/ Barnard Socialists concluded one social media post by declaring: long live the intifada. As recently as Sundayafter the Halamish attack the Students for Justice in Palestine shared the Al Jazeera article calling for armed resistance. Where are the outraged professors, administrators, and students concerned for the safety of the student body? Where are the charges of bigotry and racism, the calls to silence this speech, to stop this violence?

Nowhere does the idea that speech can constitute violence find more support than on elite liberal arts colleges. But regardless of whether they have intellectual or moral merit on their own, calls for safe spaces, trigger warnings, and micro-aggression-free environments that come from groups or individuals who not only condone, but use their words to quite literally call for violence, must be ignored, and the hypocrisy highlighted.

From the safe confines of an ivy-covered campusor from the relative safety of this country, for that matterits easy to preach justice and retribution, to portray armed struggle as the necessary means that will find justification through a righteous end. But especially those who are sensitive to the power of language should understand: euphemistic terminology does nothing to mitigate the violent nature inherent in this rhetoric. There must be no confusion. The lefts glorification of armed struggle is nothing short of approval for those Palestinians who target and kill innocent men, women, and children. Those who proclaim to speak for social justice have been damningly silent.

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For the Love of Welsh Rarebit – Foreign Policy (blog)

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My British lunchmates on a recent Sunday in Edinburgh, Scotland, were exceedingly polite when my order arrived. Amid their tableau of salads and artfully filleted fish, my plate held Welsh rarebit, the venerable dish that assembles melted cheese, ale, mustard, and Worcestershire sauce atop a slice of bread. I sensed that my companions eyes were averted from my selection. Then, someone decided to be more direct and asked, Do you like British food?

I always answer this question with an emphatic Yes! While this sometimes incites gobsmacked silence, when I interviewed Anthony Bourdain a few years back, he sanctioned my unfashionable palate. To eat a nicely aged grouse with bread sauce followed by a nice Stilton theres nothing better than that, he said. Yet even his approval didnt banish a twinge of guilt that I associate with my adoration of stodgy Anglo fare. My ambivalence is shared with others whose nostalgia for a bygone cuisine, architecture, or literature was shaped by imperialism. I grew up in Singapore, which was established as aBritish trading foothold in 1819 and, except for its occupation by the Japanese empire from 1942 to 1945, remained a British colony until shortly before gaining independence in 1965.

My nostalgia isnt just outdated it can sometimes come across as politically incorrect. But Im not alone in cherishing certain cultural holdovers of colonialism. Today, some vestiges of British rule are among Singapores most lovingly preserved landmarks from lavish Victorian hotels to 19th-century government buildings that are now national treasures. And, though its true that Singaporeans prize their indigenous cuisine blending Indian, Chinese, and Malay flavors, many feel historic kinship with bangers and mash and scones with clotted cream, which were as much a part of my gastronomic education as fish-head curry and chili crab.

Many Singaporeans tend to think back with warmth on the countrys relatively benign subjugation. Landmarks throughout the city are named for Sir Stamford Raffles, who founded Singapore as a British colony. School history books essentially laud him, along with the good ol East India Co., for transforming the island nation from a speck of a trading post along the Malay Archipelago to a prosperous port city that is one of the most expensive stretches of real estate on Earth. In Singapore, some of the best secondary schools are named Raffles. The court system is based on British law, and the cricket club plays regularly on the Padang, an expansive green in the heart of downtown. On Saturdays, pubs fill up with the English Premier League faithful. Singlish, the local patois, brims with Britishisms. One of the most common terms to talk cock, which can refer to either shooting the breeze or bullshitting is derived from the British phrase cock and bull story.

Even at an intimate level, outmoded influences and relationships linger. In researching my recent novel, Sarong Party Girls, I investigated the term SPGs, said to have been coined when British colonial armed forces would invite local women, often clad in sarongs, to their parties. These days, it has taken on a derogatory meaning as a reference to Singaporean women who seek out expat white (often British) men, whom they view as being of a higher status than locals. Jane Austens world is, in some ways, alive and well in the nightclubs of Singapore.

In countries with bloodier colonial histories than Singapores, discourse about the structural legacies of imperialism has justifiably gained traction. An Indian MP has called for the dissolution of Indias Westminster parliamentary system, for example. And, in Western democracies, we are compelled to interrogate ever more closely what we eat, wear, and dance to. Pop stars Katy Perry and Gwen Stefani have been criticized for lifting from Japanese civilization the former for a geisha-inspired performance in 2013 and the latter for her Harajuku Girls phase in 2004. This year, nonwhite women on a California college campus faced a backlash when they demanded that white girls refrain from wearing the hoop earrings said to be part of a non-Anglo aesthetic. And on a nationalistic note, I still bristle whenever I spot Singapore noodles on any U.S. (or Scottish) menu. This spicy noodle dish is a pure invention of the West it simply does not exist in my homeland.

In light of such tensions, a longing for colonial relics can feel indefensible, or at least subversive. And in these hyperattuned times, we are forced to ask whether our yearning should be indulged and divulged in public.

But my nostalgia isnt some form of cultural appropriation, an attachment to products, TV shows, and cuisines that are both tainted and not my own. Aspects of British culture are, in fact, part of my personal and national history. And perhaps this feeling is more akin to the nostalgia in China for 1960s Albanian films or propaganda collectibles. This dates back to an alliance between the two countries that thrived during Chinas Cultural Revolution, resulting in transcultural exchanges through film.

At a dinner I attended in Lasswade, Scotland, an Indian-American offered to entertain with a song. This man, who grew up in India, delivered, by heart, a stirring rendition of Scotland the Brave. When the applause subsided, I asked, Where did you learn that? His answer: Madras. Where else? He then explained the influence the Scots had in his native Madras during colonial times and the cultural breadcrumbs that lingered.

When I asked an English friend what he thought of my nostalgia for British food, he shrugged. All nostalgia is for something bygone. And, on a recent Saturday, I tested his theory. I picked up some Scotch eggs Id been eyeing at I.J. Mellis, my favorite cheese monger in Edinburgh: a traditional version and two unconventional variations, one vegetarian and one featuring chorizo. I invited a Scottish and an English friend to taste them.

After one bite of the spicy vegetarian version, the Scot ran to the sink to wash out her mouth. Oh, thats vile, she said. Both friends agreed: The boring old traditional Scotch egg tasted the best. The reason? Its the way to make a Scotch egg its just the way to make it.

Perhaps sometimes we just want what we want, whether its steak and kidney pie or an old Scottish anthem. Everyone has an individual history for which they cannot be entirely answerable. And no one should expect otherwise.

This article originally appeared in the July/August 2017 issue of FP magazine.

Illustration by Matthew Hollister

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Pohl-ing Off the Joke! German-American Actress Scores Big With Hitler Stage Satire – Heat Street

Posted: at 11:44 am

Knockout comedy isnt necessarily the first thing that comes to mind when you think about Germany. But German-American actress Lucie Pohl has turned it into a hit satire with her autobiographical showHi, Hitlercurrently proving an off-Broadway hit at downtown Manhattans Cherry Lane Theatre.

Born in Germany, Pohl-who is legendary 20th century German playwright Bertolt Brechts great-niece-moved to New York as a child. She hilariously dissects her upbringing in the show- her mother is a Romanian singer and her father a German playwright- taking on 45 different characters inHi, Hitler. As well as chronicling her obsession with theFhrer, Pohl also tacklesDavid Hasselhoffs pop career.

The show premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the largest arts festival in the world, last year before moving to London.Pohls other credits include a small role in Harry Potter blockbuster Fantastic Beasts and Were to Find Them and the lead in Turkish horror movie Magi, alongside Stephen Baldwin and Michael Madsen, an experience which she turned into another one-woman stage show Apohlcalypse Now.

We spoke with Pohl, 34, about Hi, Hitler which closes on July 30 and is directed by Kenneth Ferrone and produced by Rebecca Crigler and David De Almo.

How did Hi, Hitler! come about?

I was waiting tables and at an existential point of What am I doing? I was auditioning for the parts of One-legged pregnant woman, nudity required- you have to stab your eyes out. I started writing stuff down and it vomited itself out of me. I thought that I never wanted to do an autobiographical show because I come from a European theater family and thats not really a thing there- oversharing- especially in Germany. Its not seen as artistry almost and is frowned upon. I thought Id never do it but it came out. I had half an hour of a show and I applied to festivals and started getting in. I was like, Oh s**t now I have to write the rest of it! But I got good reviews for the show in Edinburgh and then did it in Leicester Square [London]. It has changed my life. Everything changed after that.

Have you had any reaction to a show that is entitled Hi, Hitler?

Karen Koren [a key Edinburgh Festival luminary]said, Im not sure about the title. I think it might put people off. I said, Youre wrong. The title is what has gotten me so much attention and press and Im Jewish, theres more than just a joke in there. Theres a deeper resonance: Hi Hitler, were still here! We made it through. Its a fish out of water story, a search for identity and what your heritage means for you. The title is obviously a joke- as a kid I thought it was a greeting, that people were saying Hi Hitler! In a way, they are saying Hi Hitler! He looked funny to me. My mother asked me when I was four or five what I wanted to be for carnival and I was like, Hitler. She said, I dont think thats a good idea, maybe something else. Apparently I just said, Ill be a spoon then! Theres alot of comedy in that man. Tragic comedy obviously.

What is your take on the increasing trend for famous comedians to be attacked on social media for politically incorrect jokes? It seems misguided.

I agree. Its interesting because I think why are going after these people that are trying to make people laugh. Go after the people that actually mean it and are actually doing bad shit. Why dont you tear them apart? Thats not to say that we shouldnt take seriously the disadvantages that minorities face. But stereotypes are not a bad thing as long as theyre not mean-spirited and theyre funny.

Speaking of stereotypes, Germany isnt renowned as a comedic nation.

I always say they dont have too much of a sense of humor because they killed all the funny people! Most people are very serious when it comes to Hitler but laughing about something doesnt mean its not serious. My dads a playwright so Ive learned a lot just living in that world rather than specifically being related to Bertolt Brecht. The biggest thing is the sense of doubt and the fact that struggle never goes away. Even Brecht would throw his plays away, like The Threepenny Opera which Helena Weigel [Brechts second wife] picked up out of the trash. Its being aware of where you come from which in my family was always a big thing whether it was Brecht, Nazis or displacement. And now Im baring it all.

http://www.hihitlershow.com

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Cuban Activists Say North Korea Fighting Losing Censorship Battle – Voice of America

Posted: at 11:43 am

SEOUL

Despite North Koreas increased efforts to prevent outside information from entering the country, international activists say technology and market forces will eventually overcome state censorship.

North Korea is one of the most isolated nations in the world, where foreign media is prohibited and most people don't have access to the Internet. The repressive state has even executed citizens for distributing media from South Korea, according to the Transitional Justice Working Group that documents human rights abuses in North Korea.

Familiar pattern

Still it is following a pattern similar to other authoritarian regimes that view knowledge as power and have tried to limit and control access to outside information. This according to leaders from Cuban and Myanmar (or Burmese) independent organizations working to evade authoritarian censorship and outside information restrictions in their own countries, who were recently in Seoul to share their experiences and strategies with Korean counterparts.

I believe that the increasing Internet penetration is going to be inevitable. Eventually the government will need this and needs this for its own development, said Rafeal Duval with the independent news organization Cubanet.

In Cuba, as in North Korea, growing demand for foreign movies and television dramas, not political news, has made smuggling in outside information an increasingly profitable venture.

Using a variety of USB drives, Micro SD cards and DVD discs, Cubanet distributes through the black market a weekly compilation of video content, audio podcasts and entire webpages known as El Paquete for its growing list of customers in Cuba.

Duval said Cuban authorities charged with preventing the influx of foreign media are eventually co-opted by being bought off and often becoming users themselves.

Theyre going to realize the impossibility of a ban because of corruption, he said.

Another Cuban project called Apretaste targeted the countrys elites, the estimated 25 percent of Cubans who have access to email. Apretaste works as a proxy search engine in which volunteers in places like Florida email results to over 100,000 Cuban inquiries each month.

Right now we are giving to the people in Cuba something that they really need. We are giving them a window to see you outside the island, said Salvi Pascual who founded Apretaste.

Prior to democratic reforms that began in Myanmar in 2011, the military government highly censored the Internet. But the porous border with Thailand and the proliferation of satellite TV receivers in the country made it easier for exile opposition groups to penetrate the countrys information blockade.

Emerging black market

The North Korean economy has been steadily growing in recent years despite increased international sanctions imposed on Pyongyang for its continued nuclear and ballistic missiles tests. In the last year, the countrys gross domestic product rose 3.9 percent, driven in part by the exports of coal and other minerals, according to Bank of Korea in Seoul.

However an emerging private market that is tolerated but not sanctioned by the communist state is also driving economic growth. A survey by the Beyond Parallel project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC says most North Koreans now earn 75 percent of their household income from the black market. The Illicit export of North Korean seafood, shoes, cigarettes and cooking oil has given people new purchasing power to bring in outside information and technology.

The number of households with TVs and DVD players in North Korea has grown to the point of being ubiquitous said Nat Kretchun, Deputy Director of the Open Technology Fund, a group that promotes internet freedom and is funded by the U.S. government through the Voice of Americas sister organization Radio Free Asia.

And the number of legal North Korean cell phones users has also been growing in recent years. Initially many of these domestic phones were used to transfer unsanctioned media and information files but recent updates to the phones operating system installed inhibiting censorship and surveillance software.

It effectively blocks all unsanctioned files from being used on domestic phones, said Kretchun.

However for every measure taken by authoritarian governments to block outside information, activists are developing technological counter measures.

That said North Korean defector Kim Seung-chul, who founded North Korea Reform Radio, which broadcasts into the North, expressed frustration that the South Korean government seems to provide less funding to groups working to penetrate the Norths closed information environment than do these Cuban and Myanmar exiles groups.

The South Korean government, conservatives, veterans, and famous people have a lot of money but they do not use the money for this. They get angry about North Koreas situation, but they do not act, said Kim.

Youmi Kim in Seoul contributed to this report.

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