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Daily Archives: July 8, 2017
Re-visiting gospel of Bob Dylan – Kearney Hub
Posted: July 8, 2017 at 4:01 am
When Bob Dylan tells the story of Bob Dylan, he often starts at a concert by rock n roll pioneer Buddy Holly in the winter of 1959.
At least, thats where he started in his recent Nobel Prize for Literature lecture.
Something mysterious about Holly filled me with conviction, said Dylan. He looked me right straight dead in the eye and he transmitted something. Something, I didnt know what. And it gave me the chills.
Days later, Holly died in a plane crash. Right after that, someone gave Dylan a recording of Cotton Fields by folk legend Leadbelly. It was like Id been walking in darkness and all of the sudden the darkness was illuminated. It was like somebody laid hands on me, said Dylan.
That story probably sounded rather strange to lots of people, said Scott Marshall, author of the new book Bob Dylan: A Spiritual Life.
What happens when somebody lays hands on you? If people dont know the Bible, then who knows what theyll think that means? Dylan is saying he felt called to some new work, like he was being ordained. Thats just the way Dylan talks. Thats who he is.
For millions of true believers, Dylan was a prophetic voice of the 1960s and all that followed. Then his intense embrace of Christianity in the late 1970s infuriated many fans and critics. Ever since, Dylan has been surrounded by arguments often heated about the state of his soul.
The facts reveal that Dylan had God on his mind long before his gospel-rock trilogy, Slow Train Coming, Saved and Shot of Love.
One civil rights activist, the Rev. Bert Cartwright, cataloged all the religious references in Dylans 1961-78 works, before the born-again years. In all, 89 out of 246 Dylan songs or liner notes 36 percent contained Bible references. Cartwright found 190 Hebrew Bible allusions and 197 to Christian scriptures.
Also, Dylan told People magazine in 1975: I didnt consciously pursue the Bob Dylan myth. It was given to me by God. I dont care what people expect of me. It doesnt concern me. Im doing Gods work. Thats all I know.
What does that mean? Marshall collected material from stacks of published interviews and has concluded that two words perfectly describe Dylans approach to answering these questions inscrutability and irascibility. Plus, its hard to know when Dylan is being serious, cranky or playful.
Nevertheless, faith language always plays a central role. Marshall cites waves of examples, including a time when Dylan was asked if his raucous Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 with its Everybody must get stoned chant was code for getting high. Dylan wryly noted that many critics arent familiar with the Book of Acts.
In his Nobel lecture, Dylan also stressed the role great literature has played in his life, dating back to grammar school days. Once again, there were religious themes.
Moby-Dick, for example, combined all the myths: the Judeo-Christian Bible, Hindu myths, British legends, Saint George, Perseus, Hercules theyre all whalers. All Quiet on the Western Front mixed politics, nihilism and horror, and Dylan noted that he has never read another war novel. In that book, Youre on the real iron cross, and a Roman soldiers putting a sponge of vinegar to your lips.
With The Odyssey, he said readers have to live the tale, wrestling with gods and goddesses. Some of these same things have happened to you. You too have had drugs dropped into your wine. You too have shared a bed with the wrong woman. You too have been spellbound by magical voices, sweet voices with strange melodies.
In the end, a songs impact on each person is what matters. I dont have to know what a song means. Ive written all kinds of things into my songs. And Im not going to worry about it what it all means, said Dylan.
Marshall believes one thing should be obvious: If Dylanologists want to understand Dylans life and art they will have to wrestle with all of his songs, including those drenched in Godtalk. Biblical literacy is an essential skill in that work.
The bottom line is clear, according to Hollywood director Scott Derrickson, writing in the books foreward: Dylan has never recanted a single line from a single song.
Terry Mattingly (tmatt.net) writes the nationally syndicated On Religion column for the Universal Uclick Syndicate and is Senior Fellow for Media and Religion at The Kings College in New York City.
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Reporter strips naked to quiz nude swingers on their love of wife-swapping in bizarre telly segment – The Sun
Posted: at 4:00 am
The Sun | Reporter strips naked to quiz nude swingers on their love of wife-swapping in bizarre telly segment The Sun Standing without a thread on them, couples at the clothing-optional Hedonism II resort in Negril spoke on camera about how they got into swinging and embarrassing moments they've had. Carli asked one nude couple what they ask each other once they ... |
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Court: State Woman’s Profanity-laced Tirade Was Protected Free Speech – Hartford Courant
Posted: at 3:58 am
A Connecticut woman who hurled a variety of insults at a grocery store manager was protected by constitutional free speech rights and will be acquitted of a misdemeanor charge, the state Supreme Court ruled Friday.
Nina Baccala was arrested in her hometown of Vernon in 2013 after subjecting a Stop & Shop assistant manager to a profanity-laced tirade. Prosecutors said she became enraged when the manager told her it was too late to process a Western Union money transfer.
Baccala called the manager "fat" and "ugly," in addition to profane names, prosecutors said.
Baccala, 44, was convicted of breach of peace and sentenced to 25 days in jail. She appealed to the state Supreme Court, arguing that the name calling and insults did not fall within the "fighting words" exemption to constitutional free speech rights.
All seven justices on the state Supreme Court agreed the conviction should be overturned. Four voted in favor of acquittal, while three said there should be a new trial.
Justice Andrew McDonald wrote in the majority opinion that while the words and phrases that Baccala used were "extremely offensive and meant to personally demean" the manager, they were not criminal. He wrote that the evidence was insufficient to support Baccala's conviction under federal constitutional law.
"Uttering a cruel or offensive word is not a crime unless it would tend to provoke a reasonable person to immediately retaliate with violence," McDonald wrote.
He added, "Store managers are routinely confronted by disappointed, frustrated customers who express themselves in angry terms. People in authoritative positions of management and control are expected to diffuse hostile situations."
Prosecutor Mitchell Brody declined to comment Friday. Baccala did not immediately return a message seeking comment.
Brody wrote in his opposition to the appeal that Baccala's insults were "fighting words" and that the state's breach of peace law allows prosecution for "abusive language."
The "fighting words" exemption to free speech rights dates back to a 1942 U.S. Supreme Court decision in a New Hampshire case. In that case, Walter Chaplinsky was convicted of breach of peace for cursing at a town marshal in Rochester, New Hampshire, and calling him a "damned racketeer" and "damned fascist."
Upholding Chaplinsky's conviction, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled there was an exemption to free speech rights for "fighting words," which it defined as words "that by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace."
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Court: State Woman's Profanity-laced Tirade Was Protected Free Speech - Hartford Courant
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Secretary DeVos Can Bring Needed Clarity to Campus Free Speech – Townhall
Posted: at 3:58 am
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Posted: Jul 08, 2017 12:01 AM
As college students prepare to go back to school this fall, they will need to set aside time for a newly minted annual tradition: mandatory sexual harassment training. But as the recent example of Iowa State demonstrates, these mandatory online training programs aimed at educating students about their rights under Title IX may also be creating new First Amendment problems for universities and their students.
According to news reports, Secretary DeVos is evaluating Obama-era guidance to universities that contributed to this confusion about the First Amendment freedoms of students. She should take this opportunity to ensure that universities understand that their moral and legal obligation to protect students from being subjected to sexual harassment and violence does not excuse them fromand need not conflict withtheir constitutional obligation to respect students First Amendment rights.
In 2011, the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights issued a letter warning universities of a new Title IX emphasis on sexual harassment and violence on campus. That itself is unobjectionable. The problem is that, in 19 pages, the OCR letter failed to even mention that universities must also protect students First Amendment rights, a glaring omission because so many university speech codes were already drafted as if the First Amendment had never been ratified.
In 2014, the Department of Education issued another 46-page guidance document, mandating that every university train students on its harassment policies without requiring that this training even mention student free speech rights. Of course, for-profit firms jumped at the opportunity to help more than 6,000 universities comply with this new federal training mandate for millions of students. The result has been an instant cottage industry of Title IX training programs that generally omit that public universities must also comply with the Constitution.
Iowa State demonstrates how this federal training mandateand its avoidance of the First Amendmenthas been and will be playing out on campuses across America over the next few months. Iowa State sent Robert Dunn and 36,000 other students an e-mail last summer informing him that he must complete an online training program on the universitys Title IX policies. When Robert logged on, he found that there was no mention of any interplay of Title IX or university policies with the First Amendment in any of the 118 slides addressing topics like how students could talk about gender identity.
Most troubling, however, was the final slide, requiring him to certify that he would comply with certain Iowa State speech codes. Upon review, Dunn found that these policies were egregiously unconstitutionaleven warning students that engaging in First Amendment protected speech activities might constitute harassment depending on the circumstances.
Defining true harassment need not be complicated. The Supreme Court has already defined it as conduct so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that victim-students are effectively denied equal access to an institutions resources and opportunities. But universities routinely expand the scope of these speech code policies to reach not only true harassment, but constitutionally protected speech to which another may claim offense.
When Dunn inquired about the consequences for not completing this requirement, ISU officials told him that his graduation could be placed on hold and reviewed by the president if he did not sign away his First Amendment rights. ISU believed it had little leeway to waive this requirement for one of its 36,000 students with the federal mandate in place. The Center for Academic Freedom filed a federal lawsuit on Dunns behalf. In April, ISU agreed to revise its harassment policies.
These mandated training programs, at tuition-paying student expense (and, at public universities, taxpayer expense) contribute to a confusion about the First Amendment freedoms of students and create a major compliance problem for universities. Universities are incentivized to subordinate students free speech rights to federal Title IX demands. And tomorrows judges, legislators, and voters learn that their First Amendment rights are, at best, an afterthought.
Secretary DeVos has repeatedly affirmed the importance of free speech on the university campus. She should ensure universities provide students with a working knowledge of the First Amendment and take this opportunity to clarify that public universities can claim no Title IX safe harbor for violating their students constitutionally protected freedoms.
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‘Day of Action’ For Net Neutrality May Be Largest Ever – Free Speech TV
Posted: at 3:58 am
GUEST: Laila Abdelaziz, 2017 Kairos Fellow and Campaigner with Fight For The Future
BACKGROUND: A poll by Politico and Morning Consult recently found 60% support among the public for the Federal Communications Commission's existing rules on Net Neutrality. The Obama-era rules were put in place after years of campaigning by grassroots activists who want to prevent the Internet from becoming a corporatized space. But Donald Trump's new FCC Chair Ajit Pai wants to do away with the rules that currently restrain major Internet Service Providers such Comcast, Time-Warner and AT&T from upending Net Neutrality.
Across the political spectrum, advocacy groups, content creators, and even major online websites like Twitter, Amazon, Netflix, Reddit, Vimeo, and Etsy are converging on a "Day of Action" next Wednesday the 12th of July to protest Ajit Pai's plan to end Net Neutrality. On that day, thousands of websites will display messages urging their users to send letters and comments supporting Net Neutrality. The online action may break the previous record of Internet activism in 2012 against two bills called SOPA and PIPA.
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'Day of Action' For Net Neutrality May Be Largest Ever - Free Speech TV
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NYT Columnist Lindy West Debuts With Clueless Rant Against Free Speech – The Federalist
Posted: at 3:58 am
On the Sunday before the 4th of Julya celebration of our nations independence from a regime that, among other odious acts, criminalized the criticism of its monarchcommentator Lindy West exhorted us to Save Free Speech From Trolls. This doltish ramble is Wests debut as a weekly opinion columnist in the New York Times, suggesting that Wests sense of self-respect and that of the Times somehow correlate inversely.
West, wielding an intellect shaped by long hours of fighting with people on social media, bounteous self-righteousness, and little else, begins by recalling the halcyon days when she thought it silly to be called a politically correct, anti-free-speech censor. She muses, I was not the government. I literally could not censor anyone. As if being a government was the only way to go about it.
But then Trump got elected, and it didnt seem so silly anymore. Since then, the anti-free-speech charge, applied broadly to cultural criticism and especially to feminist discourse, has proliferated, writes West. It is nurtured largely by men on the internet who used to nurse their grievances alone, in disparate, insular communities around the web mens rights forums, video game blogs. Gradually, these communities have drifted together into one great aggrieved, misogynist gyre and bonded over a common interest: pretending to care about freedom of speech so they can feel self-righteous while harassing marginalized people for having opinions.
Thus begins a veritable manual on how to preach to the social justice warrior choir.
West possesses a mysterious gift of psychic progressivism that lets her see into the hearts of men and unearth the real intentions behind their stated ones. Or so it would seem. These men are only pretending to care about freedom of speech, for example. They really want to harass marginalized people for having opinions. They want to feel self-righteous while doing so. It is just that simple they have no legitimate concerns at all, of that West is certain.
Further on in her column, she writes, Nothing is more important than the First Amendment, the internet men say, provided you interpret the First Amendment exactly the same way they do: as a magic spell that means no one you dont like is allowed to criticize you. She adds, The law does not share that interpretation, as if someone besides herself had made it.
Theyre weaponizing free speech to maintain their cultural dominance, she says, obsequiously quoting Anita Sarkeesian, another psychic progressive.
That flushing noise you hear is the sound of productive dialogue disappearing into the rhetorical toilet. Identitarians like West have never grasped that it is impossible to found a good-faith discussion on bad-faith premises such as these. There are great numbers of principled people who worry sincerely, and justifiably, about attacks on the First Amendment in the name of social justice. The veracity of that sincerity is not up for debate any more than Wests Ill be happy to prove mine right after she proves hers.
West describes herself as having made on occasion some relatively innocuous bit of cultural criticism like, say, that racism is bad and artists should try not to make racist art if they dont want to be called racists. Sarkeesian, she says mildly, started a Kickstarter campaign to fund a series of YouTube videos critiquing the representation of women in video games and issued some precise, rigorously argued opinions about the relative loincloth sizes of male and female video game avatars. For this and nothing more, they were answered with untold abuse, as she frames it.
A typical example of Wests innocuousness is this sentence inan essay she wrote for the Guardian: As we all know from the anguished howls of quivering white people that erupt any time a person of colour expresses any dissatisfaction about being murdered by police, disenfranchised by voter suppression, trapped in cycles of systemic poverty and/or treated like a criminal when theyre just trying to buy a horrible, $49 mauve bodysack, nobody in the world is ever racist, except for actual KKK members and the ghost of George Wallace. Exaggeration for effect is a time-honored literary device, but West employs it so often that one gets the sense that its not only for effect, but to fill the world of her prose with un-woke whites that justify every last bit of her disdain for those who dont share her take on these issues.
Sarkeesian, meanwhile, has been fairly criticized for subscribing to a reductionist form of feminism that relies on similar blanket damnations. What West doesnt tell you is that some of this criticism has come from other feminists such as Liana Kerzner, who were consequently subjected to online harassment from Sarkeesians defenders.
West mentions that Sarkeesian recently appeared at a public talk only to find the first two rows of seats stacked with her online harassers, leering up at her, filming her on their phones. She elides the part where Sarkeesian addressed the man who organized the filming, If you Google my name on YouTube you get shitheads like this dude who are making these dumb-assed videos. They just say the same shit over and over again. I hate to give you attention because youre a garbage human. Sarkeesian has always been more interested in declaration than persuasion.
None of this justifies threats of violence and deathnor doxxing, criminal harassment, or any other abuse that West or Sarkeesian have had to endure beyond mockery of their arguments. But the truth of the matter is a more complicated picture than the one painted by West, and it doesnt flatter the author so well.
West claims that the true goal [of defenders of free speech] has always been to ensure that if anyone is determining the ways that we collectively choose to restrict our own speech in the name of values, they are the ones setting the limits. She knows this because 8,000 people signed a petition to have Sarkeesian arrested for violating the Logan Act when she spoke at the UN. They didnt get Kathy Griffins back when she pulled that gag with Trumps severed head. They didnt decry the threats against Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor after she called Trump a racist and sexist megalomaniac.
Except that much of GamerGate thought that the Logan Act stunt was indefensible. Reason writer Robby Soave called out the social media mob that went after Griffin. Samantha Harris of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education came out in support of Professor Taylor.
Besides, we can play this sorry game with West: what are we to make of her commitment to free speech and combating sexism given her utter silence about the assault on Allison Stanger? I could speculate tendentiously about Wests real motives, but Im inclined to think that even Wests capacity for outrage is finite, and like most pundits she tends to reserve her public expression of it for calamities in the news cycle that bolster her own side.
The irony of this essay is that its main point that all this defense of free speech is really about deflecting criticism is coming out of a camp of left-identitarianism that spent much of the last decade answering criticism with charges of bigotry. Even a public figure as minuscule as myself has to put up with accusations of racism, sexism, and fascism for taking issue with the absurdities put forth as Gospel by certain progressives.
The fruit of their harvest is the alt-right. We might have gotten the alt-right anyway, but a style of argument that came to be known among people who study the SJW phenomenon as point-and-shriek left little room for rational engagement. Instead, some people took it upon themselves to find out how loud they could get the left-identitarians to shriek. Pretty loud, it turns out, and its kind of fun to make them do it. Thus we find ourselves in a situation described eloquently by Jacob Siegel: The cultural Left became enforcers of rectitude while elements on the right developed an aesthetics of transgression. Cue the cartoon frogs.
But the identity-politics crowd has never been able to deal very well with internal criticism either. It turns out that liberals and leftists enjoy getting accused of racism, sexism, and fascism even less than libertarians and conservatives, resulting in a backchannel culture described by Freddie deBoer, in which even the believers are convinced that stepping out of line with the constant search for offense will render them permanently unemployable, even though they are themselves progressive people. That ultimately harms progressive interests as surely as anything perpetrated by the right.
West should try to understand that our protectiveness of the First Amendment as a legal doctrine falls out of our concern for free speech as a societal norm, and that West is eroding the latter by conflating the two and attributing foul motives to us for wanting to defend them. My politics and Wests likely have nothing in common. But could we at least agree that a society that harbors fundamental doubts about the value of free expression is likely to turn into one that neither of us want?
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NYT Columnist Lindy West Debuts With Clueless Rant Against Free Speech - The Federalist
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Freedom of speech and the press protected – Grand Island Independent
Posted: at 3:58 am
Amendment 1 of The Constitution of the United States says, Congress Shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The statement, The press is the enemy of the people, is an attack on the Constitution of the United States and Amendment 1 of the Bill of Rights not hyperbole or exaggeration but an attack. This encompassing statement includes television, radio and print media.
The term fake news is also an attack on the Constitution of The United States and Amendment 1 of the Bill of Rights. Fake news is a response a child would use for something he/she doesnt want to hear. Fake news has no merit just as saying, The sky is falling, the sky is falling! has no merit. Not only does it erode Amendment 1 of the Bill of Rights, it is also allows the opportunity to avoid proving the statement. This broad brush attack on the Constitution of the United States of America is convenient to the user because it allows the user to hide behind the Fake news statement and not prove the assertion.
To use another perspective, what if the statements were the following attacks:
Religion is the enemy of the people or fake religion
Freedom of speech is the enemy of the people or fake speech
The right to peacefully assemble is the enemy of the people or fake assembly
As citizens of The United States, protect Your Bill of Rights and your Constitution of the United States of America.
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New Star Images Captured by Hubble Telescope With Help From Gravity ‘Look Like Fireworks’ – Newsweek
Posted: at 3:55 am
Scientists have looked back in time, further than they usually can with the instruments available to them, at a faraway galaxy composed of bright clumps of newborn stars. The great distance and the time it takes light to travel that far mean the galaxy appearsto these Earth-bound humans as it was 11 billion years ago, or just 2.7 billion years after the Big Bang.
"When we saw the reconstructed image we said, 'Wow, it looks like fireworks are going off everywhere,'" astronomer Jane Rigby of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said in a statement.
Astronomers have used the Hubble Space Telescope, taken advantage of a natural phenomenon and applied new computational methods to capture closer-up and more detailed imagesabout 10 times sharper than they could with the telescope alone. The findings were published in three papers: One in The Astrophysical Journal Letters and two in The Astrophysical Journal.
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The galaxy cluster SDSS J1110+6459 is about 6 billion light-years from Earth and contains hundreds of galaxies. At left, a distinctive blue arc is actually composed of three separate images of a more distant background galaxy called SGAS J111020.0+645950.8. NASA said the background galaxy has been magnified, distorted and multiply imaged by the gravity of the galaxy cluster in a process known as gravitational lensing. NASA, ESA, and T. Johnson (University of Michigan)
Hubble was aimed in the direction of galaxies that would normally appear smooth and unremarkable, according to NASA. But from this angle, the clusters of stars in between Hubble and the galaxy in question have so much mass that they act as a second, natural telescope, magnifying it and making it brighter.
The gravity from all that mass has distorted the image that we see of the background galaxy, like a telescope or a funhouse mirror, Rigby tells Newsweek, explaining that its an effect that Albert Einstein predicted and that has been proven over and over again since. All of the red and orange clusters in the images are the intermediaries that act as a gravitational lens to make the blue-tinged clusters visible. The main target herewhich appears as an arc, like a smile flipped on its sideis magnified by a factor of 28, Rigby says.
However, the double telescope also warps the image. In this case, it stretches out the arc and makes it appear multiple times. A new computational technique developed by Traci Johnson, a doctoral candidate at the University of Michigan and lead author on two of the three papers, helped researchers figure out how the galaxy was warped and undo it. Theyve reconstructed what they believe the image would look like without the distortions.
In this Hubble photograph of a distant galaxy cluster, a spotty blue arc stands out against a background of red galaxies. That arc is actually three separate images of the same background galaxy. The background galaxy has been gravitationally lensed, its light magnified and distorted by the intervening galaxy cluster. On the right: How the galaxy would look to Hubble without distortions. NASA, ESA, and T. Johnson (University of Michigan)
The new images provide a view of the faraway stars as they would appear with a telescope nearly 33 feet in diameter; Hubble is 8 feet in diameter, Rigby says. She adds that it helps offer a sneak preview of what universe would look like if we could build a much larger telescope than Hubble.
This artist's illustration portrays what the gravitationally lensed galaxy SDSS J1110+6459 might look like up close. A sea of young, blue stars is streaked with dark dust lanes and studded with bright pink patches that mark sites of star formation. The patches' signature glow comes from ionized hydrogen, like we see in the Orion Nebula in our own galaxy. NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI)
The James Webb Space Telescope, which has a 21.3-foot diameter and is scheduled to launch in October 2018, will offer views even farther out and through dust that may be obscuring Hubbles view. With Webb, researchers will be able to observe older stars and galaxies as they appeared in the first billion years after the Big Bang, which will help them continue studying how star formation evolved over time.
Hubble and Webb, Rigby says, see so far out in the universe that they're acting like time machines.
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New Star Images Captured by Hubble Telescope With Help From Gravity 'Look Like Fireworks' - Newsweek
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Trump criticized NATO spending. Here’s what’s really going on
Posted: at 3:55 am
Trump lodged his complaint during his first official meeting with leaders from the 27 other members of the alliance in Brussels.
"Member nations are still not paying what they should be paying," Trump said. "This is not fair to the people and taxpayers of the United States."
The remarks were surprising because Trump had recently changed his tune on the issue, saying in February that money was "pouring in" thanks to his intervention. He also described the group as "no longer obsolete."
Who's spending?
Trump's remarks on Thursday showed that spending remains a sticking point for his administration.
Here's what's going on:
It's true that NATO members are spending more. But the trend started well before Trump was elected, and it will be many years before some members are in a position to hit the group's spending target.
The group is slowly making progress, however. In 2014, members pledged to increase their outlays, and collective spending increased the following year for the first time in two decades.
Last year, 22 members spent more as a share of national economic output.
"The defense spending pledge was made in 2014. That's when some countries started to increase spending," said Claudia Major, a researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs. "Trump became president in 2017. The timeline is clear."
The spending increases are designed to be gradual to protect the economies of members states.
"We have to remember what we actually promised. We didn't promise to spend 2% tomorrow. What we promised was to stop the cuts, gradually increase and then move towards 2%," NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said last week.
Stoltenberg said Thursday that NATO would ask member countries to develop national spending plans and report on their progress each year.
"This will be a new tool, to ensure we keep up the momentum and live up to our commitments," he said.
Related: How NATO is funded and who pays what
Many economies in Europe are still suffering from budget cuts imposed as part of austerity programs. Unemployment remains high and while growth is recovering, it remains relatively weak.
"To reach the goal by 2024, some countries, for example Spain, would have to increase their spending by 15% every year. That's not feasible," Major said.
Greece, one of the handful of countries of countries that meets the spending target, has been criticized for years by its creditors for spending too much on overpriced military contracts.
Major suggested NATO countries should focus on efficiency. "Europeans need to spend more, but they also need to spend well. The 2% target doesn't measure the results."
NATO is based on the principle of collective defense: an attack against one or more members is considered an attack against all.
But there is no penalty for countries that don't meet the spending target.
Germany spent 1.19% of its GDP on defense last year, France forked out 1.78%. Canada, Slovenia, Belgium, Spain and Luxembourg all spend less than 1%.
Fear of Russian aggression is driving some of the recent spending splurge. Latvia, which shares a border with Russia, increased its defense budget by 42% in 2016. Its neighbor Lithuania boosted its outlays by 34%.
CNNMoney (London) First published May 25, 2017: 6:04 AM ET
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Trump criticized NATO spending. Here's what's really going on
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What is Nato, what is defence spending by country, what is Article 5 and how does it keep Europe safe? – The Sun
Posted: at 3:55 am
How has the role of the world's largest military alliance changed?
NATO was conceived after World War 2 when12 countries banded together to protect themselves from the Soviet Union.
Heres everything you need know about theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation and how, 60 years on, it keeps us safe.
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Nato, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is an intergovernmental military alliance established in 1949.
It was formed with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 by 12 member states Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the UK and the US.
Since then it has expanded to 28 member states, with countries including Germany, Spain, Greece and Turkey joining, andrepresents a population of more than 900 million people.
The organisation isconsidered to be the largest and most powerful military alliance in history.
It iscommitted to individual liberty, democracy, human rights and the rule of law with all decisions taken by consensus.
Thepermanent headquarters of Nato is in Brussels where the Secretary General chairs senior decision making bodies.
The current Secretary General is former Prime Minister of Norway Jens Stoltenberg.
Heads of government and state have met at 26 Nato summits since 1949 the latest in Poland in July 2016.
Nato aims tosafeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.
It was established primarily tokeep Europe safe by deterring any attack.
In 1949 this involved stopping Soviet expansion, preventing a revival of nationalistic militarism in Europe and encouraging European political integration.
But, over time the organisationhas changed and in recent years it has become increasingly focused on peacekeeping.
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Nato is best known for Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty in which members pledge to come to the aid of any member state under attack.
Article 5 has only been invoked once, following the September 11 attacks in America.
During his election campaign, Donald Trump raised doubts over his belief in the common defence principle because he viewed that some Nato members were not paying their way.
A revealed in The Sun, Ex-Nato second in command General Sir Alexander Richard Shirreff warned Trumps comments undermined the alliance and may even prompt Russia to invade European nations.
But inhis speech in Poland on July 7 President Donald Trump committed the United States to the article five principle of common defence.
So it stands that if a member state is attacked the attacker must go to war with all members, including the US.
The organisation, which is credited with the escalation of theCold War, carries out its own military missions using the troops of member states.
In 1995 ithelped to end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in 1999 worked to stop mass killings in Kosovo.
Nato has been in Afghanistan on counter-terrorism missions since 2003 and in 2011 moved to protect the people of Libya.
It has been providing support as Europe copes with the refugee and migrant crisis.
Defence spending was revealed to have dropped below the Governments two per cent target last year,respected think tank the International Institute for Strategic Studies said.
But Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon insisted 2.1 per cent had been spent, with the new report blaming the shortfall on not keeping up with the growing economy.
The embarrassing dip comes after it was revealed just two countries in Nato met the defence benchmark Estonia and debt-riddled Greece.
A report released by Nato using figures from each member states Ministry of Defence shows the payments by a national governmentfor its armed forces.
The data has been completed for the fiscal year 2015/2016 andIceland hasnt been included as it has no armed forces.
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