Daily Archives: July 4, 2017

What are the bills Donald Trump has signed? – CBS News

Posted: July 4, 2017 at 8:51 am

Late last month, President Trump touted his legislative prowess, boasting, "I will say that never has there been a president with few exceptions, in the case of FDR he had a major Depression to handle who's passed more legislation, who's done more things than what we've done."

And he tweeted about signing 38 bills (he's now up to 41).

The president isn't the only one who's talking about how much legislation has been enacted during his young presidency. On Mr. Trump's 150th day in office, House Intelligence Chairman Rep. Devin Nunes claimed on a radio show KMJ radio that Mr. Trump "got more bills signed into law...this Congress working with this president, than any president previously before at this stage in the game."

As the president conceded in his tweet, there are "a few exceptions." Politifact pointed out that "not only did Roosevelt and Truman sign more bills through 150 days, so did Presidents Jimmy Carter, 48, and Bill Clinton with 41. President George H. W. Bush signed the same number as Trump, 39."

And nearing six months into his presidency, none of those dozens of measures include any of Mr. Trump's major campaign promises. He has not repealed and replaced Obamacare, nor has he delivered the biggest tax cut since Ronald Reagan. He has not secured funding to build a "big, beautiful wall" on the Mexican border -- which would need to have funds appropriated for it (even if Mexico were to agree to pay for it).

The House has passed a version of the health care bill, but the Senate has not yet reached an agreement on a version of its own. It postponed a vote that had been scheduled just before the July 4 recess, and it's not yet evident that Senate Republicans will be able to settle on a plan that 50 of them can agree upon, which is the number they'll need for passage. Should they pass a bill, it would also have to be reconciled with the House version passed in May.

The tax legislation was supposed to follow the passage of the health care bill, and the White House has said it expects to have a bill before Congress by early September.

As for Mr. Trump's oft-mentioned southern border wall, Congress did not include money for the wall it its 2017 budget, and it remains to be seenwhether the wall will ever be funded.

The largest number of bills Mr. Trump has signed -- 15 -- roll back Obama administration regulations.

Here's a list of the bills signed by the president, courtesy of CBS News' in-house presidential tracker, White House correspondent Mark Knoller. The bill text is from Congress.gov.:

1) Jan. 20, 2017: In the Capitol after his swearing-in, the president signed a bill to waive a restriction that would have kept Gen. James Mattis, (USMC ret) from serve as Secretary of Defense. The law prohibits former military personnel from serving as defense secretary within seven years of retirement. Mattis retired in 2013.

2) Jan. 20, 2017: H.R.72. This bill authorizes the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to obtain federal agency records required to discharge the GAO's duties (including audit, evaluation, and investigative duties), including through bringing civil actions to require an agency to produce a record. No provision of the Social Security Act shall be construed to limit, amend, or supersede the GAO's authority to: (1) obtain information or inspect records about an agency's duties, powers, activities, organization, or financial transactions; or (2) obtain other agency records that the GAO requires to discharge its duties.

3) Feb. 14, 2017: H. J. Res. 41: This joint resolution nullifies the "Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers" rule finalized by the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 27, 2016. (The rule, mandated under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, requires resource extraction issuers to disclose payments made to governments for the commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals.)

4) Feb. 16, 2017: H.J.Res 38: To repeal Obama Admin rule barring dumping of surface mining waste into streams.

5) Feb. 28, 2017: H.R.321 Inspiring the Next Space Pioneers, Innovators, Researchers, and Explorers (INSPIRE) Women Act. The bill directs NASA "to encourage women and girls to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), pursue careers in aerospace," by supporting NASA programs: NASA GIRLS and NASA BOYS, Aspire to Inspire, and Summer Institute in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Research.

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NASA video shows the launch of a Terrier-Improved Malemute suborbital sounding rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. The rocket di...

6) Feb. 28, 2017: H.R.255 "Promoting Women in Entrepreneurship Act" authorizes the National Science Foundation" to encourage its entrepreneurial programs to recruit and support women to extend their focus beyond the laboratory and into the commercial world."

7) Feb. 28, 2017: H.J.Res. 40, "nullifies the Social Security Administration's rule implementing the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Improvement Amendments Act of 2007." The measure blocks an Obama Administration rule providing Social Security information for gun buyer background checks.

8) Feb. 28, 2017: H.R.609 designates the Department of Veterans Affairs health care center in Center Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania, as the "Abie Abraham VA Clinic".

9) Feb. 28, 2017: S.442 - National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017, the first NASA budget authorization in six years. The measure calls for a $19.5 billion budget for the agency for fiscal year 2017.

10) Feb 28, 2017: H.J. Res. 37: This joint resolution nullifies the rule finalized by the Department of Defense, the General Services Administration, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on August 25, 2016, relating to revising the Federal Acquisition Regulation to implement Executive Order 13673 concerning contractor compliance with labor laws.

11) H.J. Res. 44: This joint resolution nullifies the rule finalized by the Department of the Interior on December 12, 2016, relating to revising regulations that establish the procedures used to prepare, revise, or amend land use plans pursuant to the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976.

12) H.J. Res. 57: This joint resolution nullifies the rule finalized by the Department of Education on November 29, 2016, relating to accountability and state plans under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.

13) H.J. Res. 58: This joint resolution nullifies the "Teacher Preparation Issues" rule finalized by the Department of Education on October 31, 2016. The rule implements requirements related to assessing the quality of teacher preparation programs under title II (Teacher Quality Enhancement) of the Higher Education Act of 1965.

14) March 28, 2017 S. 305, the "Vietnam War Veterans Recognition Act of 2017," which encourages the display of the U.S. flag on March 29, National Vietnam War Veterans Day.

15) March 31, 2017: H.J.Res. 42, which nullifies the Department of Labor's Federal-State Unemployment Compensation Program; Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 Provision on Establishing Appropriate Occupations for Drug Testing of Unemployment Compensation Applicants;

16) March 31, 2017: H.R. 1362, which designates the Department of Veterans Affairs community-based outpatient clinic in Pago Pago, American Samoa, the Faleomavaega Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin VA Clinic; and

17) March 31, 2017: S.J.Res. 1, which approves the location of a memorial to commemorate and honor the members of the Armed Forces who served on active duty in support of Operation Desert Storm or Operation Desert Shield.

18) April 3, 2017: H.J.Res. 69, which nullifies the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service's final rule relating to non-subsistence takings of wildlife on National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska;

19) April 3, 2017: H.J.Res. 83: which nullifies the Department of Labor's rule titled Clarification of Employer's Continuing Obligation to Make and Maintain an Accurate Record of Each Recordable Injury and Illness; and

20) April 3, 2017: H.R. 1228, which provides for the appointment of members of the Board of Directors of the Office of Compliance to replace members whose terms expire during March and May of 2017; and

21) April 3, 2017: S.J.Res. 34, which nullifies the Federal Communications Commission's rule on privacy of customers of broadband and other telecommunications services.

22) April 13, 2017: H.J.Res. 67, which nullifies the Department of Labor's rule on Savings Arrangements Established by Qualified State Political Subdivisions for Non-Governmental Employees. This means that the bill rolls back the HHS regulation that barred states from blocking federal funds to family planning providers that perform abortions. They can now block those funds.

23) April 13, 2017: H.J.Res. 43, which nullifies the Department of Health and Human Services rule prohibiting recipients of Title X grants for the provision of family planning services from excluding a subgrantee from participating for reasons other than its ability to provide Title X services. This bill, along with H.J. Res. 67, were the 12th and 13th bills signed by President Trump to nullify regulations issued in the last months of the Obama administration.

24) April 18, 2017: H.R. 353, the "Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017," which reauthorizes and modifies the Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's: (1) weather research and forecasting programs; and (2) tsunami detection, forecast, warning, research and mitigation programs.

25) April 19, 2017: S. 544, A bill to amend the Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 to modify the termination date for the Veterans Choice Program, and for other purposes. Bill eliminates August 7 termination date of the Veterans Choice Program; to modify reimbursement and cost-recovery procedures for care provided under the Program; and to authorize the sharing of certain veterans' medical records with medical service providers outside the Department of Veterans Affairs.

26) April 19, 2017: S.J.Res. 30 reappoints Steve Case as a citizen regent of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution;

27) April 19, 2017: S.J.Res. 35 appoints Michael Govan as a citizen regent of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution; and

28) April 19, 2017: S.J.Res. 36 appoints Roger W. Ferguson as a citizen regent of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

29) April 28, 2017: H.J.Res. 99 is the continuing resolution to fund the government with appropriations for fiscal year 2017, and for other purposes.

30) May 05, 2017: H.R. 244: Spending bill to avert government shutdown. It provides fiscal year (FY) 2017 full-year appropriations through September 30, 2017, for all agencies except those covered by division A of the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act (Public Law 114-223). Division A provided full-year funding through September 30, 2017, for projects and activities of the Federal Government included in the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017.

31) May 8, 2017: H.R. 534, the "U.S. Wants to Compete for a World Expo Act," which authorizes the Secretary of State to take such actions as necessary for the United States to rejoin the Bureau of International Expositions.

32) May 12, 2017: S. 496, which nullifies the rule issued by the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration entitled "Metropolitan Planning Organization Coordination and Planning Area Reform".

33) May 16, 2017: The "Modernizing Government Travel Act" requires the General Services Administration to prescribe regulations to provide for the reimbursement for the use of a transportation network company or innovative mobility technology company by any Federal employee traveling on official business.

34) May 17, 2017: H.J.Res. 66 nullifies the Department of Labor's rule on Savings Arrangements Established by States for Non-Governmental Employees.

35) June 2, 2017: The "Public Safety Officers' Benefits Improvement Act of 2017" was a bipartisan bill that would help speed which modifies eligibility requirements for the Public Safety Officers' Benefits (PSOB) program administered by the Department of Justice; and requires the Department to exercise due diligence, and transparency, to expeditiously adjudicate PSOB claims; and

36) June 2, 2017: The "American Law Enforcement Heroes Act of 2017" authorizes the Department of Justice to award community oriented policing services grants for the purpose of prioritizing the hiring and training of veterans as career law enforcement officers.

37) June 6, 2017: An act naming a federal building and U.S. courthouse the "Fred D. Thompson Federal Building and United States Courthouse."

38) June 6, 2017: The "DHS Stop Asset and Vehicle Excess Act or the DHS SAVE Act," which requires the Under Secretary for Management of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to oversee and manage vehicle fleets throughout DHS; and imposes new requirements on DHS components regarding the management of those fleets.

39) June 14, 2017: The "Follow the Rules Act," which gives whistleblower protections to federal employees who refuse to violate federal rules and regulations. A federal court had issued a ruling protecting federal workers from employer retaliation if they refused to violate federal law, but it did not apply the same safeguards for those who refuse to obey an order that would violate a rule or regulation.

40) June 23, 2017: The VA Accountability and Whistleblower Protection Act, which aims tomake it easier to fire bad employees at the Department of Veterans Affairs, and give more protection to employees who bring misconduct to light. It gives VA Secretary David Shulkin more authority to fire misbehaving or underperforming employees, shorten the appeals process for that firing, and prohibits employees from being paid while they pursue the appeals process. It also includes new protections againstretaliation for workerswho file complaints with the VA general counsel's office, and shortens the process for hiring new employees to fill a workforce shortage at the VA.

41) June 30, 2017: H.R. 1238, the "Securing our Agriculture and Food Act," requires the Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to carry out a program to coordinate DHS efforts related to defending the food, agriculture, and veterinary systems of the United States against terrorism and other threats.

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What are the bills Donald Trump has signed? - CBS News

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Donald Trump Is Testing Twitter’s Harassment Policy – The Atlantic

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The rules are simple, okay? No threats of violence. No targeted abuse or harassment. No inciting anybody else to engage in targeted abuse or harassment. No hateful conduct.

Now think about Donald Trumps tweeting habits. Is he breaking those rules, which come from Twitters terms of service?

Trump has long been criticized for his impulsiveness, but less than six months into his presidency, alarm over his Twitter conduct has hit fever pitch.

On Sunday morning, Trump tweeted a short video clip showing him pummeling another person outside of a wrestling ringwith the other persons face blocked out by the CNN logo. If thats not a direct threat of violence against the American citizens who work for CNN, its certainly a celebration of violence.

The president is not only aware of the firestorm hes ignited, he appears to be relishing it. My use of social media is not Presidential, Trump tweeted on Saturday. its MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL.

These latest messages came came on the heels of a bizarre barrage of tweetsodd even by the presidents standardsthat set off a new round of scrutiny of his use of social media. Beginning on June 29, Trump began tweeting repeated insults at Joe Scarborough and Mika Brzezinski, the hosts of the MSNBC talk show, Morning Joe. Trumps treatment of Brzezinski was particularly strange. In addition to calling her dumb, crazy, and low I.Q. in three separate tweets, he claimed that she and Scarborough traveled to Mar-a-Lago for New Years Eve and insisted on seeing Trump while Brzezinski was bleeding badly from a face-lift. (Brzezinski and Scarborough published a rebuke in The Washington Post, calling the presidents claim a lie.)

In true Trump fashion, the president doubled down, calling Scarborough crazy and Brzezinski dumb as a rock.

Does that constitute targeted harassment? And given Trumps huge followingmore than 33.1 million Twitter followers on his primary accountdoes a string of attacks against the same two individuals constitute inciting harassment? We dont comment on individual accounts, for privacy and security reasons, a Twitter spokesperson told me on Saturday. Twitter also declined to tell me whether, when considering the question of a user inciting harassment, it takes into consideration that persons number of followers or public statusa movie star or politician, for example.

Twitters website does offer some clarification on how it assesses abusive behavior. The company says it assesses whether the primary purpose of an account is to harass or send abusive messages; and it looks at whether the reported behavior is one-sided.Setting aside Twitters notoriously bad track record for actually enforcing its own standards on harassment, the question of one-sidedness poses an interesting problem here.

When one of the people involved in a Twitter fight isnt just a public official but also the president of the United States, is it fair to consider anyone hes attacking an equal player in a fight?

We know what Trump would say. This is a man whose 2007 book Never Give Up has multiple chapters dedicated to the subject of fighting with people. Theres Chapter 5 (I Love a Good Fight) and Chapter 29 (You Will Be Attacked For Trying to Change Anything) and Chapter 38 (When Youre Attacked, Bite Back). If Trump doesnt like what a person says about him, he attacks them. Period.

But Trumps Twitter conduct also raises a question about what Twitter is, and what it should be. Often, the service is treated as a new kind of public square, a place for the unfiltered exchange of ideas (and, clearly, hurling of insults). Silicon Valley has rarely stepped in to correct the persistent cultural conflation between the actual right to free speechthat is, the constitutionally protected right that says the government cannot make a law that inhibits peoples freedom of expressionand the idea that people should get to say whatever they want wherever they want to without consequence. (Complicating things further, Twitter must answer to its shareholders, and having the president use its service so routinelyand so bombasticallycertainly keeps the service relevant.)

In reality, though, Twitter is a media company. Just like CNN and The New York Times are media companies. Except, unlike in a traditional model where publishers and readers are distinct groups, everyone can be both on Twitter. So whats a company like Twitter to do when one of its userswho is also the president of the United States, by the wayincessantly publishes attacks against individuals? Nothing, apparently. At least nothing yet. The thornier question is: What should it do? Only rarely would any news organization turn down the opportunity to exclusively print or broadcast a message from the president. (U.S. senators and presidential candidates, however, are another story.) Though its not like the president doesnt have plenty of opportunities for his voice to be amplified. He has said he likes Twitter because its a direct channel to the American people, but he has his own website where he could be live-streaming or blogging, for instance. He is also a constant subject of media attention; his press conferenceswhen the White House permits itare broadcast over cable and network television.

Presidents have historically made good use of new media platforms. Franklin Roosevelts fireside chats may seem quaint to us now, but they were a revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform when they began in the 1930s. But, as with all things Trump-related, looking to norms and historic conventions can only get you so far. Imagine if Roosevelt had used his radio access to relentlessly criticize individual Americans by name. Trump knows that his critics are disgusted by the way he represents the country on Twitter, and he trusts that his supporters delight in their disgust.

It never stops, and I wouldnt have it any other way, he wrote in The Art of the Deal. I try to learn from the past, but I plan for the future by focusing exclusively on the present. Thats where the fun is. And if it cant be fun, whats the point?

If Twitter were to suspend or even outright ban Trump, his most fervent left-wing critics would surely rejoice. His supporters would likely boycott Twitter. Their outrage could help him keep their support. And in Trumps worldview, this may well look like a win-win.

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Donald Trump Is Testing Twitter's Harassment Policy - The Atlantic

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Most People Actually Want Donald Trump to Keep on Tweeting, Drudge Report Poll Shows – Newsweek

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A majority of AmericansclaimPresident Donald Trump should continue with his often provocative tweets, with a new poll showing more than 75 percentof respondents want him to remain on social media.Thesurvey from The Drudge Report found just 22.3 percentof people would like to see the president step back from social media, while 77.7 percentthink he should continue tweeting.

The poll on the right-wing website asked respondents if they believed Trump should use socials.About524,420 peopleanswered the unofficial poll as of Monday afternoon.

During his election campaign, Trump utilized social media to great effect but provoked criticism for his divisivestatements, with many wondering whether he would relinquish his social media habit once elected. Since moving to the White House, Trump has in fact continued using social media to make announcements, criticize peopleand hit out at the mainstream media, which he frequently refers to as fake news, apparently preferring to reach out to his followers directly rather than engaging with news outlets he dislikes.

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In the past 24 hours, Trump has lashed out at the media on several occasions, stating in a tweet on Sunday: The dishonest media will NEVER keep us from accomplishing our objectives on behalf of our GREAT AMERICAN PEOPLE! #AmericaFirst.

He added in a tweet Monday: At some point the Fake News will be forced to discuss our great jobs numbers, strong economy, success with ISIS, the border & so much else!

The president is also very proud of his social media use, stating during a meeting with Indias prime minister, Narendra Modi, at the White House on June 26 that the pair were both world leaders in social media.

I am proud to announce to the media, to the American people and to the Indian people that Prime Minister Modi and I are world leaders in social media. We're believers, Trump said.

Giving the citizens of our countries the opportunity to hear directly from their elected officials and for us to hear directly from them, Trump added. I guess it's worked very well in both cases.

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Most People Actually Want Donald Trump to Keep on Tweeting, Drudge Report Poll Shows - Newsweek

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Support for Donald Trump’s Impeachment Is Way Higher Than His Latest Approval Rating – Newsweek

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For a minute there, things were looking up for President Donald Trump. By late last week,his approval rating was hovering around 40percent, which isn't great but marked an improvement for the former reality TV star. But then Trump spent the holiday weekend railing against the press andblasting off tweetstormsandthe president's approval rating took a plunge.

Gallup's tracking poll pegged Trump's approval at just 37 percent to start off July, while disapproval stood at 57 percent. Last week, Gallup found the president's approval rating had briefly climbedto 40 percent before the fall-off back into the 30s.

The Gallup poll interviewed 1,500 U.S. adults and has a margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points. Trump's 37 percent approval rating is dismal, especially for a president so early in his tenure, when the American peopletypically afford the office a grace period of sorts. Around this point in his first term, for instance, former President Barack Obama had a 60 percent approval rating.

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Things have gotten so bad for Trumpthat far more people support impeaching him than support the job he's doing in the Oval Office. A surveyin recent weeks from Public Policy Pollinga firm that does public surveys as well as polling for Democratic candidatesfound that 47 percent of voters supported impeaching Trump. Americans could,perhaps, feel that way because 49 percent believed the president had obstructed justice in the ongoing investigation into his ties to Russia, according to thePublic Policy Polling survey.

Even Trump's average approval rating is a long ways off from the support for his impeachment. The weighted average from data-focused website FiveThirtyEight pegged his approval rating at just 39.5 percent Monday, while 54.4 percent disapproved. The FiveThirtyEight average adjusts for polls' quality, recency, sample size and partisan lean.

Despite a dismal approval rating, it was more of the same from Trump Monday morning. He redoubled his efforts to trash the press, tweeting,"At some point the Fake News will be forced to discuss our great jobs numbers, strong economy, success with ISIS, the border & so much else!" This followed numerous anti-press tweets over the weekend, including a bizarre post with a video of himwrestling a person with a CNN logo instead of a head. (This doctored video was harvested froma Trumppro wrestling appearance.)

Meanwhile, calls for Trump's impeachment have surged. Dozens of marches against the president took place in towns across the country over the weekend, including one in Los Angeles. California RepresentativeBrad Sherman, a Democrat who has drafted articles of impeachment against the president, delivered remarks at the end of the march.

"We have to act now to protect our country from abuse of power and impulsive, ignorant incompetence," Sherman said, according to the Los Angeles Times.

"Lock him up," the crowd chanted in response.

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Support for Donald Trump's Impeachment Is Way Higher Than His Latest Approval Rating - Newsweek

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Bankruptcy Definition | Bankrate.com

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Events like a job loss, hospitalization, extended illnesses or divorce sometimes make it difficult to pay bills on time. Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people and businesses eliminate or repay debts under the protection of U.S. bankruptcy court.

Filing bankruptcy is a complex process with many rules that specify the types of debts covered, exceptions, requirements for filing and what property petitioners can and cannot keep.

Knowing bankruptcy basics helps people choose the best option for their situations.

In the U.S., there are several bankruptcy options available to individuals and businesses, but the most commonly used types are Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcies.

Chapter 7 bankruptcy is a liquidation option, while Chapter 13 bankruptcy is essentially a repayment plan. For those who qualify, understanding the differences between the two choices helps people select the best option for their situations.

Chapter 7

When consumers or businesses file Chapter 7 bankruptcy, they liquidate their assets to pay all or part of the outstanding debts.

Most state and federal laws let them keep their personal property, including clothes and household furnishings as well as property the trustee doesnt want to take. In some cases, they can keep the cars they own.

Creditors sell secured items such as property and cars and apply the proceeds from the sale to the debt.

Under this type of bankruptcy, the court eliminates most unsecured debt, including credit cards and medical bills.

For this reason, the requirements for Chapter 7 are more stringent than Chapter 13, as the court wants to make sure the debtors do not have available assets to pay the bills.

Petitioners must prove that there are no other income sources available and that their disposable income is not sufficient enough to cover a repayment plan allowed under Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Chapter 13

Chapter 13 bankruptcy is an option for people who have a reliable source of income and the ability to pay back their debts.

Under Chapter 13, the petitioners go through court-mandated credit counseling and create a detailed plan that shows how they will repay their debtors within 3 to 5 years.

Petitioners get to keep all their property and enjoy protection from repossession or foreclosure.

To create a Chapter 13 repayment plan, the petitioner and trustees evaluate the amount of the debts, calculate the amount of money unsecured creditors would have received under a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and prioritize them.

Certain debts like tax bills and child support go to the top of the list, where they receive first, and complete, payments.

The repayment plan also needs to show all available sources of income and identifies how disposable income will be applied to pay the debts owed.

Chapter 11

A third form of bankruptcy, under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code, also is available to consumers and businesses.

This type of bankruptcy offers protection to petitioners who want to reorganize their financial affairs. The process is time-consuming and expensive, so few consumers take advantage of this option and only do so if their debts exceed the allowed amounts for Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy has positive and negative effects on the people who choose to file. It stops creditors from taking action to collect money owed to them. It prevents or delays repossessions or foreclosures. It also stops wage garnishments, providing relief to those struggling with excessive amounts of debt.

Bankruptcy also carries negative financial consequences that affect the petitioners for years. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy appears on credit reports for 10 years, and a Chapter 13 bankruptcy stays for seven years.

During this time, creditors may not approve loans, insurance premiums may rise and landlords may refuse rental applications. The bankruptcy also lowers credit scores, but most people who file for bankruptcy do so after their credit scores already have been damaged.

For many people, bankruptcy is the final solution for gaining control over debt, and it is not a perfect solution for everyone.

Some debts, like child or spousal support, tax debt, and student loan do not qualify for discharge in bankruptcy, so individuals with substantial amounts of those debts may not see much relief.

Alternatives to bankruptcy include debt negotiation and consolidation, which involve making an agreement with creditors to lower the balance owed or combining all debts into a single payment.

Could a home equity loan help you avoid bankruptcy? Compare home equity rates.

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Bankruptcy | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia | LII …

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Overview

Bankruptcy law provides for the reduction or elimination of certain debts, and can provide a timeline for the repayment of nondischargeable debts over time. It also permits individuals and organizations to repay secured debt--typically debtwith real estate orpersonal property like vehicles pledged as collateral--often onterms more favorable to the debtor.

Federal bankruptcy law is contained in Title 11 of the U.S.Code. Congress passed the Bankruptcy Code under its constitutional grant of authority to "establish... uniform laws on the subject of Bankruptcy throughout the United States." See U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 8. States may not regulate bankruptcy, butthey may pass laws that govern other aspects of therelationship between the debtor and creditor. A number of sections of Title 11 incorporate the debtor-creditor law of the individual States.

Bankruptcy proceedings are supervised by and litigated inBankruptcy Court, which is part of the Federal District Court system. Congress established the U.S.Trustee Programto oversee theadministrationof bankruptcy proceedings, and authorized the U.S. Supreme Court to promulgatethe Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

Chapter 7 provides for the discharge of unsecured debt, such as debt from credit cards and personal loans. Secured debt is typically unaltered, meaning that the collateral securing the debtremains in the debtor's possession as long as timely payments aremade.Chapter 7 is always available to corporations and individuals with primarily business debt. Otherwise, individuals cannot file a Chapter 7 petition unless they meet certain income requirements.

Chapter 9 governsthe reorganization of municipalities and related local entities, such ascounty-owned hospitals and school districts. Individuals and corporations cannot file for bankruptcy under Chapter 9.

Chapter 11 is the most comprehensive chapter of the Bankruptcy Code; it provides myriadoptions to reorganize debt, e.g.by repaying some debts, discharging others and restructuring the remainder. Although individuals may file for Chapter 11 relief, the relatively high filing fees and administrative costs lead most individuals to favor Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings.

Chapter 12 provides for the restructuring of debtfor family farmers.Only family farmers (as defined in Sec. 101 of Title 11)are eligible and, though not analogous, it shares many characteristics with aChapter 13proceeding.

Chapter 13 permits the discharge of some debt, as well as the repayment of otherdebtover a period of three to five years.It may also permit a reduction in principal owed on secured debt, or the elimination of these debts altogether. It can also be used to structure a repayment plan for debtthat cannot be discharged in bankruptcy. Only individuals may file under this chapter, and there are some limited income and debt qualifications.

Typically, recent tax debtas well as child support, criminal restitution, and student loans will not be discharged in bankruptcyunless they are repaid in full by the debtorduring the course of the proceeding.

Individuals are permitted to keep certain assets without regard to the type of bankruptcy sought. For example, Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)are protected under 522(d)of Title 11 and thus cannot be involuntarily used to repay creditors in a bankruptcy.Varying levels of home equity are also often protected, asarepersonal vehicles in varying amounts.

In Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corp., the U.S. Supreme Court held that "when a bankruptcy court orders a Chapter 11case dismissed, it can't also order the distribution of the debtor's assets in a way that contradicts the order of payment in a bankruptcy liquidation." This is an affirmation of the Chapter 11 absolute priority rule, which stipulates the order of payment in a liquidation. Compare to the 2009 Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing of General Motors, in which the absolute priority rule was not followed.

In Midland Funding, LLC v. Johnson, the Court ruled "that debt collectors can use bankruptcy proceedings to try to collect liabilities that are so old the statute of limitations has expired." This result, however, is dependent on state law. In this case, the relevant state law provides that a creditor has the right to payment of a debt even after the statute of limitations has expired, according to the Court's opinion.

Stern v. Marshall was a complex and high-profile case involving the estate of the defendant's late husband, and eventually her own bankruptcy. Anna Nicole Smith, a.k.a. Vickie Marshall, filed for bankruptcy in California while the estate case was open in a Texas probate court. The bankruptcy court's decision included a judgment on a counterclaim that Marshall made against the plaintiff, which was otherwise unrelated to the bankruptcy. Although state law allowed the bankruptcy court jurisdiction in this situation, the U.S. Supreme Courtheld that it was an unconstitutional exercise of jurisdiction. That is, bankruptcy courts have very limited jurisdiction.

TheSternprecedent was relevant years later in Executive Benefits Insurance Agency v. Arkison, in which the Court held that, underStern'sreasoning, it is unconstitutional for a bankruptcy court to enter a final judgment on a bankruptcy-related claim.It may, however,issue proposed findings of factand conclusions of law, which are to be reviewed de novo by the district court.

Last updated in June of 2017 by Stephanie Jurkowski.

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Applying to become bankrupt: Overview – GOV.UK

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You can apply to make yourself bankrupt if you cant pay your debts.

Your application will be looked at by someone who works for the Insolvency Service called an adjudicator. Theyll decide if you should be made bankrupt.

You can only apply for bankruptcy online. It costs 680.

If the adjudicator makes you bankrupt:

You can apply to have your address removed from the Individual Insolvency Register if publishing it will put you at risk of violence. This wont affect your bankruptcy.

After 12 months youre usually released (discharged) from your bankruptcy restrictions and debts. Assets that were part of your estate during the bankruptcy period can still be used to pay your debts.

You might be able to cancel (annul) your bankruptcy before youre discharged.

Read the following:

You can also contact the National Debtline for bankruptcy advice.

You cant apply to make yourself bankrupt in England or Wales if you live in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

You might be able to apply if you live anywhere else - talk to a debt adviser.

You must not break the bankruptcy restrictions in England or Wales. These might also apply outside England and Wales - check the laws of the country you live in.

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Applying to become bankrupt: Overview - GOV.UK

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St. Louis sandwich distributor Troverco files for bankruptcy – STLtoday.com

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Troverco, a St. Louis-based distributor of packaged sandwiches and other foods to convenience stores in 22 states, has filed for bankruptcy.

The privately held company plans to lay off about 130 of its 230 employees, CEO Joseph Trover Jr. told the Post-Dispatch on Monday. Affected employees, including about seven in St. Louis, have been notified, he said.

Troverco filed the Chapter 11 bankruptcy in federal court in St. Louis on Thursday, listing between $1 million and $10 million in both estimated assets and liabilities.

Its creditors include Cincinnati-based AdvancePierre Foods, which has a $350,171 claim, Miami-based Ryder, which has a $245,384 claim, and Maryland Heights-based trucking company Hogan, which has a $146,994 claim, according to court filings.

After selling its Landshire sandwich brand a few years ago to AdvancePierre Foods, Troverco expanded its distribution routes to more than 100 and added new products including parfaits, salads and fruit cups. Food giant Tyson acquired AdvancePierre and its portfolio of food brands last month for $3.2 billion.

Trovercos rapid expansion and addition of new fresh foods two years ago prompted the bankruptcy, Trover said. We grew too fast, he said, adding the new fresh foods requested by some customers didnt lead to higher sales.

David Leavitt, a former executive at Hostess that joined Troverco as president and chief operating officer last fall, is no longer with the company.

Founded in 1966, Troverco had $50 million in revenue in 2016. After trimming its distribution routes to 52 this year and cutting its customer count from 10,000 to a few thousand, the company will have between $25 million and $30 million in revenue this year, Trover said.

As part of the reorganization, Troverco may stay based on Lacledes Landing, Trover said, or move to facilities the company operates in south St. Louis County or Belleville.

Editor's note: David Leavitt served as president and chief operating officer. His title was incorrect in an earlier version of this story.

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Puerto Rico’s Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy – New York Times

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Bill Fallon, the chief executive of National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation, a bond insurer, called the move improper and warned that it would leave Prepa years away from attracting the private investment necessary to modernize.

Electrical power has long been a drag on the islands economy. Prepas antiquated generating plants burn imported oil to produce electricity. Efforts to modernize the plants and shift to clean and renewable fuels have been delayed repeatedly. Customers pay rates that follow oil prices up and down, and while the rates are relatively low at the moment, they are vulnerable to rising again.

In addition, there are longstanding accusations that Prepas fuel-purchasing office for many years bought dirty oil sludge as fuel, charged consumers the much higher price of cleaner distillates, and then created a slush fund with the difference. The Puerto Rican senate held a series of hearings on Prepas fuel-purchasing irregularities, and has referred its findings to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Prepa got into severe financial trouble before the rest of the Puerto Rican government, when it was unable to pay for fuel in 2014. Its creditors extended fuel-purchasing credit that year, and subsequently negotiated a deal to restructure about $5.7 billion of Prepas $9 billion in total debt.

The deal was held up as a model at the time, because it was achieved without the sort of leverage that can be exerted in bankruptcy. In addition to taking a 15 percent loss, the bondholders had agreed that Prepa could put a portion of the savings toward its long-promised modernization and conversion to cleaner sources of power.

But the agreement also called for Prepa to continue paying down its remaining debt by adding an unpopular increase in power customers monthly bills. It also required the restructured debt to be secured to an investment-grade rating, an insurmountable challenge with the islands central government itself effectively bankrupt, and its economy in a painful decline.

Last week, the federal oversight board that is guiding Puerto Ricos finances voted to authorize Prepa to seek debt relief under Title III of Promesa, which is similar to Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy. Natalie Jaresko, the boards executive director, said then that talks could continue, and the utilitys bondholders said they still hoped to pursue the consensual deal. They also offered to cover a $170 million interest payment that Prepa was required to make to bondholders on Saturday.

But Prepa declined that offer, defaulting on the payment and paving the way for the move on Sunday for court protection.

A version of this article appears in print on July 3, 2017, on Page B2 of the New York edition with the headline: Puerto Ricos Power Agency Defaults Over Debt.

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Puerto Rico's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy - New York Times

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22 years later, Orange County’s bankruptcy is finally paid off – 89.3 KPCC

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The late Orange County treasurer Robert Citron in court in Santa Ana. His risky investments helped drive the county into bankruptcy in 1994. Nick Ut/AP

After 22 years, Orange County is finally paid up. On Saturday, the county made the final payment on a $1 billion bond that helped it get out of its 1994 bankruptcy.

"I think it is very good news this is in the rearview mirror and we can move forward financially as a county," said Todd Spitzer, who was elected county supervisor soon after the bankruptcy and currently represents the county's third district.

In addition to the $1 billion principal, Orange County ended up spending about $500 million on interest payments money it couldn't spend on public services.

"Our government buildings are in incredible disrepair," said Spitzer. "Our county parks have been neglected because money has been siphoned off and weve been importing other peoples trash into our landfills to pay off our debt."

At the time, Orange Countys was the biggest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. Since then, Detroit, San Bernardino and Stockton have all gone under.

Orange County's Chapter 9 remains unique because of its eccentric former treasurer Robert Citron,who used psychics and star charts to help manage the county's budget, which he tried to prop up with risky investment schemes.

Citron, who died in 2013, pleaded guilty to criminal charges resulting from the bankruptcy. But Spitzer does not think Citron deserves all the blame.

"The Orange County Board of Supervisors told Citron to try to produce more revenue out of the investments than anybody else was getting in terms of yield," said Spitzer. "If it's too good to be true, it probably is."

Spitzer said Orange County budget is in a lot better shape today, but he cautions his fellow politicians not to get complacent.

"You have to live within in your means," he said.

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22 years later, Orange County's bankruptcy is finally paid off - 89.3 KPCC

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