Daily Archives: June 29, 2017

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The first commercial deep sea and space research centre wants to prepare you for space travel the Irish News The world's first commercial deep sea and space exploration centre, designed by one of the architects behind London's Gherkin, will open on a soon-to-close RAF base in 2019. Aptly named Blue Abyss, the 120 million facility will prepare the way for ... and more »

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The first commercial deep sea and space research centre wants to prepare you for space travel - the Irish News

Cyrielle Gulacsy is an art director living in Paris, pretty far removed from the happenings of SpaceX, NASA, and the rocket launches that inspire her illustrations. She creates striking pieces with graphite or ink and has produced detailed illustrations of past space-faring machines. Gulacsys work was on exhibition last year throughout Paris making stops at the Ddessin Art Fair and at the Structure, Lamour. This year, Cyrielle Gulacsy completed her first solo showing at the Hotel Grand Amour in Paris and has now brought some of her collection to New York City, where it will be on display at the Cafe Henrie for a month. The Observer reached out to Gulacsy to learn about her art and interest in space exploration.

When did you first become interested in space?Ive always been drawn to space but it turned into a full-fledged passion when I read Stephen Hawkings A Brief History Of Time. A storm was unleashed within me, a curiosity that hasnt dulled since. Ive been drawing forever and when space became a major passion, it was evident the two would merge.

What about space inspires you?I read a lot on astrophysics and quantum mechanics. The concepts I encounter there are a great source of inspiration. Theres an obvious link between cosmos and the mind and thats a parallel I want to explore. And I like the idea of leading people to those questions through an unexpected channel.

Can you tell us a little about your spacecraft pieces?The satellites and the rocket are part of a body of work I started years ago about arts ability to communicate a vision. I dont choose objects randomly. First of all, its a subjective choice, because Im passionate about them, but this is not the only reason. These are very technical objects and their purpose is primarily functional and non aesthetic. It is through my perspective and my interest for these subjects, that I attempt to reveal their aesthetic aspect to others through my drawings. I show these objects from a different viewpoint and I strive to make them sculptural. To me, its a way to make science accessible through sublimation.

What is your favorite thing about space exploration right now?Tough question! I cant wait for the next James Webb telescope to start operating and I keep myself informed of all current research attempt to solve interstellar travel issues (emdrive, warp drive, solar sails, etc) and the conquest of Mars, of course!

Whats your dream job?I think Im just about to reach my dream job, Im currently working on my drawings and going to collaborate on a science fiction series with 3D animation called Black Holes. Check it out, its really awesome. The real dream would be to collaborate with NASA or Space X to create something between art and space. Or just being a little closer to them, I dont know how for the moment, but I just want to be at the place where the future is built.

You witnessed your first rocket launch by SpaceX this weekend in California, any quick thoughts?

It was stunning because it was the first time but a little frustrating. I wasnt close enough to see well. But it gave me motivation to make a real plan to see a launching in front row. It left me a strange sensation like a new goal that was gonna inspire me and motivate me.

Do you have any space pieces planned for the near future?

Space is always part of my work one way or another. At the moment Im preparing a series on plane engines and mechanical rocket parts for my next series.

Robin Seemangal has been reporting from the newsroom at NASAs Kennedy Space Center for the last two years for the Observer with by-lines also in Popular Science and Wired Magazine. He does in-depth coverage of SpaceX launches as well as Elon Musks mission to send humans to Mars. Robin has appeared on BBC, Russia Today, NPRs Are We There Yet Podcast, and radio stations around the world to discuss space exploration.

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This French Artist Gets Her Inspiration From Space Travel - Observer

WASHINGTON (Legal Newsline) - How does one establish proper policy and regulation without stymying innovation in the space travel industry? Thats a question scientists, legal experts and lawmakers from around the world have been working to answer since the 1960s.

The Outer Space Treaty, the primary source of international space law, was ratified two years before the Apollo 11 astronauts walked on the moon. It requires that countries be responsible for national space activities involving both governmental and non-governmental entities and holds them liable for any and all damage that results from those activities.

Joanne Gabrynowicz, aninternationally recognized space law expert and editor-in-chief emerita of theJournal of Space Law,contends that the Outer Space Treaty includes an even more significant principle a strict prohibition on placing nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in space.

The Outer Space Treaty is one of the most important treaties of the 20th century, because for 50 years, we have had a successful ban on those weapons in space, she said.

Dr. Frans von der Dunk, a professor of space law at the University of Nebraska College of Law, explains that international space treaties, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, as well as the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, were drafted during the Cold War era with governmental space activities in mind.

While he says the treaties are in many ways insufficiently precise or open to deviating interpretations, they form the legal foundation for commercial spaceflight. A number of countries have drafted their own national space laws to fulfill treaty obligations and exercise some control over private companies that get involved in space activities.

Henry Hertzfeld, a professor of space policy and international affairs at George Washington University, agrees that space treaties ratified in the 1960s and 1970s reflect both the era and international compromises.

So, are they perfect for commercial operations in space? he said. No, theyre not, but were able to do the commercial and private sector stuff anyway because they dont prohibit it and the United States in particular has encouraged it."

Von der Dunk contends that the United States has the most extended legal regime, with the Federal Aviation Administration licensing space launches, Federal Communications Commission satellite communications and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration remote sensing operations.

The FAAs Office of Commercial Space Transportation licenses commercial space transportation activities in accordance with theCommercial Space Launch Act. Enacted in 1984, this law permitted the private sector to get involved in space activities and develop commercial launch vehicles, orbital satellites, and operate private launch sites and services.

The Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 built on this law and instituted several regulations, including a mandate that companies conducting commercial spaceflight operations ensure that participants are informed of the risks associated with those operations. Companies must obtain written consent from spaceflight participants that demonstrates acceptance of the risks.

The law also introduced a learning period to prevent the FAA from imposing stringent safety regulations that could potentially stifle the growing industry.

The most recent update to commercial spaceflight policy came in the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act in 2015. In addition to extending companies learning period to 2023, the law permits companies and the government to continue sharing the risks of space launch until 2025.

Gabrynowicz contends that U.S. space law has developed in tandem with spaceflight technology. She says the newer laws the Commercial Space LaunchCompetitiveness Act, theNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationTransition Authorization Act of 2017 and a pending bill known as the American Space Commerce Free EnterpriseAct of 2017 dont actually help regulate national space activities.

Overall, these laws and bills are more politics than law and contain little substance, she said. They have a lot of technical legal language, like sense of Congress provisions that do not create law.

In all, they are intended to appear like authentic law when, in reality, they embody a great deal of legal uncertainty.

Hertzfeld points out that the industry needs policies that address for-profit operations in space, particularly activities that will be managed or operated by the private sector. Until now, he says, most private sector activities have been narrow, but that could change as companies become more involved with satellites and in spaceflight.

How do you deal with property rights in space? he said. Ownership of these natural resources, mineral resources, up there? How do you deal with approaching satellites that are perhaps owned by someone else, particularly if its another nations satellite? How do you deal with debris that could cause accidents?

There are lots and lots of questions in how you do this internationally, because other nations are involved. These are the issues that are not clearly defined right now.

Von der Dunk adds that there are still many countries that have no, or only a limited, national space law program. As a result, he says, in the implementation of the Outer Space Treaty, a divergence has grown that has led to gaps, inconsistencies and overlaps in domestic oversight.

Ideally, at the international level it would be good to have some form of harmonization at least of the approaches, noting that of course every sovereign state may have some individual idiosyncratic elements to deal with, but that idea has never moved beyond the stage of academic discussion, von der Dunk said. Sovereign states are not willing to comply with any serious effort to make this happen.

Von der Dunk says that those in the space industry can implement good laws without stunting innovation by balancing two competing interests regulating ahead of the curve to protect safety, security and international peace and cooperation, and regulating as closely behind the curve as possible once a number of private manned flights have demonstrated specific risks and threats.

As far as I can see, the FAA in particular does a really great job in trying to balance those two sometimes contradictory interests, but it is after all charged by Congress to both regulate and stimulate, he said.

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Space travel laws need to balance 'competing interests'; Experts weigh in - Legal News Line

A KFC chicken sandwich launched on a mision to the stratosphere aboard a World View Stratollite balloon at 9:11 a.m. EDT (1311 GMT) on June 29.

In what appears to be a historic first, a fast-food chicken sandwich was successfully carried to the edge of space today aboard a high-altitude balloon.

The Kentucky Fried Chicken Zinger sandwich journeyed skyward aboard a World View Enterprises Stratollite balloon vehicle at 9:11 a.m. EDT (1311 GMT) from Spaceport Tucson in Arizona. While the live webcast cut out before liftoff, a representative for World View confirmed that the launch was successful, and KFC later released a video of the balloon taking off.

"Holy cow, that's some spicy, crispy chicken moving out at an average rate of 1,000 feet per minute [304 meters per minute]," the announcer in the KFC video said as the balloon lofted skyward. "The Zinger should arrive at target altitude in about 1 hour and 20 minutes, where the Zinger mission will officially begin."

The sandwich is scheduled to remain aloft for four days and maintain an altitude of about 50,000 to 80,000 feet (15,200 to 24,400 meters). During the flight, which is serving as an advertising campaign forKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), the company will execute various activities to engage the public over social media, including a coupon drop, in which a coupon will literally be dropped from the balloon down to Earth.

"The team on the ground here is justifiably celebrating as they watch their months of hard work pay off," the video announcer said. "This is the greatest achievement in chicken sandwich space travel history. In all my years in this business I've certainly never seen anything like it. What a time to be alive."

The Zinger-1 mission will serve as a test flight for World View, which aims to make stratospheric balloons that can remain in flight for months at a time. The flight is scheduled to be the first "extended-duration development flight of [World View's] high-altitudeStratollitevehicle," according to a statement from the company.

World View's Stratollite high-altitude balloon begins its journey to carry a KFC chicken sandwich to the stratosphere.

World View's high-altitude balloons are designed to operate in a region of the atmosphere that is too high for most commercial airliners, but too low for satellites. The Stratollite vehicles are expected to be able to reach altitudes of up to 28.5 miles or about 150,000 feet (45.8 kilometers), which means they would remain below the Karman line; at 62 miles (100 km) above the Earth, this line is considered the boundary of "space."

World View prepared to loft a Kentucky Fried Chicken Zinger sandwich into space the morning of June 29.

The company has said it plans to use these balloons for scientific endeavors such as Earth imaging, weather monitoring and even astronomical observations. In addition, World View has announced plans to make balloons that can carry humans into the stratosphere as part of scientific missions or for near-space tourism.

While neither KFC nor World View has said exactly how much KFC paid for the flight, World View representatives said that the advertising campaign covered most of the cost of the test flight.

The launch was originally scheduled for June 21, but was delayed due to weather.

Follow us@Spacedotcom,FacebookandGoogle+. Original article onSpace.com.

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Chicken Sandwich Takes One Giant Leap for Food-Kind - Space.com

Geckos, some of natures most skilled climbers, may hold the key to cleaning up the enormous amount of debris clogging up the space around Earth. Scientists at NASA and Stanford have developed a prototype robot that can grip objects in space, the same way a gecko sticks to walls. Such a robot could be a critical tool for grabbing and relocating space trash, helping to clean up Earth orbit and make it much safer for space travel.

The robot capitalizes on the same concept that geckos use to climb. The animals feet arent actually sticky; theyre covered in thousands of microscopic hairs that, together, act like a flexible adhesive. To imitate gecko feet, the robot has special pads outfitted with thousands of tiny silicone rubber hairs, which are 10 times smaller than the hairs on your head. This allows the robot to use the same forces to grab simply by placing its pads on an objects surface.

Gripping objects in space the same way a gecko sticks to walls

And just like a gecko, the grip can easily be turned on and off. The hairs on a geckos feet are tilted so that the lizard must place its foot at a certain angle in order to stick. It can then simply remove its foot by pulling in a different direction. The hairs on the robot also have a tilt, so the gripper can easily remove itself from an attached object by pulling away in a different direction.

This kind of sticking technique could be crucial for getting ahold of unruly space trash. Much of this junk includes out-of-commission satellites or rocket parts that have run out of fuel, all moving at thousands of miles per hour in orbit. These objects are often spinning or moving erratically, and their surfaces can be relatively smooth and hard to grasp. But the gecko gripper, described today in Science Robotics, doesnt need a handle to grab any surface will do. Its a new way to handle these non cooperative pieces of garbage, Aaron Parness, a robotics engineer at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory who helped create the technology, tells The Verge.

Space debris threatens future space travel. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of abandoned space hardware zoom around the planet. That makes Earth orbit very crowded, and it clogs up valuable real estate. For instance, areas over major cities are prime places to put communications satellites. But if theres a piece of garbage in that position, its a very expensive piece of garbage there, says Parness.

Space trash is dangerous, too. Every now and then, the International Space Station has to change its position in orbit to avoid collisions with debris. But as the amount of junk grows, the probability of in-space collisions increases, and that leads to even more debris. That happened in 2009, when a Soviet-era satellite collided with one owned by the US company Iridium, creating thousands of pieces of debris. If enough of these collisions occur, eventually Earth orbit will be filled with so much junk that we wont be able to safely go into space anymore.

There are regulations in place to make sure that the stuff we put up must come down. Satellite operators have to dispose of out-of-service vehicles, either by burning these objects in Earths atmosphere or by putting them in a higher orbit called a graveyard orbit where they wont get in the way of functioning satellites. But these regulations werent in place when satellites were being launched throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s, so theres a lot of old trash to watch out for.

If you want to grab something in space, almost nothing else works.

People have come up with innovative ways to take out the trash, such as burning hardware up with lasers. But grabbing this junk hasnt been an option. Space is a vacuum, so suction cups dont work; most trash isnt magnetic, so magnets wont help; and the extreme temperatures mean most glues wont work either, says Mark Cutkosky, an engineering professor at Stanford and one of the authors on the study, tells The Verge. If you want to grab something in space, almost nothing else works besides the gecko grip, says Cutkosky.

Geckos grips are unusual: the tiny hairs on their feet can get incredibly close to an objects surface nanoscale distances apart. And thats the key, says Cutkosky. You need to have really intimate proximity. This allows the atoms in the hairs to mingle with the atoms on a surface. The electrons of these atoms actually sync up in such a way that they cause an attraction between molecules. The force of each hair adds up, creating a strong overall attraction over the entire foot.

The feet or pads of the robotic gripper work the exact same way. The silicone rubber hairs are a fifth of the diameter of a human hair at 20 microns; theyre shorter than the width of a human hair, too, at just 60 microns tall. (A human hair is roughly 100 microns in diameter.) The robot is also designed to turn off its stickiness, just like the lizard. Motors inside pull the pads in the direction needed to get a grip. When the gripper approaches a surface, the motors make tendons inside the robot tighten, causing the hairy pads to move together in the right direction to stick. Then, when the robot needs to let go, the motors loosen the tendons, moving the pads in the opposite direction for an easy release.

The silicone rubber hairs are a fifth of the diameter of a human hair

This gripping technique has already been tested in space. Little strips of the hairs, called Gecko Grippers, were sent to the ISS in 2016 to see how well they worked in microgravity. But the team wanted to see how a robot, with the special motorized movement, fared in zero-g as well. So they took a gripping robot on a plane that simulates zero gravity nicknamed the Vomit Comet. The plane does parabolas in the sky to create short periods of weightlessness. Aboard the Vomit Comet, Parness used the robot to grip different types of shapes you might find in space, such as a sphere, a cube, and a cylinder.

Jiang et al., Sci. Robot. 2, eaan4545 (2017)

The motorized gripper worked just fine in zero-g sometimes even better than when gravity was in play. And when it came time to release the objects it had grabbed, the robot did so effortlessly. Nothing happens when he lets go, says Cutkosky. It doesnt jerk the object, and that was the key requirement. Its an absolutely smooth, effortless detachment.

Building on their success, the team is now hoping to test out the robots abilities in space. Earth orbit gets incredibly cold, and the researchers will need to build a new robot that can withstand such an unwelcoming environment. Plus, they need to prove that the adhesive technique can work just as well at much colder temperatures.

But if the robot does hold up, the team envisions two types of vehicles that could be used to clear up space debris in the future. One design is a large 2,000-pound satellite, equipped with a gripper that moves through space grabbing and relocating debris either to the graveyard orbit or so that it eventually burns up in the atmosphere. Such a vehicle wouldnt be able to clean up all the trash, but it could target either the most dangerous junk or the pieces lurking in valuable places in orbit. The other option is to create a tiny satellite, no more than a couple of pounds, that travels to one piece of debris and removes it from orbit. The vehicle wouldnt last for very long since it wouldnt have much fuel but the style is much cheaper to build and fly.

If the gecko didnt exist, humans would never have come up with this idea.

There even other applications beyond clearing up space debris. A gripping robot could be a valuable asset on board the ISS, and it could help on the outside of the ship for repairs and inspection. That could potentially cut down the number of dangerous and time-consuming spacewalks astronauts have to do.

No matter what the robot is used for, Parness says most of the design credit goes to the gecko. If the gecko didnt exist, humans would never have come up with this idea, says Parness. Its not an intuitive thing, we would never have invented it if it werent for the biological example.

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Want to get rid of space trash? This gecko-inspired robot may do the trick - The Verge