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Daily Archives: June 25, 2017
Andrew Ng announces Deeplearning.ai, his new venture after … – TechCrunch
Posted: June 25, 2017 at 2:14 pm
Andrew Ng, the former chief scientist of Baidu, announced his next venture, Deeplearning.ai, with only a logo, a domain name and a footnote pointing to an August launch date. In an interesting twist, the Deeplearning.ai domain name appears to be registered to Baidus Sunnyvale AI research campus the same office Ng would have worked out of as an employee.
Its unclear whether Ng began his work on Deeplearning.ai while still an employee at Baidu. According to data pulled from theWayback Machine, the domain was parked at Instra and picked up sometime between 2015 and 2017.
Registering that domain to Baidu accidentally would be an amateur mistake and registering it intentionally just leaves me with more unanswered questions. Im left wondering about the relationship between Baidu and Deeplearning.ai and its connection to Andrew Ngs departure. Of course, its also possible that there was some sort of error that caused an untimely mistake.
UPDATE: Baidu provided us the following response.
Baidu has no association with this project but we wish Andrew the best in his work.
Ng left the company in late March of this year, promising to continue his work of bringing the benefits of AI to everyone. Baidu is known for having unique technical expertise in natural language processing and its recently been putting resources into self-driving cars and other specific deep learning applications.
It makes sense that Ng would take advantage of his name recognition to raise a large round to maximize his impact on the machine intelligence ecosystem. I cant see a general name like Deeplearning.ai being used to sell a self-driving car company or a verticalized enterprise tool. Its more likely that Ng is building an enabling technology that aims to become critical infrastructure to support the adoption of AI technologies.
While this could technically encompass specialized hardware chips for deep learning, Im more inclined to bet that it is a software solution given Ngs expertise. Google CEO Sundar Pichai made a splash back at I/O last month when he discussed AutoML the companys research work to automate the design process of neural networks. If I was going to come up with a name for a company that would build on, and ultimately commercialize, this technology, it would be Deeplearning.ai.
This is super speculative, but I think it might be an AI tool to help generate AI training data sets or something else that will accelerate the development of AI models and products, Malika Cantor, partner at AI investment firm Comet Labs told me. Im very excited about having more tools and platforms to support the AI ecosystem.
Prior to his time at Baidu, Ng was instrumental in building out the Google Brain Team, one of the companys core AI research groups.Ng is a highly respected researcher and evangelist in the AI space with connections spanning industries and geographic borders. If Ng truly believes that AI is the new electricity, he will surely try to position Deeplearning.ai to take advantage of the windfall.
Weve reached out to both Baidu and Andrew Ng and will update this post if we receive additional information.
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Andrew Ng announces Deeplearning.ai, his new venture after ... - TechCrunch
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The Real Threat of Artificial Intelligence – New York Times
Posted: at 2:13 pm
This kind of A.I. is spreading to thousands of domains (not just loans), and as it does, it will eliminate many jobs. Bank tellers, customer service representatives, telemarketers, stock and bond traders, even paralegals and radiologists will gradually be replaced by such software. Over time this technology will come to control semiautonomous and autonomous hardware like self-driving cars and robots, displacing factory workers, construction workers, drivers, delivery workers and many others.
Unlike the Industrial Revolution and the computer revolution, the A.I. revolution is not taking certain jobs (artisans, personal assistants who use paper and typewriters) and replacing them with other jobs (assembly-line workers, personal assistants conversant with computers). Instead, it is poised to bring about a wide-scale decimation of jobs mostly lower-paying jobs, but some higher-paying ones, too.
This transformation will result in enormous profits for the companies that develop A.I., as well as for the companies that adopt it. Imagine how much money a company like Uber would make if it used only robot drivers. Imagine the profits if Apple could manufacture its products without human labor. Imagine the gains to a loan company that could issue 30 million loans a year with virtually no human involvement. (As it happens, my venture capital firm has invested in just such a loan company.)
We are thus facing two developments that do not sit easily together: enormous wealth concentrated in relatively few hands and enormous numbers of people out of work. What is to be done?
Part of the answer will involve educating or retraining people in tasks A.I. tools arent good at. Artificial intelligence is poorly suited for jobs involving creativity, planning and cross-domain thinking for example, the work of a trial lawyer. But these skills are typically required by high-paying jobs that may be hard to retrain displaced workers to do. More promising are lower-paying jobs involving the people skills that A.I. lacks: social workers, bartenders, concierges professions requiring nuanced human interaction. But here, too, there is a problem: How many bartenders does a society really need?
The solution to the problem of mass unemployment, I suspect, will involve service jobs of love. These are jobs that A.I. cannot do, that society needs and that give people a sense of purpose. Examples include accompanying an older person to visit a doctor, mentoring at an orphanage and serving as a sponsor at Alcoholics Anonymous or, potentially soon, Virtual Reality Anonymous (for those addicted to their parallel lives in computer-generated simulations). The volunteer service jobs of today, in other words, may turn into the real jobs of the future.
Other volunteer jobs may be higher-paying and professional, such as compassionate medical service providers who serve as the human interface for A.I. programs that diagnose cancer. In all cases, people will be able to choose to work fewer hours than they do now.
Who will pay for these jobs? Here is where the enormous wealth concentrated in relatively few hands comes in. It strikes me as unavoidable that large chunks of the money created by A.I. will have to be transferred to those whose jobs have been displaced. This seems feasible only through Keynesian policies of increased government spending, presumably raised through taxation on wealthy companies.
As for what form that social welfare would take, I would argue for a conditional universal basic income: welfare offered to those who have a financial need, on the condition they either show an effort to receive training that would make them employable or commit to a certain number of hours of service of love voluntarism.
To fund this, tax rates will have to be high. The government will not only have to subsidize most peoples lives and work; it will also have to compensate for the loss of individual tax revenue previously collected from employed individuals.
This leads to the final and perhaps most consequential challenge of A.I. The Keynesian approach I have sketched out may be feasible in the United States and China, which will have enough successful A.I. businesses to fund welfare initiatives via taxes. But what about other countries?
They face two insurmountable problems. First, most of the money being made from artificial intelligence will go to the United States and China. A.I. is an industry in which strength begets strength: The more data you have, the better your product; the better your product, the more data you can collect; the more data you can collect, the more talent you can attract; the more talent you can attract, the better your product. Its a virtuous circle, and the United States and China have already amassed the talent, market share and data to set it in motion.
For example, the Chinese speech-recognition company iFlytek and several Chinese face-recognition companies such as Megvii and SenseTime have become industry leaders, as measured by market capitalization. The United States is spearheading the development of autonomous vehicles, led by companies like Google, Tesla and Uber. As for the consumer internet market, seven American or Chinese companies Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent are making extensive use of A.I. and expanding operations to other countries, essentially owning those A.I. markets. It seems American businesses will dominate in developed markets and some developing markets, while Chinese companies will win in most developing markets.
The other challenge for many countries that are not China or the United States is that their populations are increasing, especially in the developing world. While a large, growing population can be an economic asset (as in China and India in recent decades), in the age of A.I. it will be an economic liability because it will comprise mostly displaced workers, not productive ones.
So if most countries will not be able to tax ultra-profitable A.I. companies to subsidize their workers, what options will they have? I foresee only one: Unless they wish to plunge their people into poverty, they will be forced to negotiate with whichever country supplies most of their A.I. software China or the United States to essentially become that countrys economic dependent, taking in welfare subsidies in exchange for letting the parent nations A.I. companies continue to profit from the dependent countrys users. Such economic arrangements would reshape todays geopolitical alliances.
One way or another, we are going to have to start thinking about how to minimize the looming A.I.-fueled gap between the haves and the have-nots, both within and between nations. Or to put the matter more optimistically: A.I. is presenting us with an opportunity to rethink economic inequality on a global scale. These challenges are too far-ranging in their effects for any nation to isolate itself from the rest of the world.
Kai-Fu Lee is the chairman and chief executive of Sinovation Ventures, a venture capital firm, and the president of its Artificial Intelligence Institute.
Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook and Twitter (@NYTopinion), and sign up for the Opinion Today newsletter.
A version of this op-ed appears in print on June 25, 2017, on Page SR4 of the New York edition with the headline: The Real Threat of Artificial Intelligence.
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Artificial intelligence is entering the justice system – Wired.co.uk
Posted: at 2:13 pm
Peter Wallqvist: "It's a good trend that governments are brave enough to pull the trigger on things like this"
Phil Fisk. Set Design: Vicky Lees
The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) had a problem. Its investigation into corruption at Rolls-Royce was inching towards a conclusion, but four years of digging had produced 30 million documents. These needed to be sorted into "privileged" and "non-privileged", a legal requirement that involves paying junior barristers to do months of repetitive paperwork. "We needed a way that was faster," says Ben Denison, chief technology officer at the SFO. So, in January 2016, he started working with RAVN.
Pronounced "Raven", the London startup builds robots that sift and sort data, not only neatly presented material, but also unstructured documents. "Where someone has scanned 300 pages, it's not uncommon to put one page in upside down," says co-founder Peter Wallqvist. "We need to deal with that real world of messy datasets."
The two teams started to feed material from the Rolls-Royce case into the AI. By July they had a viable system, and with the agreement of lawyers on both sides, they set the robot to work. The barristers were wading through 3,000 documents a day. RAVN processed 600,000 daily, at a cost of 50,000 - with fewer errors than the lawyers. "It cut out 80 per cent of the work," says Denison. "It also saved us a lot of money." For Rolls-Royce, it had the opposite effect. In January 2017, the engineering company admitted to "vast, endemic" bribery and paid a 671 million fine. "It's hard to imagine a better outcome," says Wallqvist.
RAVN's co-founders - Jan Van Hoecke, Simon Pecovnik, Sjoerd Smeets and Wallqvist - met at Autonomy, the UK's first unicorn, where they worked on early versions of AI-powered database management. In 2010, the four left to launch RAVN. The self-funded firm now has 51 employees, revenues of 3 million and around 70 clients, mainly city law firms. BT, which signed a "very significant" deal, credits RAVN with annual savings of 100 million, due to automated checks that ensure contracts' accuracy.
Plus, of course, there's the SFO, which is using RAVN in increasingly clever ways. That means allowing it to make subjective judgements, including pointing investigators to data it thinks is relevant to a case. "This is potentially very valuable," says Denison.
Wallqvist believes the system can go even further and make not just assessments, but predictions. For example, by suggesting likely outcomes of mergers and acquisitions. "We've gone to the level of figuring out and structuring data," says Wallqvist. "Now we have the ability to surface that record of the past to predict the future." Today, Watson. Tomorrow, Holmes.
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Artificial intelligence genius Andrew Ng has another AI project in the works – Digital Trends
Posted: at 2:13 pm
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Why it matters to you
AI promises to transform the world. Companies like this one will pave the way.
Hes been called one of the foremost thinkers on the topic of artificial intelligence, so its no surprise that Andrew Ng the cofounder of Coursera, the lead developer ofStanford Universitys main Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platform, and the founder of the Google Brain project is starting another AI company of his own now that hes left Baidu. The resume of this impressive entrepreneur reads like a laundry list of some of the most impressive achievements in AI technology, and it seems safe to assume that Ngs newest venture, known only as deeplearning.ai, wont disappoint.
While Ng has founded and led many of his own projects in the past, he was most recently attached to another behemoth of a company Chinese web giant Baidu. There, Ng was chief scientist and headed the companys (what else) Artificial Intelligence Group, turning the Beijing-based giant into one of only a handful of companies in the world with expertise in each of the major AI categories: speech,natural language processing, computer vision, machine learning, and knowledge graph. Ngs team was also responsible for bringing two new business groups into the company autonomous driving and the DuerOS Conversational Computing platform.
Three months ago, Ng announced his departure from the company, noting in aMedium post, Baidus AI is incredibly strong, and the team is stacked up and down with talent; I am confident AI at Baidu will continue to flourish. After Baidu, I am excited to continue working toward the AI transformation of our society and the use of AI to make life better for everyone.
At the time, he told Forbes that his future plans were still in flux: I am looking into quite a few ideas in parallel, and exploring new AI businesses that I can build. One thing that excites me is finding ways to support the global AI community so that people everywhere can access the knowledge and tools that they need to make AI transformations.
And that may just be what deeplearning.ai is all about. In his Twitter announcement, Ng said only that he hoped the company would help many of you, and promised more announcements soon. Until then, well wait with bated breath.
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Artificial Intelligence-proof your career – Livemint
Posted: at 2:13 pm
Intelligent machines are taking over thousands of jobs, and being qualified is no longer enough to keep your job. Earlier this year, consulting firm McKinsey and Co. released a study that said 51% of all jobs could be automated in the next 20 years. Even specialized professions like medicine, law and banking are feeling the heat of Artificial Intelligence (AI). A few months ago, investment bank JP Morgan made the news by introducing intelligent machines to review financial deals that once kept employees busy for thousands of hours. Diagnostics and other decision-making skills previously thought of as the exclusive preserve of human beings, will soon be better handled by machines.
But Garry Kasparov has a different take on the issue. On 11 May 1997, Russian chess grandmaster Kasparov became the first world champion to be defeated by a machine. Yet in his new book Deep Thinking: Where Artificial Intelligence Ends And Human Creativity Begins, he is optimistic about the future of people with skills even as he concedes the inevitability of intelligent machines becoming more prominent. The sensation of being challenged, surpassed and possibly replaced by automaton, or an invisible algorithm, is becoming a standard part of our society, he writes. So while smarter computers are one key to success, doing a smarter job of humans and machines working together is far more important.
Is it possible to beat this threat of being displaced? Theres ample research and books on the subject, and here are some of the things they suggest you could do to robot-proof your career.
Build empathy
Employers want people who are empathetic and collaborative, who can guide relationships and work in teams. Because empathy is something that even intelligent machines are incapable of. Recognizing the importance of this skill is Geoff Colvin in his book Humans Are Underrated : What High Achievers Know That Brilliant Machines Never Will. The critical 21st century skill is empathy: we empathize to survive, he says, pointing to the healthcare profession. So while machines may be superior with diagnostics, a patient still needs to have a conversation with an expert. An empathetic doctor can help the patient deal with his condition better and recover faster. This, in turn, leads to lower healthcare costs and fewer lawsuits, says Colvin.
Empathy is a skill that can be developed through learning how to study the thoughts and feelings of others, and then responding appropriately. This involves inviting people to speak about their worries and concerns, hearing them out and then reassuring them, says Colvin.
Be a good communicator
A skill like communication is less easy to automate, says Anu Madgavkar, partner with McKinsey Global Institute, the research arm of McKinsey and Co., Mumbai. Intelligent machines cannot communicate the way human beings do. So people with better communication skills will be harder to replace with AI. The bigger message for professionals is that they should learn to communicate in a more compelling way, learn to work in teams, to excel at social interactions, says Madgavkar.
Become a lifelong learner
Previously in history, even in the 20th century, life was divided into two main parts: in the first part, you mostly learned, acquired knowledge and skills, and built yourself a personal and a professional identity. In the second part, you mostly made use of those skills and those identities. The pace of change in the 21st century will be such that most of what you learn as a teenager will be completely irrelevant by the time youre 40, says Yuval Noah Harari, author of Homo Deus: A Brief History Of Tomorrow, in a February interview with Time magazine, where he emphasized the necessity of life-long learning.
The good news is that anytime, anywhere learning is a reality now. For instance, if you want to do a project on design thinking, you can go immediately to the massive open online courses at online platforms like edX and Coursera and do a course on it, says Vijay Thadani, co-founder, NIIT.
Get those number skills
Digital literacy should be taken as seriously as language literacy, says Infosys chief executive Vishal Sikka, in an Infosys commissioned study on how to amplify human potential. The most important academic subjects that decision-makers see as focus areas for future generations are computer sciences, business and management and mathematics, says the study, which looked at the skills professionals need to acquire to integrate AI in a positive way into organizations and society.
Be constructive
Many perceive AI as a threat. Prominent among them are entrepreneur Elon Musk (our biggest existential threat) and scientist Stephen Hawking (the development of full AI could spell the end of the human race). From elevator operators to bank tellers and airplane pilots, history is full of examples of how technology has made jobs redundant.
But technology has also made life safer, easier and better. Its better to accept AI as a part of development, and look at the avenues it opens up rather than see the situation as man versus machine, says Kasparov.
Start to look at tasks hard to mechanizeanything that involves human creative energy, from photography and theatre, to baking, art, running, cooking classes, teachinganything thats not linear, says Mumbai-based Gurprriet Siingh, senior client partner at consulting firm Korn Ferry Hay Group. He says skills like empathy, creativity, flexibility and the ability to communicate can never be automated, and so education today should emphasize development of those skills.
Many of the most promising jobs today didnt even exist 20 years ago, says Kasparov, pointing to the demand for talent in new professions like app designers, 3D print engineers, drone pilots, social media managers and genetic counsellors. This is a trend that will accelerate as technology continues to create different professions .
Learn to work with machines
The future of increased productivity and business success isnt men or machines. Its both, argue Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby in their book Only Humans Need Apply. Augment your skills, learn to work with machines, they say. The doctor who relies on diagnostic software, the lawyer who relies on research machines, the logistics manager who works with drones or the customer service manager who works with a chatbot, all of these professionals will be able to work better by complementing their human skills of empathy, of communication and creativity with machine intelligence. As the McKinsey report states, Humans will still be needed in the workforce; the total productivity gains we estimate will only come if people work alongside machines.
At wealth management firm ORO Wealth, for instance, the role of human portfolio advisers who work with intelligent machines is important. Even though the investment recommendations are machine-based, we need humans beings to work alongside. Because only a human adviser can empathize, can sense hesitation or lack of enthusiasm for a particular investment on the clients part. In which case they will go back to the machine-based algorithm, which will recommend alternative products, says Mumbai-based Vijay Kuppa, co-founder of ORO Wealth.
The skill and flexibility to work with a machine will help the workforce to become more productive. As Kasparov puts it, Smart machines will free us all...taking over the more menial aspects of cognition and elevating our mental lives towards creativity, curiosity, beauty and joy. These are what truly make us human, not any particular activity or skill like swinging a hammeror even playing chess.
First Published: Sun, Jun 25 2017. 03 47 PM IST
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Alternative Medicine That Doctors Recommend | Reader’s Digest
Posted: at 2:10 pm
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Last year, I had a few months of odd symptomsheart palpitations, insomnia, and a feeling of being over-amped, followed by intense fatigue. Finally, after some blood tests, my gynecologist whipped out her prescription pad and scribbled the name of an ancient herb. Two things about this were strange. First, the herb, ashwagandha, seemed to help. Second, my mainstream doctor in suburban Florida recommended an herb?
But my physician is not the only one dabbling outside the boundaries of conventional medicine. While many doctors remain skeptical, a recent Harvard study found that physicians had pointed more than 6 million Americans to a mind-body remedy in the previous year. And the American Hospital Association says more than a third of the nations hospitals offer integrative medicine.
We wanted to know why. So we went to top-of-the-line MDs who have given a few choice remedies the ultimate seal of approval: They use them on their own patients. We asked these highly credentialed docs, what do they use and why?
1. Guided Imagery to Speed Recovery From Surgery Gulshan K. Sethi, MD, cardiothoracic surgeon at the Arizona Health Science Center and professor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine
Why I use it: Whenever I saw [integrative medicine guru] Andrew Weil in the hall at my hospital, I never paid him any attention because I dismissed his ideas as unscientific. But when my wife developed a serious autoimmune skin problemit was like she had second-degree burns all over her bodyit was Dr. Weils prescription of plant and herbal remedies, biofeedback, and hypnosis that cured her. Once I started looking into mind-body medicine, I became intrigued by guided imagery, in which recorded suggestions or a script help you visualize something good, like your immune cells attacking a tumor.
Well-done studies show how powerful it can be for patients about to undergo procedures like the heart operations I perform. Thats because imagining yourself recovered has physical effects, including lowering your heart rate and speeding healing. Not all my patients agree to do it, but most take my suggestion seriouslyI suspect because it comes from such an unexpected source. I used guided imagery myself recently when my knee was replaced, which I believe contributed to my being able to take a short walk just hours after the operation.
How strong is the evidence? There have been only a few solid studies, but results were promising: Guided imagery cut the need for pain medication in surgical patients and allowed them to leave the hospital earlier.
Also might help: conditions worsened by stress, such as asthma or migraine.
2. Acupuncture to Treat Pain Lonnie Zeltzer, MD, director of the pediatric pain program at the Mattel Childrens Hospital in Los Angeles and professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Why I use it: People with chronic pain often experience a snowball effectthe longer the pain goes on, the harder it gets to treat. Acupuncture is one of several methods I use. We dont know exactly how it works, but it has been found to increase levels of feel-good brain chemicals like serotonin and endorphins, and it may also deactivate parts of the brain involved with pain perception. In a small study we did, kids who had been absolutely miserable with intractable pain felt better and slept more easily after six weekly treatments. I recommend acupuncture for most pain patients, unless theyre hypersensitive to needles.
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How strong is the evidence? Research has been mixed. The Institute of Medicine said that sham acupuncture (in which a person is needled at non-acupuncture spots) worked as well as real acupuncture in some studiesbut that both appear to reduce pain.
Also might help: symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. And it may increase the chances a woman will get pregnant after in vitro fertilization.
3. Yoga for Depression and Anxiety Patricia Gerbarg, MD, psychoanalyst and assistant clinical professor at New York Medical College
Why I use it: I got interested in complementary medicine when medical treatments failed to restore my health after severe Lyme disease. Lyme affected my memory, joints, and energy, and the medicinal herb I got from my husbandan associate professor in psychiatry at Columbia University and an expert in herbs from around the worldhelped me recover. Then we heard a lecture about using yoga for depression and decided to do some research. We found that yoga breathing practices, in particular, seem effective for people who are moderately or even seriously depressed. Just inhaling and exhaling in equal measure at roughly five breaths per minute is good. We think changing the breath sends signals up the vagus nerve, telling the brain that the body is relaxed, so the brain can relax too. It quiets the fight-or-flight responses and also boosts nervous system activity put on hold when youre very stressed: the rest-and-digest responses. Theres no drug that can do that.
I still prescribe medication for patients who need it. But Ive seen people with depression, anxiety, and even PTSD, who hadnt responded to drugs or psychotherapy, improve after practicing this kind of breathing for 20 minutes twice a day. How strong is the evidence? Imaging tests show that yoga affects brain activity. Studies of yogas effect on mood are small, but one was especially tantalizing: When survivors of the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia learned a version of yoga breathing, they had a 90 percent drop in depression scores, compared with no significant improvement in other survivors in the refugee camps.
Also might help: insomnia, high blood pressure, asthma, back pain.
4. Hypnosis to Calm Irritable Bowel Syndrome David Spiegel, MD, psychiatrist and professor at Stanford Medical School
Why I use it: My father, who was also a psychiatrist, was a pioneer in hypnosis, so I was curious enough to take a course in medical school. Then, while I was still a student, I hypnotized an asthmatic teenager gasping for breath, who within minutes was able to breathe almost normally. That brought about a three-day debate within the hospital administration about whether Id done something dangerous! But I realized how potent this practice is. By now Ive hypnotized some 9,000 patients, for everything from phobias (where half are cured or greatly improved after just one session) to irritable bowel syndrome [IBS]. Research shows that hypnosis not only reduces the pain of IBS but also lessens diarrhea and bloating. Hypnosis is so much safer than the drugs we use for so many conditions that I believe it should be widely prescribed, although it wont work in the 20 to 30 percent of people who arent hypnotizable.
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How strong is the evidence? Its clear that hypnosis, like yoga, activates certain parts of the brain while deactivating others. Studies of the therapy for specific conditions have been too small for firm conclusions.
Also might help: phobias, weight loss, hot flashes.
5. Supplements to Help Cancer Patients Gary E. Deng, MD, internist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City
Why I use it: I grew up in China, where its taken for granted that youll use herbs and teas as medicine. But my medical education was Western based, and I firmly believe supplements have to be studied with rigorous science. When patients ask me whether supplements might help, I tell them that in most cases, we dont have definitive evidence, and some supplements can even be harmful.
Still, the research on a few is intriguing enough that a patient can consider them, under a doctors supervision. For instance, sometimes chemotherapy causes a lot of nerve damage. The pain, tingling, and numbness can get so severe that the chemo has to be stopped. But some research suggests a supplement called alpha lipoic acid [ALA] may help. For patients with digestive-tract cancer, an extract from a certain mushroom, Coriolus versicolor, seems to make the chemotherapy drugs more effective. And theres some evidence that vitamin D or green tea extract may lower the risk of developing cancer.
How strong is the evidence? Support for ALA and C. versicolor extracts is stronger than for many supplements. There are many hintsbut no proofthat vitamin D and green tea may lower the risk of some cancers.
Also might help: ALA reduces the pain from nerve damage caused by diabetes; a green tea ointment is FDA-approved for genital warts; vitamin D may help ease chronic pain.
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Alternative Medicine That Doctors Recommend | Reader's Digest
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Quotes About Alternative Medicine (30 quotes)
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I am a cuddly atheist... I am against creationism being taught in schools because there is empirical evidence that it is a silly notion... I am passionately concerned about the rise in pseudo-science; in beliefs in alternative medicine; in creationism. The idea that somehow it is based on logic, on rational arguments, but it's not. It doesn't stand up to empirical evidence.
In the same way in medicine, alternative medicines like homeopathy or new age therapies reiki healing a lot of people buy into it and it grates against my rationalist view of the world. There is no evidence for it. It is deceitful. It is insidious. I feel passionately about living in a society with a rationalist view of the world.
I will be vocal on issues where religion impacts on people's lives in a way that I don't agree with if, for instance, in faith schools some of the teaching of religion suggests the children might have homophobic views or views that are intolerant towards other belief systems...
I am totally against, for example, bishops in the House of Lords. Why should someone of a particular religious faith have some preferential treatment over anyone else? This notion that the Church of England is the official religion of the country is utterly outmoded now. Jim Al-Khalili
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Alternative Medicine: Does it work and how?
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Interview by Bonnie Horriganin Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, Nov. 1996, Vol.2, No.6, p.85-91
Used with permission from InnoVision Communications
Dr. Pomeranz's scientific achievements include being first to publish that analgesia in acupuncture is mediated by endorphins and that acupuncture accelerates wound healing in shin by activating sympathetic nerve terminals in the skin.
Well known - for his work in the field of acupuncture, Bruce Pomeranz, PhD, has been a professor in the Department of Zoology at the University, of Toronto since 1979, and a professor in the Department of Physiology since 1982. He received his doctoral degree from Harvard Medical School in 1967. Dr. Pomeranz has received numerous awards throughout his career including the Clifford Woolfe Award from the Acupuncture Foundation of Canada in 1994, the Weigand Foundation Lectureship from the University of Toronto in 1991 and the Dag Hammersjold Medal from the Academie Diplomatique tie la Paix (Brussels) in 1986. He has published over 66 papers oil acupuncture research in refereed journals, and 8 acupuncture textbooks. Dr. Pomeranz is currently president of the I American Society of Acupuncture (1992-1996), and serves oil the advisory boards of the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies; Harvard Medical School, NIH Center for Alternative Medicine; and the University of Maryland NIH Center for Alternative Medicine.
Alternative Therapies interviewed Dr. Pomeranz at his office at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Alternative Therapies: How would you describe yourself?
Bruce Pomeranz: I'm a neuroscientist whose job is to disprove. Karl Popper, a famous philosopher of science, said you never prove anything, but you try to disprove your hypothesis. You do everything possible that any skeptic could think of to show that the hypothesis doesn't work; in spite of that, if it still survives, then you're okay.
AT: Is that what happened with your acupuncture-endorphin theory?
Pomeranz: Yes. I have spent 20 years disproving my hypothesis. Disproving it! The real impact came after we accumulated 16 lines of evidence. I'm not talking about 16 experiments-there could have been 2000 experiments. Sixteen lines mean there were 16 different kinds of experiments that were based on 16 different assumptions. The chances of all 16 having the same error and converging on the same answer is highly unlikely.
According to my hypothesis, acupuncture stimulates peripheral nerves that send messages to the brain to release endorphins (morphine-like compounds); these endorphins block pain pathways in the brain. In testing our acupuncture/endorphin theory, one line [of evidence) was based on measurement of endorphin levels. Endorphin levels went up, but that could have other meanings. Other things were also going up. How do you know that it wasn't just stress that raised the endorphins? So that one line of evidence, though very compelling, doesn't prove anything.
We got another line of evidence (by asking]: What happens when you block the endorphins? We used naloxone, a powerful endorphin blocker, but you can argue that it's a drug and has side effects we don't know about. It may be blocking something else, not the endorphins; but naloxone worked, so we had two lines of evidence. They're very compelling, but they don't yet prove a darn thing. You have to have many lines, all of them independent.
In the subsequent years, we accumulated these 16 different lines of evidence all supporting our hypothesis. So my conclusion is that we have more evidence in favor of the acupuncture-endorphin hypothesis than we have for 95% of conventional medicine.
AT: Could you elaborate?
Pomeranz: Most medical theories are based on only a few lines of evidence. We don't know how most drugs work in conventional medicine. You give a drug and you know it binds to the drug receptor in the body. That's one line of evidence, but it doesn't prove that the drug is working on the receptor and thereby helping the patient.
Much of medicine resides on these one-dimensional proofs. Another common mistake is when you take one line of evidence and repeat the research over and over again. We don't trust one lab, right? They could be cheating. They could be doing the experiment slightly wrongly. So it's good to replicate in other labs. But 16 replications are not the same as 16 lines of experiments.
Other unknowns in conventional medicine are the side effects of drugs. There is very little research on this topic. I believe that the side effects of drugs are the raison d'etre for alternative medicine. I have spent the last 2 years studying the side effects of drugs, and I'm writing a paper on this subject. I can't tell you the results right now, but I can tell you that it's 10 times worse than anybody thought.
AT: Is this your new focus?
Pomeranz: My new passion is this whole issue of why alternative medicine. I'm writing a book on the subject. As I write, I keep telling myself, "If conventional medicine works, why bother with alternative medicine?" Now, I love conventional medicine -- molecular biology is spectacular in its intellect, one of the great achievements of our lifetime -- but if it works and it's glorious, why do we need alternative medicine? Then I ask this other question, "Does conventional medicine really work?"
I've recently done a review of 85 papers assessing drugs used in conventional medicine. The side effects of drugs are horrendous. In contrast, the side effect profile for acupuncture is almost zero. If you do proper acupuncture, you can't hurt anybody. You can't say that about drugs. In the best of hands at Harvard and the Mayo Clinic, drugs are going to have a certain side effect profile. So as a first line of treatment, why not try the conservative, the safe acupuncture treatment?
To put my book on alternative medicine in perspective, 20 years ago I set out to disprove acupuncture. I thought it was full of beans because my mentor, Patrick Wall, said that acupuncture was just placebo, a distraction. He had traveled to China to investigate it, and he knew more about pain than I'll ever know, so who was I to argue? But a Chinese student of mine working in my lab studied acupuncture on anesthetized animals. If it was placebo, then it should not have worked, because for placebos you need consciousness. I thought it was very fishy that acupuncture worked in farm animals, That it also worked on infants had me wondering as well. So we did these experiments on anesthetized animals where there was no placebo going on, and we got acupuncture to block the pain pathways.
When I got these results, I didn't publish them, because I knew nobody would believe me. It didn't make sense because you had to give acupuncture for half an hour. You can block pain by rubbing yourself, or with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), but that works in milliseconds through something called "the gate." Acupuncture took a half hour to get going and lasted an hour or two. It made no sense in ordinary neurophysiological terms, where things happen rapidly in fractions of a second.
So I just kept collecting the data. As luck would have it, at this time I was also researching morphine and pain. Because of this, I was at the conference in 1975 when endorphins were announced. The whole room broke out into euphoric hysterics. So I rushed back to Toronto because I suspected that it was endorphin effects that we were seeing. I suspected that it took half an hour for endorphins to build up, which is why it takes half an hour for acupuncture to start working.
AT: You immediately connected the presence of endorphins to your acupuncture research?
Pomeranz: Yes. Not only that, but the tools to study it were so simple. The key is naloxone, a drug that specifically blocks the endorphins. It binds to receptors. It was called a "morphine antagonist" in the early days, and now it's called an "endorphin antagonist." For example, if you have an unconscious addict in the emergency room and you want to know if it's an overdose of morphine, you inject tiny amounts of naloxone. Because it blocks so powerfully, if it's morphine, he will completely wake up.
So my hypothesis was that if endorphins were involved and if I injected tiny amounts of naloxone, it should block the acupuncture effects we were seeing on these cells. Sure enough, it did. So that's how 16 lines of evidence, 20 years of research, 66 papers from my lab, and 8 books on acupuncture got started.
AT: It seems that all our research is structured to find out why acupuncture works within the Western scientific paradigm. But why do the Chinese think it works?
Pomeranz: They have a whole different cosmology and to them it works [within their framework]. You can explain things many different ways. The question is, in the Popperian sense, is it falsifiable? If you explain what happened to you because god in her wisdom did something, how are you going to test that? When you try to falsify it, you're stuck. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) paradigm is energetic. Chi energy is flowing through meridians. This may be one possible explanation of a thousand things that are going on. But so far, I've looked at the evidence for chi. There's nothing.
AT: You can't find any evidence of chi?
Pomeranz: Not so far.
AT: But you described one experiment in which acupuncture needles were inserted, but not in the meridian points. It did not work; the pain was not blocked.
Pomeranz: That's very true, and that's easily explained by the ordinary nerve-endorphin story. You need to stimulate specific kinds of nerves. When you put the needle in the famous Hoku point, which is on the meridian, you're activating a certain kind of a nerve in the muscle. Not any nerve, because there are nerves all over the place. There are only certain nerves, and they're concentrated only in certain muscles that activate endorphins, and those are the points on the meridian that work well for pain because they release endorphins.
The second very important fact that is missed by too many people is that not only do you put the needle in, but you have to twirl it. It's very important to twirl the needle. You get an aching sensation from stimulating the nerves. It's called d'ai chi-not to be confused with chi, the energy.
AT: So the acupuncture points correspond with a certain type of nerve?
Pomeranz: Yes. Not all points, but certainly the ones involved with treating pain and releasing endorphins. Understand, the Japanese don't put their needle in very deep. They just put it through the skin. There are a lot of [acupuncture] points that don't have muscles or nerves you're going into tendons or into the ear lobe. But if you're doing those things, you're getting effects that are not [related to] endorphins. Only endorphin release requires nerve stimulation and d'ai chi; but, there's more to acupuncture than endorphins. I'm not claiming this is all of it. I'm just claiming a small part of it.
I would be delighted if chi could be found; but to me, that's like asking, "Is god a woman?" It's a belief as opposed to a real, testable theory.
Let me make myself clear. I think there are two ways of being a scientist or even a modern person. There's the empirical approach, which is trial and error: Does it work? If it works, then I'll use it. In alternative medicine you see this in spades. If chicken soup works, use it. You don't have to have a theory about chicken soup. Then there's the theoretical approach. To me, those are the two ways of handling yourself. If acupuncture works, then use it; it doesn't matter whether it works through chi or endorphins.
Modern medicine has gone down the theoretical route and alternative medicine has stayed closer to the empirical route. My favorite example to help explain the dichotomy is this: A cook will use spices - salt, pepper, cumin - and he will mix them in certain proportions and taste them. If it tastes good, he will use it next time, but there's no theory of spices. You don't have to know which nerves in your tongue are affected by which spice in what proportion. You do it empirically. The theoretical approach is the other one. And we could do it. We know which nerves cumin affects, we know which nerves salt affects, and we could work out an equation for which ones are the best, but we wouldn't end up cooking for another thousand years until we figured it out.
The Chinese were very empirical in the early days of acupuncture (2200 years ago). They were Taoists, and the Taoists didn't want to explain nature. They just wanted to be in harmony with it, so they were very empirical about nature. Now, the Chinese are no different from the rest of us. Two hundred years later (2000 years ago), along came the Confucists and the theoreticians, and they tried to explain how acupuncture works. And I think that's the problem with chi and yin and yang: they were explanations, theories. Unfortunately, they were not testable theories.
AT: Then why bother with theories?
Pomeranz: You don't need a theory to do empirical acupuncture: but, the advantage of having the endorphin theory is that you can improve the acupuncture treatment. For example, there's a cumulative effect of endorphins. The first treatment is mildly effective, the second, if given within hours or a day, is potentiated. Endorphins have a memory. If you give [the acupuncture treatment] the third time, it's even stronger. There's a reason for giving many treatments before you give up, or before you decide whether the patient is appropriate for treatment. Another feature of the endorphin theory is d'ai chi produced by nerve stimulation. Now, if you look at the literature on the controlled clinical trials of acupuncture, you will find that 90 percent of the papers don't mention d'ai chi. So you don't even know if they were stimulating adequately. Even worse, they'll give one or two treatments and decide whether it was effective. Well, one or two treatments are neither here nor there. You must treat appropriately to optimize endorphins.
Another advantage of the endorphin theory is that it fits the Western model. There are more Western-trained doctors who are buying into acupuncture because of endorphins. In a way, the endorphin and nerve hypothesis is easier for them. If they can do a Western diagnosis and then stimulate nerves -- which they understand -- it fits the medical model. Not that I am trying to usurp the TCM model. It's a progression. First, physicians learn acupuncture because of the endorphin theory; they try it and see that it works, then they want to learn about TCM and chi. But where this is going to lead scientifically, I don't know. It may turn out that chi is what is going on. Many traditions talk about energy. Yogis talk about energy and prana. But so far, there is no evidence for chi or prana. Unfortunately, people often throw out the baby with the bath water. What scares me about acupuncture and chi, is that, ultimately, somebody may disprove chi. They may disprove it, but we shouldn't throw out acupuncture because chi doesn't exist.
AT: Because that's theory as opposed to the phenomenon?
Pomeranz: That's exactly right. In the ancient textbooks of acupuncture, they found 11 meridians. But because of the zodiac, they had to have 12 meridians. Do you follow me? Everything they did was to make it fit. Everyone needs an explanation. Nevertheless, we cook without a theory, we marry without one, we do incredibly intuitive things in our fives, but we think we have to have an explanation for everything. We think we must understand the world to control it. Instead, what we should do with our lives is be empirical: use trial and error.
Now, there is good empirical science and bad empirical science. Clinical controlled trials are good empirical science. Acupuncture has been shown to work based on clinically controlled trials.
AT: What do you think of meditation?
Pomeranz: There's no doubt in my mind that meditation works. It works for high blood pressure, it works for pain, and it works for arrhythmias. I suspect most of this can be explained by stress reduction and not by prana.
You can measure stress. Herbert Benson, for example, did a very elegant study many years ago that showed that meditators have a down-regulation of their adrenaline receptors. Stress is the over-secretion of adrenaline. A racing heart rate is a result of stress. And meditation produces the opposite.
To me, meditation works by reducing stress. Why is that good for you? Because stress slows down your immune responses. Stress causes heart trouble, arteriosclerosis, cancers -- many things are exaggerated by stress. Benson has shown that people who meditate routinely have chronically down-regulated their stress system. Their receptors are way down. There is a cumulative effect and a beneficial effect.
AT: Do you meditate?
Pomeranz: I've meditated for years. I started 30 years ago. My teacher was the granddaughter of Alexander Graham Bell. She was very interested in teaching scientists and I spent 20 years meditating through her groups. I am very interested in consciousness, and meditation is an empirical way to look at consciousness.
AT: You also did some research in homeopathy.
Pomeranz: Yes, I was one of the replicants on that notorious 1988 paper in Nature co-authored by Jacques Benveniste. Unfortunately, the scientific community went after us like the Spanish Inquisition going after heretics, but that's another story. If you ask me today, do I believe that homeopathy's for real, do I believe the phenomena that we saw, my answer is, "I don't know." I would love to do more research, but there is no grant money for homeopathy research. I believe it is real, but whether this is a Popperian, tested hypothesis? Not yet.
I'm doing other things now; for example, food sensitivity is one of the most exciting projects I have ever done.
AT: Is this your environmental sensitivities research?
Pomeranz: Yes. But it's a sad story. I received a million-dollar grant and was working with a brilliant professor from England. We got important results and actually developed a blood test. The skeptics claim that 95% of the [people who have environmental allergies] have psychosomatic problems, that there's nothing wrong with them because of the results of the IgE blood tests; but it doesn't have to be IgE mediated allergy. We found 70% of our patients had abnormal basophils. But my associate died of ovarian cancer when we were within a year of finishing, so I'm still sitting on the data.
Aldous Huxley once asked, "How could a needle in the toe possibly help your liver?" Then he added, "If it works, we ought to change our theory about the liver." Unfortunately, we keep hanging on to our old theories. That's modern thinking. What fits your paradigm is acceptable and what's outside your paradigm is not. For example, IgE theories preclude environmental sensitivity, and chemistry precludes homeopathic results.
AT: This is your famous white crow, isn't it?
Pomeranz: Yes. An empiricist sets out to study crows: white crows or black crows. He doesn't have a preconception if he's a really good empiricist. But if he's caught up in theories, he's just going to go on precedents, so he basically looks for only black crows. If he sees a white crow, he says, "Oh well, it must be a seagull, because there's no such thing as a white crow." And that's the tragedy of modern science.
It should be the other way around. First ask: What are the empirical observations? Then create a theory to explain them. You stick a needle into the patient and the pain goes away -- that's the observation. Now you could say it's placebo, because placebo does the same thing. But you must took a little closer. Placebo only works in 30% of the population. Placebo doesn't work in animals. It doesn't work in children, it doesn't work under anesthesia, and it doesn't work on single cells. So then you have to say, "Well, it can't be placebo." So you persist and eventually find that endorphins can explain it.
If you do see a white crow, you've got to shoot it and stuff it to make sure it's a crow, and check that its genes are not a seagull's genes. The reason a white crow is a great example is that very often white crows are hard to find. It's easy to find a black crow. Any day of the week you can find one: but white crows are mutants. They're hard to find.
That's the trouble with homeopathy. It's a white crow. It's difficult to conduct experiments with homeopathy. The phenomenon comes and goes. I think a lot of parapsychology is like thAT: very subtle. When you're studying a subtle phenomenon, you're in a whole new ball game. Medicine and biology usually work with what I call "sledgehammer" experiments. In other words, you give a drug at a high dose and you see a large effect. You compile the statistics, and you say, "Yes, there's something happening." But if you treat something very subtly, the results are slow to come, hard to prove. How do you prove that you really healed [the patients], that they didn't heal spontaneously? How do you know that the change in symptoms wasn't going to happen anyway?
Patients prefer medicinal drugs because they are like sledgehammers. They go home and have side effects like nausea and feel that something's happened to them; but if they take a homeopathic medicine, not very much happens. I have a classic example: My homeopathic doctor said to me, "You know, if I'm really lucky you're not going to feel any different." I said, "What do you mean?" He said, "If you don't get a reaction, then you're okay. If nothing happens to you, I'm going to be really pleased." I said, "But how are you going to know that you did anything?" And he said, "In the long run, 6 months from now, a year from now, you'll be a different person. You won't get all these exacerbations." So it's very subtle.
AT: And our society has a difficult time with that "6 months down the road" business.
Pomeranz: That's it. We're not patient. We don't believe in it enough. The Chinese believe in acupuncture, so they're willing to do it slowly, come back every week for months on end.
I've spent 30 years of my life looking for white crows. To study parapsychology, I've had long-running relationships with some of the most famous psychics on the planet, trying to figure out what was going on -- if it was going on in the first place. There were two questions for me: first, are they for real; and second, if real, how do the psychic phenomena work?
AT: Do you think it's real?
Pomeranz: Part of me knows there's something going on, and I would love to do the experiment to show it; but you can count these occurrences on one hand. I'm two-sided. On the one side, I'm extremely skeptical. That's my job, that's my training. I want Popperian proof. I'm from Missouri. I've got to be shown. On the other hand, I'm fascinated by the borderline stuff. To me, that's the frontier; that's the unknown.
But it is important to work with the most solid technology, so if you do get an answer, nobody will deny it. In other words, if you're going to go chasing white crows, you better be sure, when you find one, that it is a white crow. It's not enough just to look up in the sky and say, "I saw it," because they can say, It was an illusion." You have to shoot it, bring it down, stuff it, make sure it's got the DNA of a crow. That's been one of the problems with mind-body research.
It's very hard to do mind-body experiments and measure the outcomes. When you get into mechanisms such as the change in white blood cells with prayer, it's getting closer to good science, but I've been very frustrated by those experiments. I don't find the blood cell measurements that meaningful. Is an increase in white blood cells good for the patients or harmful? That's why I like the wound-healing experiments I've been doing lately. When a wound heals, the outcome is unambiguous; it's always good for the patient.
[We're investigating] acupuncture on would healing. We get huge effects: 50% faster wound healing. So it's good stuff, The Chinese have known it for thousands of years. They call it "surround the dragon." If you have a cut you just put 10 or 15 acupuncture needles around it. And 1 think 1 know how it works.
AT: How?
Pomeranz: It stimulates the sympathetic nerves in the skin around the wound. There's a healing effect. It's a beautiful story, actually. The neurochernicals that are released cause healing. The results are unbelievably wonderful. To me, they are as interesting as endorphins. It's a nice, whole other approach to acupuncture mechanisms that came from this empiricism.
AT: Is there anything you want to say in closing?
Pomeranz: I want to emphasize that acupuncture is better than placebo. The reason I'm saying this is that there have been quite a number of misconceptions about alternative medicine, some saying that it could all be placebo, or that it could all be mind. I have problems with that, because placebo, particularly for pain, is a mild, transient thing on some people. Acupuncture works much better than placebo. Acupuncture works on 70% to 80% of pain patients as shown in clinically controlled trials, and placebo only works on 30%. Moreover, the second acupuncture treatment is more powerful than the first, whereas placebo gets weaker the more you do it.
The nice thing about acupuncture is that it is an objective act. You can define how the needling was done, and everyone believes you can measure endorphins. So you have some solid end points. Most of my 66 papers were on the acupuncture brain circuits and how they were interconnected, and how the endorphins were working. That is tangible stuff. They were all published in major refereed basic science journals; but try to study healing by prayer - it's really tricky.
When you're a scientist, you'd love to make a discovery based on a 2000-year-old phenomenon. I studied acupuncture and found this endorphin story. Then there was this crazy homeopathy phenomenon. I studied it and the cells performed in a really amazing way when treated with high dilutions of chemicals. To me, these are wonderful clues with which to experiment. So I'm not out to discredit TCM or chi. I'm out to take TCM and find out how it works. So far, I've failed. But that doesn't mean that I hold the secrets of nature. Nature is far smarter than most of us.
AT: But, as you said, the failure of research on chi doesn't mean that acupuncture doesn't work. I think that's a great distinction.
Pomeranz: That's right. You shouldn't confuse theory with empiricism. Max Planck, who discovered quantum mechanics, said that a new idea will not win by the strength of its arguments; it will only win when the old generation dies out and the new generation accepts it as fact. That's what happened in quantum mechanics. When Heisenberg and Bohr were talking about it, everybody said they were nuts-it couldn't be; but the old generation died and the young kids said, "It's crazy, but it works. We'll accept it."
It's the same thing in alternative medicine. We say, "Homeopathy can't be." Then some young physicians say, "Reilly did some convincing double-blind studies. The next thing they're trying it and doing it and laughing all the way to the bank because it's working.
It's difficult to live through change. Change comes very slowly, but it comes. Thank goodness for the Office of Alternative Medicine: that's progress. That was unthinkable 5 years ago. The FDA recently took acupuncture needles out of the "experimental" category and legitimized it in America. There are now over 1 million acupuncturists outside China, and that number is growing So we're moving, however inexorably slowly, in the right direction.
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Homeopathic Health Center | Columbus, OH – (614) 890-2589
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Calimesa Alternative Medicine – Weedmaps
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So is buying bud actually a delight? It can be with Calimesa Alternative Care. Put aside the busy weekends where it goes right to voicemail, you get bummed for all of ten seconds & then sigh relief as your favorite budtenders call you back like you're VIP ready to take your order. The few times I'm torn between a selection the familiar voice on the phone who takes the time to greet you by name doesn't mind guiding you through product selection. There's no shady promises of "we'll be there in an hour," you get a realistic picture of the drivers schedule & where you fall. The person delivering is always polite, talkative, also remembers your name (so remember to tip! and generously!) & in my four or so years of ordering has never shorted me change or gotten my product wrong; I no longer open the bag, I've grown to trust this small community business. As for the bud? I've been coming back every week or two for four years so I'll let that speak the truth on that. My occasional adventures with edibles & concentrates have been on-par with what I've expected. My only feedback, perhaps create a loyalty program, there's a dozen of you & a million of us, keep your customers coming back with extra incentive not to explore new shops for those tempting new patient gifts. But hey, change nothing & I'll keep coming back, just keep the bud sticky - we don't need that crusty Colorado warehouse bud running rampant on our streets!
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