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Monthly Archives: June 2016
Oceania Cruises Review | U.S. News Best Cruises
Posted: June 21, 2016 at 6:44 am
Oceania Cruises Overview
How it Ranks: Oceania has been ranked based on an expert evaluation of the line's level of luxury, as well as an assessment of user reviews and health ratings. Oceania Cruises appears on the following ranking lists:
Oceania's five ships Marina, Riviera, Regatta, Nautica and Insignia stand apart from other midsize cruise ships with their low 1-to-2 crew-to-passenger ratios, gourmet cuisine and comprehensive itineraries. Oceania sails around the world, with 2016 trips spanning Europe, Alaska, the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, South Americaand the South Pacific, among other places. Oceania's shore experiences are just as varied as its sailings, ranging from active pursuits like glacier sea kayaking in Juneau, Alaska to culinary endeavors like tapas tastings in Barcelona, Spain. Should you wish to extend your time on shore, you can sign up for a pre- or post-cruise land tour with Oceania which includes lodging, dining and transportation costs. On board an Oceania cruise, you'll find plenty of ways to fill the time at sea. Wine and martini tastings and educational presentations are offered on the line's smaller Regatta, Nautica and Insignia ships, which carry up to 684 guests, and cooking demonstrations and art classes take place aboard the larger Marina and Rivieraships (which can carry up to 1,250 guests). During your voyage which can last anywhere from seven to 180 days you can also take advantage of the casino and the Canyon Ranch SpaClub. And if you're a traveling foodie, you can also sample the offerings available across the fleet's numerous open-seating dining venues, including the Grand Dining Room, which serves French fare from a menu created by master chef, Jacques Ppin.
Oceania Cruises attracts affluent retirees looking for a refined, no-frills experience. That said, Oceania's sophisticated atmosphere also draws solo travelers and couples in their 30s who are looking for an atmosphere sans kids. Regardless of which cruise you choose, expect to sail with an American crowd.
While exploring different destinations, you choose to navigate on your own or reserve a customized shore excursion. Activities vary by voyage and itinerary, though many expeditions promote cultural immersion through art, history and cuisine. Excursions might include artisan demonstrations in Bali or embarking on Champagne and lobster catamaran adventure in ...
Disclaimers about ship ratings: A ship's Health Rating is based on vessel inspection scores published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If a ship did not receive a CDC score within 22 months prior to the calculation of its Overall Rating, its Health Rating appears as N/A; in such a case, the ship's Overall Rating is calculated using the average Health Rating of all CDC-rated ships within the cruise line. All ship Traveler Ratings are based on ratings provided under license by Cruiseline.com.
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Oceania Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre
Posted: at 6:44 am
Origem: Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre.
Oceania (portugus brasileiro) ou Ocenia (portugus europeu) um continente, composto por vrios grupos de ilhas do oceano Pacfico (Polinsia, Melansia e Micronsia). O termo Oceania foi criado em 1831 pelo explorador francs Dumont d'Urville. O termo usado hoje em vrios idiomas para designar um continente que compreende a Austrlia e ilhas do Pacfico adjacentes.[1][2][3]
Os limites da Oceania so definidos de vrias maneiras. A maioria das definies reconhecem partes da Australsia como a Austrlia, Nova Zelndia e Nova Guin, e parte do Arquiplago Malaio como sendo partes da Oceania.[4][5][6]
Embora as ilhas da Oceania no formem um continente verdadeiro, a Oceania, s vezes, associada com o continente da Austrlia ou com a Australsia, com o propsito de dividir o planeta em agrupamentos continentais. o menor "continente" em rea e em populao (com exceo da Antrtica).
O topnimo Oceania foi recebido pelo continente por iniciativa do naturalista francs Ren Primevre Lesson. Lesson nasceu a 20 de maro de 1794 em Rochefort e morreu em 28 de abril de 1848. O naturalista era mdico e farmacutico naval. Quando era tripulante da corveta Coquille, viajou por um bom tempo pelo Oceano Pacfico com a misso de realizar pesquisas cientficas para servir de fonte de seus livros de anatomia e taxonomia de mamferos, pssaros, beija-flores. Alm disso, h depoimentos de viagem, livros de histria e botnica datados de 1828. Da a origem etimolgica do termo: a palavra "oceano" mais o sufixo "ia", da mesma forma que acontece com outros topnimos tais como Germnia, Betnia, Transilvnia, Tripolitnia, entre outros, porque na ortografia portuguesa, a letra "a" tem acento circunflexo, enquanto na ortografia brasileira no h acentuao, sendo utilizado com mais frequncia a ortografia brasileira.
A forma "Oceania" (sem acento circunflexo, ou seja, com a slaba tnica em "ni") usual e aceita no Brasil, sendo usual mas considerada incorreta em Portugal. A forma "Ocenia" constante na maioria das fontes consagradas, ainda que o uso prefira a pronncia "Oceania".[7][8][9][10]
Durante os Perodos Glaciais, Austrlia, Nova Guin e Tasmnia eram ligadas por pontes terrestres, formando um nico continente, conhecido como Sahul. Os australoides, primeiro povo a habitar a regio, eram os antepassados dos atuais papuas e dos aborgenes australianos, que devem ter chegado a Sahul h 60 000 anos.
A seguinte onda significativa de emigrantes s aconteceu em 6000 a.C., quando povos austronsios vindos de Taiwan se espalharam pelas Filipinas e ndias Orientais e chegaram Nova Guin, miscigenando-se com os nativos australoides, originando a heterognea populao da Melansia. Por volta de 1500 a.C., esses austronsios, os maiores navegantes da pr-histria, chegaram s Fiji - vindos de Vanuatu e, pouco depois, a Tonga e a Samoa, ponto de partida para a posterior expanso polinsia para o Pacfico Oriental, acabando na ocupao de ilhas to distantes como o Hava, ao norte, a Nova Zelndia ou Aotearoa (seu nome polinsio), ao sul e a ilha de Pscoa ou Rapa Nui, ao leste.
A povoao das ilhas da Micronsia teve origens tnicas distintas: filipinos em Palau e Yap, habitantes do arquiplago Bismarck nas ilhas Truk, tuvaluanos (que encontram origem nas Fiji ou MPI) nas Ilhas Marshall, por exemplo. Isso comprovvel por traos culturais e lingusticos. J os povos da Polinsia encontram origens tnicas, lingusticas e culturais semelhantes. Smbolos da cultura polinsia conhecidos mundialmente so as esttuas tiki e a festa lau, alm de seu estilo de tatuagem.
Os austronsios guiaram-se unicamente com a localizao dos astros, direo do vento e caractersticas das ondas - que revela a localizao de ilhas. Dominavam a cermica, que foi um dos smbolos da cultura lpita, cujo estilo singular da mesma era ricamente decorado e que, em cerca de 500 a.C., foi substituda por peas simples e sem decorao na Samoa. Tambm dominavam a agricultura, encontrando subsistncia no taro, no inhame, na batata-doce, na mandioca, na banana, no coco, na cana-de-acar e no arroz.
Os britnicos incorporaram a Austrlia aos seus domnios em 1770. No ano da incorporao oficial, habitaram a ilha-continente cerca de 300 mil nativos, divididos em mais de 600 tribos, que falavam mais de 500 dialetos. Viviam num estgio cultural bastante primitivo, desconhecendo at a prtica agrcola.
No sculo XVIII, a ocupao britnica restringiu-se implantao de colnias penais, a mais importante delas nas proximidades da cidade de Sydney, e fixao de um pequeno nmero de colonos, que constataram as grandes possibilidades de se desenvolver a pecuria com sucesso na colnia.
A pecuria e o coito, principalmente a ovina, cresceu em imponncia no sculo XIX, bem como a atividade agrcola, principalmente voltada produo do trigo. O que provocou um grande surto populacional na colnia ao longo desse sculo foi, no entanto, a descoberta de ouro na provncia de Vitria. Na virada do sculo, a populao australiana era de aproximadamente trs milhes de habitantes. Em 1901, a Austrlia transformou-se numa federao autnoma, a Comunidade da Austrlia, iniciando um acelerado processo de expanso da agropecuria e da indstria. Isso determinou a necessidade de se incrementar, particularmente no ps-guerra, as correntes migratrias. De 1945 a 1970, o pas recebeu aproximadamente trs milhes de imigrantes, cerca de 50% de origem britnica. Atualmente a Austrlia um dos pases que exercem maior controle sobre a imigrao estrangeira.
Quando a Nova Zelndia foi formalmente ocupada pelos britnicos em 1840, as suas ilhas eram habitadas pelos maoris, povo de origem polinsia. De 1845 a 1870, com a intensificao da colonizao, ocorreram pesados conflitos entre britnicos e maoris, contrrios ocupao de suas terras.
Derrotados, os maoris, que foram reduzidos de 300000 para pouco mais de 40000, assinaram uma srie de acordos com os colonizadores. Assim, teve incio uma era de paz e prosperidade na Nova Zelndia.
A atividade agropecuria foi a mais importante para o sucesso da colonizao. Destacaram-se a criao de ovinos para produo de l e o cultivo de trigo, na frtil plancie de Canterbury. A partir de 1860, foi a extrao do ouro que funcionou como importante fator de atrao populacional, garantindo a continuidade do processo de colonizao.
A Nova Zelndia passou condio de colnia britnica em 1870, alcanando sua autonomia poltica aps a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Nova Zelndia deixou de pertencer esfera de influncia britnica, passando esfera de influncia dos Estados Unidos.
O Novssimo Mundo - assim chamado por ter sido descoberto apenas em 1770, pelo ingls James Cook - est localizado entre os oceanos ndico e Pacfico e formado por milhares de ilhas de diversas extenses, desde pequenos atis coralgenos at a Austrlia, pouco menor que o Brasil. Ocupa ao todo uma rea de mais de 8.900.000 quilmetros quadrados nos quatro hemisfrios: estende-se de 21 graus de latitude norte a 50 graus de latitude sul e de 111 graus de longitude leste a 119 graus de longitude oeste.[11] Limita-se ao norte com o Estreito de Torres e os mares de Timor e Arafura, a leste com o Mar de Coral e o Mar da Tasmnia, ao sul com o Estreito de Bass e o Oceano ndico e as "Kamangas" a oeste novamente com o Oceano ndico."
Atravessada pela linha do Equador e pelo Trpico de Capricrnio, a Oceania localiza-se nas zonas climticas intertropical e temperada do sul. Devido sua grande extenso de leste para oeste, abrange oito fusos horrios, inclusive a linha que determina a mudana de data (Linha internacional de mudana de data).[11]
Alm de inmeras possesses no independentes, administradas por pases europeus, pelos Estados Unidos ou por naes desenvolvidas do continente, a Oceania inclui 14 Estados soberanos, entre os quais se destacam a Austrlia e a Nova Zelndia, pelo grande desenvolvimento econmico, e a Papua-Nova Guin, o segundo pas do continente em populao e rea territorial.[11]
Os demais, de extenso reduzida, populao numericamente inexpressiva e economia subdesenvolvida, so: Fiji, Samoa Ocidental, Nauru, Tonga, ilhas Salomo, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Palau, Estados Federados da Micronsia e Tuvalu.[11] Devido ao grande nmero de ilhas, costuma-se dividir o continente em:[12]
Embora grande parte das ilhas seja de origem vulcnica ou formada por atis coralgenos, as caractersticas fsicas do continente ocenico so muito variadas. Por isso, faremos um estudo setofizado de seus traos dominantes.[13]
Trata-se um continente sem nenhuma fronteira terrestre entre seus 14 pases constituintes. A nica linha divisria poltica terrestre entre sia e Oceania, a fronteira entre a Indonsia e a Papua-Nova Guin. Cultural, lingustica e etnicamente, o estado indonsio de Irian Jaya, tido como sendo asitico, semelhante Papua-Nova Guin, habitados pelos povos papuas. Geograficamente a ilha de Nova Guin, inteira, faz parte da Australsia, portanto Oceania. Os motivos para classificar seu lado ocidental como asitico so meramente polticos.
Banhada ao sul e a oeste pelo oceano ndico, a noroeste pelo mar de Timor e a leste pelos mares de Coral e da Tasmnia, a Austrlia uma ilha-continente (assim chamada devido sua vasta extenso).[14]
Contornando todo o territrio australiano, encontram-se as plancies, que se tornam bastante largas no norte, junto ao Golfo da Carpentria, e no sudeste, prximo aos rios Murray e Darling. As montanhas que formam os Alpes Australianos localizam-se no leste e no sudeste; so de altitudes modestas, alcanando o mximo de 2.230 metros (Monte Kosciuszko).[14]
A maior parte do pas constituda por planaltos geralmente baixos e relativamente planos, dos quais se destacam, entre outros, os montes MacDonell e Musgrave, bem como os desertos Vitria, Gibson, Simpson e outros menores, que ocupam todo o centro-oeste do territrio australiano.[14]
A distribuio do relevo australiano, mais elevado no leste, influencia a drenagem dos maiores rios do continente - Darling e Murray -, que correm em direo ao sudoeste. H ainda os rios Flinders, Vitria, Cooper, Ashburton e outros, localizados no leste e no norte do pas. Em alguns desses manifesta-se uma caracterstica da hidrografia australiana: o regime intermitente, determinado pelas condies climticas.[14]
Pontilham o territrio australiano lagos cuja origem se deve depresso relativa do relevo, inclinado para o interior, existindo grandes formaes lacustres at mesmo em meio ao deserto.[14]
Verifica-se na Austrlia, cortada pelo Trpico de Capricrnio, a presena de climas tropicais e subtropicais, com temperaturas elevadas no norte e mais amenas no sul, onde ocorrem chuvas com maior freqncia. O clima do tipo mediterrneo, com vero seco, manifesta-se em reas do sudoeste e do sul. Nas vastas extenses semiridas e desrticas do centro-oeste o clima apresenta-se bastante quente.[15]
A nordeste do pas localiza-se a Grande Barreira de Coral, que se estende no mar de Coral, por mais de 2000 km.[15]
Em decorrncia do clima, recobrem quase totalmente essa ilha as savanas e as estepes (l denominadas scrubb), alm das grandes extenses semiridas e desrticas. H tambm, entretanto, manchas de florestas tropicais e subtropicais ocupando as reas midas do norte, leste e sudoeste.[15]
Como a Austrlia foi separada dos demais continentes h mais de 50 milhes de anos, desenvolveu uma fauna nica, em que se destacam o ornitorrinco, um mamfero com bico e pelo, e os marsupiais, como os cangurus e os coalas, animais cujos filhotes so criados numa bolsa existente no corpo da me durante o perodo de amamentao.[15]
Esse pas formado por duas ilhas principais, a do Norte e a do Sul, separadas pelo estreito de Cook. De origem vulcnica, a Ilha do Norte apresenta vulces ativos, fontes termais e giseres (fontes quentes com erupes peridicas), enquanto a ilha do Sul caracteriza-se pelo relevo acidentado que contorna todo o litoral. Os Alpes Neozelandeses, que tm como ponto culminante o monte Cook, com 3.764 metros, so a mais destacada elevao.[16]
A plancie litornea ou costeira, conhecida por Canterbury, aparece em estreitas faixas ao redor de toda a ilha e alarga-se no extremo leste da ilha do Sul.[16]
Devido reduzida extenso do arquiplago neozelands, os rios que percorrem suas ilhas so de pequeno curso, no chegando a formar grandes bacias. As formaes lacustres existentes so todas de origem glacial.[16]
Em termos climticos, a Nova Zelndia encontra-se na zona subtropical sul, com temperaturas amenas e chuvas bem distribudas pelo ano todo. Deriva da influncia desse clima uma vegetao representada pela floresta aciculifoliada e por formaes arbustivas e herbceas. Uma curiosidade: a Nova Zelndia possui a maior floresta artificial do globo, Kaingaroa.[16]
Espalhadas por uma enorme rea do Oceano Pacfico, essas milhares de ilhas tm origem vulcnicas ou coralgena.[16]
Seu relevo apresenta, em geral, planaltos baixos e desgastados, embora haja muitos exemplos de formaes geolgicas mais recentes. Algumas ilhas encontram-se no Crculo de fogo do Pacfico, que abrange os pontos da Terra mais sujeitos a vulcanismo e a abalos ssmicos. Somente no arquiplago do Hava h trs grandes vulces: Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa e Kilauea.[17]
Nas ilhas recobertas por depsitos de coral o solo geralmente arenoso, nem sempre propcio agricultura, mas muitas vezes fonte de recursos minerais importantes, como o fosfato.[17]
A hidrografia, em virtude da pequena extenso dos territrios, insignificante, havendo casos de ilhas que nem sequer possuem rios ou lagos de gua doce. A maior parte dos arquiplagos est sob influncia do clima tropical, cujas caractersticas, no entanto, so amenizadas pela proximidade do oceano, o que propicia chuvas abundantes e amplitudes trmicas reduzidas.[17]
Em virtude dessas condies, h ilhas, ou parte delas, recobertas por densa floresta equatorial, ao passo que em outras a nica vegetao existente so esparsos coqueiros ou uma pequena cobertura herbcea.[17]
A Oceania chamada de Novssimo Mundo, pois foi o ltimo continente a ser descoberto pelos europeus, que l chegaram no sculo XVII. S no fim do sculo XVIII teria incio a colonizao, com a chegada de prisioneiros britnicos obrigados a trabalhar na lavoura.[17]
Quase todas as ilhas da Oceania tm a populao composta majoritariamente por indgenas. Excetuam-se a Austrlia e a Nova Zelndia, em que os brancos europeus - entre os quais predominam os de origem britnica - constituem a maioria dos habitantes.[17]
Os grupos humanos melansios, micronsios e polinsios costumam migrar de um arquiplago para outro em busca de melhores condies de trabalho, havendo, por isso, alto grau de miscigenao. Em algumas ilhas verifica-se a presena de grandes parcelas de indianos e chineses.[18]
A densidade demogrfica dos arquiplagos varia. Por exemplo, Austrlia - 2,2 hab/km - e Papua-Nova Guin - 7,7 hab/km - apresentam taxas de ocupao baixssimas, enquanto Nauru e Tonga respondem pelas duas maiores concentraes da Oceania: mais de 380 e mais de 163 hab/km, respectivanente.[18]
A distribuio populacional est ligada, geralmente, ao grau de desenvolvimento econmico. Assim, Austrlia e Nova Zelndia tm 85% ou mais de sua populao estabelecidos nas zonas urbanas, enquanto o restante das ilhas a maioria dos habitantes ocupa as reas rurais, o que indica uma industrializao inexpressiva. A agricultura e o extrativismo constituem a base de sua economia. Os primitivos habitantes da Austrlia, conhecidos como aborgenes, habitam o pas h pelo menos 5.000 anos.[18]
As principais cidades da Oceania so: Sydney, Melbourne e Brisbane, na Austrlia; Auckland e Wellington, na Nova Zelndia; Port Moresby, capital da Papua-Nova Guin.[18]
Com exceo da Austrlia e da Nova Zelndia, todos os demais pases da Oceania apresentam caractersticas de subdesenvolvimento. Suas principais atividades econmicas so o extrativismo e, com raras excees, a agricultura.[20]
No que se refere aos recursos minerais, ocupa posio privilegiada a ilha de Nauru, cuja nica fonte de divisas so suas grandes jazidas de fosfato. Em virtude do pequeno nmero de habitantes, a receita obtida com a exportao desse produto assegura a Nauru um PIB per capita que figura entre os mais altos do mundo. Por outro lado, o pas importa quase tudo de que precisa, desde alimentos at remdios e artigos manufaturados. Alm disso, a julgar pelo atual ritmo de consumo, suas reservas de fosfato devero extinguir-se dentro de 30 anos.[20]
Devem-se citar tambm Papua-Nova Guin, com suas jazidas de minerais no-ferrosos, ouro e cobre, exploradas, entretanto, por companhias australianas, e as ilhas Salomo, que possuem grandes reservas, ainda pouco exploradas, de ouro, prata, cobre, fosfato, asbesto e bauxita. A Austrlia, por sua vez, tem uma indstria extrativa atuante, que exporta minrio de ferro e produz 70% petrleo consumido internamente.[20]
No plano do extrativismo vegetal, a copra (amndoa seca do coco, de que se extrai leo) importante fonte de divisas para quase todos os pequenos pases da Oceania. As Ilhas Salomo e Samoa exportam tambm madeiras finas.[20]
A pesca significativa nas Ilhas Salomo, em Fiji e em Kiribati; este ltimo tem no guano (depsitos de fosfato derivados do excremento de aves marinhas) outro importante recurso econmico.[20]
Como, em geral, o solo se mostra pouco propcio, a atividade agrcola na maioria das ilhas no alcana grande envergadura, produzindo quase sempre apenas para consumo interno. So excees: Papua-Nova Guin, com suas colheitas de caf, cacau e ch; em menor grau, Samoa, onde se cultiva cacau,milho,frutas citricas, coco, banana e abacaxi, e Tonga, que exporta bananas e sementes oleaginosas. A pecuria nas pequenas ilhas insignificante ou inexistente.[20]
J os dois maiores e mais desenvolvidos pases apresentam outro panorama. A Austrlia, alm de exportar trigo, possui grandes rebanhos ovinos e bovinos, que, fornecendo l e carne, constituem outra fonte de divisas. Na economia da Nova Zelndia, cuja produo agrcola abastece o mercado interno, destaca-se a pecuria, que propicia carne, l e laticnios exportados em larga escala.[21]
Nas pequenas ilhas e na Papua-Nova Guin, as indstrias, quando existem, so em geral instaladas para beneficiar algum produto originado do extrativismo. Enquadram-se nesse caso Papua-Nova Guin (azeite de dend e borracha) e Fiji (acar e pescado em conserva).[21]
Condies totalmente diferentes so as encontradas na Austrlia e na Nova Zelndia, cujo amplo parque industrial compreende desde as indstrias de base at as de bens de consumo. So os nicos pases do continente que integram o bloco dos pases desenvolvidos segundo o IDH.[21]
Na Austrlia, a indstria responde por cerca de 20% do Produto Interno Bruto. Destacam-se as indstrias de ao, de automveis, mecnicas, de produtos qumicos e as refinarias de petrleo, concentradas no sudeste.[21]
Para a Nova Zelndia, menos industrializada que a Austrlia, a atividade industrial representa tambm cerca de um quarto do Produto Interno Bruto, sendo significativa a produo de alimentos, seguida dos setores txteis, de construo, siderrgicos e outros.[21]
A importncia mundial da economia japonesa vem tornando o leste asitico uma regio cada vez mais destacada, tornando-se um dos polos econmicos mundiais. Na Oceania, devido ao seu grau de desenvolvimento social e industrializao, a Austrlia vem adquirindo maior destaque em toda a rea do Pacfico.[22]
A tradicional influncia britnica vem-se mesclando norte-americana e japonesa e as relaes comerciais regionais tornam-se cada vez mais fortes. Alm disso, Austrlia e Nova Zelndia tm procurado uma posio poltica e diplomtica independente, assumindo pequenos papeis de liderana em relao aos pequenos pases do continente.[22]
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Oceania Cruises, Oceania Cruise Line, Oceania Cruise, Oceania …
Posted: at 6:44 am
Oceania brings the country club lifestyle to sea, with an onboard atmosphere that is elegant but relaxed, and never formal or stuffy. Oceania passengers are typically well-traveled and are looking for personalized service, world-class cuisine and an in-depth, destination-focused experience.
Oceania delivers on these requirements by offering exotic itineraries to remote destinations worldwide, frequently offering overnight stays so guests can fully immerse themselves in the history, culture and cuisine during port calls. Oceania's Executive Culinary Director, acclaimed master chef Jacques Pepin, has assembled a menu of culinary delights that are the highlight of every guest's evening.
The sophisticated ambiance of Oceania Cruises extends to the entertainment offered onboard. You can listen to a 12-piece orchestra or jazz band, watch a cabaret show or enjoy local and regional entertainment from the ports you visit. Oceania regularly hosts guest lecturers, from famous authors to former ambassadors, who provide onboard enrichment. Oceania combines the best of new and old pastimes, preserving classic traditions like afternoon tea while providing contemporary services like 24-hour Internet access aboard all of its cruise ships.
Browse through our discounts and discover "your world, your way" with Oceania Cruises.
Officers: European Crew: European
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The Geography of Oceania – Pacific Islands
Posted: at 6:44 am
By Matt Rosenberg
Updated January 20, 2016.
Oceania is the name of the region consisting of island groups within the central and South Pacific Ocean. It spans over 3.3 million square miles (8.5 million sq km). Some of the countries included in Oceania are Australia, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Samoa, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati and Nauru. Oceania also includes several dependencies and territories such as American Samoa, Johnston Atoll and French Polynesia.
Physical Geography of Oceania
In terms of its physical geography, the islands of Oceania are often divided into four different sub-regions based on the geologic processes playing a role in their physical development. The first of these is Australia. It is separated because of its location in the middle of the Indo-Australian Plate and the fact that due to its location there was no mountain building during its development. Instead, Australia's current physical landscape features were formed by mainly by erosion.
The second landscape category in Oceania is the islands found on the collision boundaries between the Earth's crustal plates. These are found specifically in the South Pacific. For example at the collision boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates are places like New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The North Pacific portion of Oceania also features these types landscapes along the Eurasian and Pacific plates. These plate collisions are responsible for the formation of mountains like those in New Zealand which climb to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
Volcanic islands such as Fiji are the third category of landscape types found in Oceania. These islands typically rise from the seafloor through hotspots in the Pacific Ocean basin. Most of these areas consist of very small islands with high mountain ranges.
Finally, coral reef islands and atolls such as Tuvalu are the last type of landscape found in Oceania. Atolls specifically are responsible for the formation of low-lying land regions, some with enclosed lagoons.
Climate of Oceania
Most of Oceania is divided into two climate zones. The first of these is temperate and the second is tropical. Most of Australia and all of New Zealand are within the temperate zone and most of the island areas in the Pacific are considered tropical. Oceania's temperate regions feature high levels of precipitation, cold winters and warm to hot summers. The tropical regions in Oceania are hot and wet year round.
In addition to these climatic zones, most of Oceania is impacted by continuous trade winds and sometimes hurricanes (called tropical cyclones in Oceania) which have historically caused catastrophic damage to countries and islands in the region.
Flora and Fauna of Oceania
Because most of Oceania is tropical or temperate there is an abundant amount of rainfall which produces tropical and temperate rainforests throughout the region. Tropical rainforests are common in some of the island countries located near the tropics, while temperate rainforests are common in New Zealand. In both of these types of forests there is a plethora of plant and animal species, making Oceania one of the world's most biodiverse regions.
It is important to note however, that not all of Oceania receives abundant rainfall and portions of the region are arid or semiarid. Australia for example, features large areas of arid land which have little vegetation. In addition, El Nio has caused frequent droughts in recent decades in Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Oceania's fauna, like its flora is also extremely biodiverse. Because much of the area consists of islands, unique species of birds, animals and insects evolved out of isolation from others. The presence of coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef and Kingman Reef also represent large areas of biodiversity and some are considered biodiversity hotspots.
Humans and Oceania
Most recently in 2005, Oceania's population was around 33 million people, with the majority centered in Australia and New Zealand. Those two countries alone accounted for more than 24 million people, while Papua New Guinea had a population of over five million. The remaining population of Oceania is scattered around the various islands making up the region.
Like its population distribution, urbanization and industrialization also vary in Oceania. 89% of Oceania's urban areas are in Australia and New Zealand and these countries also have the most well established infrastructure. Australia in particular has many raw minerals and energy sources, and manufacturing is a large part of its and Oceania's economy. The rest of Oceania and specifically the Pacific islands are not well developed. Some of the islands have rich natural resources, but the majority do not. In addition, some of the island nations do not even have enough clean drinking water or food to supply to their citizens.
Agriculture is also important in Oceania and there are three types which are common in the region. These include subsistence agriculture, plantation crops and capital intensive agriculture. Subsistence agriculture occurs on most of the Pacific islands and is done to support local communities. Cassava, taro, yams and sweet potatoes are the most common products of this type of agriculture. Plantation crops are planted on the medium tropical islands while capital intensive agriculture is practiced mainly in Australia and New Zealand.
Finally, fishing and tourism are important to Oceania's economy and its development. Fishing is a significant source of revenue because many islands have maritime exclusive economic zones that extend for 200 nautical miles and many small islands have granted permission to foreign countries to fish the region via fishing licenses. Tourism is also important to Oceania because many of the tropical islands like Fiji offer aesthetic beauty, while Australia and New Zealand are modern cities with modern amenities. New Zealand has also become an area centered on the growing field of ecotourism.
To learn more about Oceania and its countries visit the Countries of Oceania page on this website.
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Oceania – The Smashing Pumpkins | Songs, Reviews, Credits …
Posted: at 6:44 am
Following up on, and in many ways amending, much of the bombastic overcompensation of 2007's Zeitgeist, Smashing Pumpkins 2012 release Oceania is an exuberant, gloriously melodic, fluid return to form for Billy Corgan. While Zeitgeist certainly contained many of the elements that make for a classic Smashing Pumpkins release -- including slabs of distorted guitars, passionate vocals, and poetic lyrics, not to mention drummer Jimmy Chamberlin, who was the sole remaining original member besides Corgan and who subsequently left the band -- there was something cold and perhaps a bit too calculated about the production. Ultimately, Zeitgeist didn't do much to dissuade audiences that Corgan, undeniably the mastermind behind the best Pumpkins work, was now overvaluing his abilities in an attempt to recapture fans disillusioned by his various side projects. Thankfully, none of these concerns are applicable to Oceania. Ostensibly an "album within an album" of the greater 44-track Teargarden by Kaleidyscope concept project, Oceania works as a stand-alone album. Conceptual conceits aside, these are some of the most memorable and rousing songs Corgan has delivered since 1993's Siamese Dream, the album that Oceania most closely mirrors in tone and aesthetic. Which isn't to say that Corgan is treading old ground; on the contrary, there is something fresh and inspired about the songs on Oceania. Admittedly, kicking the album off with the heavy psychedelic acid rock groove of "Quasar" -- in which Corgan croons several EST-era-style affirmations including, "God right on! Krishna right on! Mark right on!" -- is a move that almost begs comparisons to Smashing Pumpkins' euphoria-inducing 1991 single "Siva." A similar sentiment comes to mind with the latter album rocker "The Chimera," a classic rock-sounding groover that sparkles with crisscross laser-beam guitar lines recalling the jewel-toned guitar heroics of Queen's Brian May. But these are welcome comparisons, born out of Corgan finally delivering a gorgeous and cohesive set of songs that balance some his more arch, cerebral inclinations with his generously romantic and sweepingly cinematic gift for revelatory guitar rock. Elsewhere, we get the soaring "Panopticon" and the minor-key, prog rock-inflected drama of "Violet Rays." However, Oceania is perhaps best represented by the euphoric mid-album ballad "Pinwheels." Starting with a repeated keyboard line and building to swells of acoustic and electric guitar before settling into one of the most swoon-worthy melodic anthems Corgan has ever written, "Pinwheels," much like the rest of Oceania, is a masterpiece of pop songcraft and rock production. As Corgan croons on the song's chorus, "Sister soul, lovers of the tune, sing!/I got you/I got you." On Oceania, the Smashing Pumpkins definitely have us.
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Seychelles Map / Geography of Seychelles / Map of Seychelles …
Posted: at 6:43 am
The Republic of Seychelles is an archipelago of 115 islands located in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar
Pre-European colonization the islands were known by Arab navigators on trading voyages, but were never inhabited.
Eventually Seychelles was settled by France in the 18th century, but it wasn't long before the British fought for control. A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter.
Although the new governor to the islands was British, he governed according to French rules, and allowed previous French customs to remain intact. Slavery was completely abolished in 1835, and the island nation subsequently began to decline as exportation decreased.
The anti-slavery stance was taken very seriously by the British government, and conditions started improving when it was realized that coconuts could be grown with less labour.
In the late 19th century, Seychelles became a place to exile troublesome political prisoners, most notably from Zanzibar, Egypt, Cyprus and Palestine.
Independence for the islands came in 1976, after the Seychelles People's United Party was formed and led by France-Albert Rene, campaigning for socialism and freedom from Britain.
Socialism was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. President France-Albert Rene, who had served since 1977, was re-elected in 2001, but stepped down in 2004.
Vice President James Michel took over the presidency and in July 2006 was elected to a new five-year term.
Upon independence in 1976, economic growth has steadily increased, led by the tourism sector and tuna fishing. In the past few years, the government has also created incentives for foreign investments. Per capita, Seychelles is the most indebted country in the world and currently had a population of 90,024.
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Seychelles Holidays – Luxury Breaks | Thomas Cook Signature
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The Seychelles is sometimes called the land of perpetual summer. Its warm, subtropical climate makes it the perfect place to escape harsh winters. Humidity can be high between April and October, and you may have to retreat to your suite to escape the dramatic heavy showers, but outside of this season, temperatures are warm, pleasant and perfect for sunbathing, exploring and relaxing.
Time difference: GMT +4 hours
Currency: Seychelles Rupee.
Language: English, Creole and French.
Flight time from London: Approximately 11 hours.
Arrival Airport: Seychelles International Airport.
Entry details for British passport holders: A visa is not required for holidays to The Seychelles. Your passport must be valid for the duration of your stay. Before you depart, check the latest travel advice at http://www.fco.gov.uk.
A local Signature representative will meet you at your arrival airport and direct you to your pre-booked transfer vehicle. Depending on where you are staying, this may be a direct transfer courtesy of your hotel, via a boat, vehicle or domestic flight. You'll receive a welcome pack containing local information and all contact details. A welcome meeting will be held at your hotel, or should you need advice during your stay, the local office is available to answer your questions.
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Seychelles Beach Resort – Wyndham Vacation Rentals
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Escape to the natural beauty of Seychelles Beach Resort. Fronting 200 feet of beautiful gulf-front terrain, this gorgeous high-rise resort condominium rises 22 stories above the sparkling sugar-white sands and emerald green waters, offering spectacular views of the Gulf of Mexico. Featuring elegant 1- and 2-bedroom, 2-bath units, all residences boast ceramic tile in the foyer, hall, kitchen and bathrooms, two full baths with cultured marble vanity tops, washer/dryer and spacious balconies. Seychelles is conveniently located within walking distance of St. Andrews State Park and only moments from the Marina, where you can enjoy excursions to Shell Island. Convenient to the area's best dining, nightlife, water park, zoo, deep sea fishing, sailing, diving, snorkeling and other area attractions. Experience the joy of this wonderful island-style retreat!
Check-in: 5115 Gulf Drive, Panama City Beach, FL 32408 Local Phone: (850) 236-9550
The property has the following accessibility features. For additional information regarding any other accessibility features, please call (888) 909-6807
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Caribbean Map / Map of the Caribbean – Worldatlas.com
Posted: at 6:43 am
The Caribbean, long referred to as the West Indies, includes more than 7,000 islands; of those, 13 are independent island countries (shown in red on the map), and some are dependencies or overseas territories of other nations.
In addition, that large number includes islets ( very small rocky islands); cay's (small, low islands composed largely of coral or sand) and a few inhabited reefs: See Belize.
In geographical terms the Caribbean area includes the Caribbean Sea and all of the islands located to the southeast of the Gulf of Mexico, east of Central America and Mexico, and to the north of South America. Some of its counted cay's, islands, islets and inhabited reefs front the handful of countries that border the region.
The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos are not considered a part of the Caribbean, however, we show them here because of their cultural, geographical and political associations with the Greater Antilles and other Caribbean Islands.
At the beginning of the 15th century the population of the Caribbean was estimated to be nearly 900,000 indigenous people immediately before European contact.
Then in 1492, Christopher Columbus, the Italian explorer began his exploration of the Caribbean, becoming the first European to venture into the area.
After reportedly landing in the eastern Bahamas, Columbus named these islands the Indies, because he thought he had finally reached Asia (and the East Indies).
Numerous explorers followed in his path, then tens of thousands of settlers arrived from the Americas, China, European countries and India. Included in that mix were religious outcasts and a small army of pirates.
Across the Caribbean, slaves from Africa were imported in great numbers to work the sugar and tobacco plantations.
By then the indigenous populations of the islands were in severe decline as exposure to disease and brutal genocide wiped out much of their number.
Great military powers continually fought for control of the islands, and finally, a blended mix of African and European cultures and languages transformed this large group of islands and its peoples into one of the premier tourist destinations on the planet.
Long called the West Indies, the overall area is now commonly referred to as the Caribbean, a name that became popular after World War II.
Over the last few decades legions of travelers have journeyed to the Caribbean to enjoy the amenities. They frequently arrive in cruise ships that sail in and out, from ports in Florida and Puerto Rico.
Overall the Caribbean is a magical place of palm trees, white sand beaches, turquoise waters and sunshine, all blessed with a climate that consistently offers a much-needed break for those stuck in the cold weather doldrums of the north.
If you haven't been, you should, and if you've been here more than once, you will come again, as these islands, these beach-ringed, jungle-covered rocks are home to thousands of historical surprises and activities galore.
So come wiggle you toes in the sand, and eat and sleep under the stars in the Caribbean. You won't be disappointed.
This page was last modified on August 5, 2015.
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Bahamas Vacation Packages & Travel Deals – Atlantis
Posted: at 6:43 am
*Savings of up to 50% per night. Savings listed are per night, dbl occ. for Beach Tower Terrace. Savings on other room categories may vary by tower and travel dates. Must be booked by 6/21/16 for travel 9/22/16 through 12/20/16. New bookings only.2 night min stay required.Weekend charges apply. Taxes, levies, fees, service charges, and mandatory gratuities are additional starting from $100 per night per room.Blackout dates apply. This offer is subject to availability and may be changed or cancelled without notice. Offer not combinable with any other offer listed at time of offer. Not applicable to groups.
1.Atlantis Dine, Drink & Play Pass is valid for new bookings only, persons 18 years and older and subject to a minimum stay of 2 nights. A maximum of one card will be issued per room. Complimentary inclusions include One Sushi & Sake Platter at Nobu, One Gold Rum flight including 4 tastings at 77 West, Discounted Golf after 1pm and Complimentary golf club rentals (Does not include Callaway golf balls). These inclusions are based on availability and applicable one per room, per stay with a max of two guests per room. Food and beverage components include tax and gratuities; advance reservations are not necessary, however, guests should check restaurant operating hours for availability as some establishments may not be open every day. Golf rates are per golfer ($115 cost, reg. $165). Must be 5 years of age or older. Golf rates are subject to change. Tee times may be reserved within 60 days of arrival by calling 242-363-6682 and are subject to availability. Atlantis Dine, Drink & Play Pass must be presented at each outlet at time of consumption. Packages are non-refundable, non-transferable and have no cash value. This offer is valid for new bookings made from 6/16/16 6/21/16. This offer begins for stays on or after 6/17/16 -12/20/16. Blackout dates apply: 11/23/16 11/25/16. Stays that cross the effective travel dates will not receive the resort credit for any portion of their stay. No credit will be provided for any unused components and are non-transferable. Not applicable to groups. Atlantis Dine, Drink & Play Pass is not applicable for bookings at the Harborside Resort or The Reef Atlantis. Not applicable for the Beach Tower All-Inclusive Experience. Offer is only applicable on reservation earning Marriott Rewards points and is not applicable on reservations booked using Marriott Rewards points.
2.RESORT CREDIT: Royal Towers resort credit is $200 per room, per stay. The Cove Atlantis resort credit is $300 per room, per stay. Resort Credit is only valid for new bookings and is subject to a 3 night minimum stay. Resort credit is a one-time credit and applicable per room per stay. This offer is valid for new bookings only made from 6/16/16-6/21/16. The Resort credit offer is available for stays beginning on 6/16/16 and ending on 1/2/17. Stays that cross the effective travel dates will not receive the Resort credit for any portion of their stay. Resort credit cannot be used towards the cost of the room. Credit begins on the date of arrival and expires upon checkout. No credit will be issued for any unused amount. 2 bedroom suites are considered 1 room for purposes of this offer. This offer has no cash value. Resort credit may be used for Dolphin & Marine Adventures, Atlantis Kids Adventures, CRUSH, Atlantis Pals, Atlantis Speedway, Atlantis LIVE performances, internet service or select food and beverage outlets. Resort credit may not be used for laundry service or at any of the following outlets: Mandara Spa, Ocean Club Golf Course, the Casino, Marina Starbucks, Quizno's, the Atlantis Signature shops or any other retail shops. It may not be used on gratuities for food and beverage consumption, in-room movies or phone calls, transportation/transfers, or taxes and Energy Surcharges. Resort credit is not applicable for bookings at the Harborside Resort or The Reef Atlantis. Not applicable for the Beach Tower All-Inclusive Experience. Offer is only applicable on reservation earning Marriott Rewards points and is not applicable on reservation booked using Marriott Rewards points.
3. Beverage credit and 50% off meal plans are for new bookings only. To view full Terms & Conditions for Dining Plans & Beverage CreditClick Here
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