Monthly Archives: May 2013

Public release date: 22-May-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Pr Ingvarsson par.ingvarsson@emg.umu.se 46-708-485-977 Umea University

Swedish scientists have mapped the gene sequence of Norway spruce (the Christmas tree) a species with huge economic and ecological importance - and that is the largest genome to have ever been mapped. The genome is complex and seven times larger than that of humans. The results have been published in the prestigious journal Nature.

This major research project has been led by Ume Plant Science Centre (UPSC) in Ume and the Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) in Stockholm.

In addition to its scientific interest this new knowledge has immense importance to the forestry industry in many countries.

"Forest tree breeding is now entering a new era, and Sweden has the potential to be in the forefront of development," says Professor Ove Nilsson from UPSC. "Newer and more effective methods can begin to be used to ensure that the over 200 million tree seedlings planted each year in Sweden are as strong, healthy and well-adapted as possible for both poor and rich soil areas in different parts of the country."

The scientists have identified about 29,000 functional genes, marginally more than humans have, but the question arises: why is the spruce genome still seven times larger than ours? According to the study an explanation is "genome obesity" caused by extensive repetitive DNA sequences, which have accumulated for several hundred million years of evolutionary history. Other plant and animal species have efficient mechanisms to eliminate such repetitive DNA, but these do not seem to operate so well in conifers.

"It is remarkable that the spruce is doing so well despite this unnecessary genetic load," says Professor Pr Ingvarsson at UPSC. "Of course, some of this DNA has a function but it seems strange that it would be beneficial to have so very much. This appears to be something special for conifers."

The greatest challenge in the project has been to get the approximately 20 billion "letters" found in spruce's genetic code into the correct order, rather than obtaining the actual DNA sequences.

"Imagine a library with ten thousand books as thick as the bible, written in a language with only four letters," explains Professor Stefan Jansson at UPSC. "If someone took one hundred identical copies of each of the ten thousand titles, passed them all through a document shredder and mixed all the shreds, and you then were asked to piece together an accurate copy of each title, you can realize that it can be a bit problematic."

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The Norway spruce genome sequenced

Relatives of the Norway spruce are some of the oldest living things on the planet. They haven't used all that time to tidy up their genomes, though.

Last week we heard about the genome of a plant that pushed the limits of compacting its DNA:the bladderwortseems to have done away with of most of the genetic material that typically makes plant and animal genomes so large without any apparent ill effects. This week, the genome of a different plant is in the spotlight:the Norway spruce (Picea abies), which also seems to suffer no ill effects, even though it has picked up an enormous amount of DNA. Each one of its chromosomes is nearly the size of the entire human genomeand it has a dozen of them. When researchers looked at what all that extra DNA might be doing, they came up with a simple answer: probably not anything useful.

If you're aware of the Norway spruce, it's probably because you have been shopping for a Christmas tree. But conifers (technically Gymnosperms, although the group includes gingkoes and a few other species) are some of the most phenomenally successful organisms on Earth. They've dominated forests for over 200 million years, and members of the group include the tallest, heaviest, and oldest things currently alive. All of them seem to have managed this despite having a staggeringly inefficient genome management style.

Unlike many groups that vary widely in the number of chromosomes their species carry, pretty much all the Gymnosperms have a dozen pairs of chromosomes. And pretty much all of these chromosomes are up in the area of two billion bases long, or a bit smaller than the human genome. That size is so consistent, in fact, that the authors think the trees might be pushing up against the limits of how much stuff you can put in a chromosome and still get it copied and shared between two cells when they divide. In other words, if firs wanted to carry any more DNA than they already do, they'd have to start making new chromosomes.

From an evolutionary fitness perspective, would the plants actually want more DNA? Probably not, if the new genome is anything to go by. Despite all the extra DNA, the Norway spruce has almost exactly the same number of genes28,354 in totalthat the bladderwort does, even though the latter has about 1/250th the DNA. But it has plenty of dead copies of genes that have been inactivated by mutation. All told, these pseudogenes take up over seven times as much space in the genome as the working genes do.

However, the pseudogenes are a small contributor to the size of the genome compared to mobile genetic parasites called transposons. The transposons have hopped into all sorts of places in the genomewithin the non-coding introns of genes, in between genesand just stayed there. In fact, the Norway Spruce has an unusually high number of large introns simply because so many of them have picked up one or more transposons. Based on looking at a number of other Gymnosperms, these transposons have just been slowly accumulating throughout the group's history and have just never gone away, "possibly owing to the lack of an efficient elimination mechanism. "

Inaccurate recombination between chromosomes can sometimes create deletions, which might get rid of some of the excess DNA once it's present. But the conifers don't undergo recombination very often in the areas where that DNA residesinstead, the exchange of DNA mostly happens where the genes are.All told, the authors call this a "one way ticket toward genome obesity."

Incidentally, all this stuff made sequencing the genome a nightmare. Normally, software is used to recognize when two stretches of sequence partly overlap because the sequence is identical, and it uses further overlaps to build ever-larger sequences. In this case, the frequency of transposons meant that there were nearly identical sequences scattered everywhere in the genome. Imagine trying to build a city map where every road that ran north-to-south had a name, but everything east-west was simply called "street." To cope with this, the team separated out chunks of the chromosome a few hundred thousand bases long, figured out the sequence of the chunk, and then looked for places where the chunks overlapped. This method got the job done, but there are still plenty of gaps and missing sequences.

There are a few other draft conifer genomes in the works and all of them pretty much look like this, although the exact details of which transposons are present and where they're located differ somewhat among the species. So far, the genomes only tell us a little about the origin of the features we commonly associate with trees. But they definitely tell us that a group of species don't have to be neat freaks in order to be phenomenally successful.

Nature, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nature12211 (About DOIs).

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Pines punched a “one way ticket toward genome obesity”