Monthly Archives: January 2013

IMAGES TO WAKE UR DNA UP(ANCIENT KHEMET)
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IMAGES TO WAKE UR DNA UP(ANCIENT KHEMET) - Video

DJ Starburst I .Ft. DNA,Not Giving In
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DJ Starburst I .Ft. DNA,Not Giving In - Video

Published: Jan. 7, 2013 at 3:41 PM

WASHINGTON, Jan. 7 (UPI) -- U.S. researchers say a vaccine based on genetically engineered DNA could induce an immune response in humans to protect against malaria parasite infection.

The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc. announced a partnership to combine DNA research aimed at developing malaria vaccines with an innovative vaccine delivery technology called electroporation.

Electroporation uses controlled electrical impulses to create temporary pores in a cell membrane, allowing uptake of the synthetic DNA that then causes the cell to produce proteins mimicking the presence of the malaria pathogen. The goal is to induce an immune response that provides protection against malaria, a deadly disease that still kills more than 500,000 children under age 5 every year, a PATH MVI release reported Monday.

"We are excited to bring this innovative delivery technology into clinical testing to see whether the compelling immune responses seen in animal models translate to humans," Dr. David C. Kaslow, director of MVI, said. "Determining if and how these potent immune responses lead to protection against infection with the most deadly form of malaria is a high priority in our efforts to develop a next generation malaria vaccine."

MVI is a global program established with an initial grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, conducting research to accelerate the development of malaria vaccines for the developing world.

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DNA research seeks vaccine for malaria

Jan. 7, 2013 A simple, precise and inexpensive method for cutting DNA to insert genes into human cells could transform genetic medicine, making routine what now are expensive, complicated and rare procedures for replacing defective genes in order to fix genetic disease or even cure AIDS.

Discovered last year by Jennifer Doudna and Martin Jinek of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of California, Berkeley, and Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine-Sweden, the technique was labeled a "tour de force" in a 2012 review in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

That review was based solely on the team's June 28, 2012, Science paper, in which the researchers described a new method of precisely targeting and cutting DNA in bacteria.

Two new papers published last week in the journal Science Express demonstrate that the technique also works in human cells. A paper by Doudna and her team reporting similarly successful results in human cells has been accepted for publication by the new open-access journal eLife.

"The ability to modify specific elements of an organism's genes has been essential to advance our understanding of biology, including human health," said Doudna, a professor of molecular and cell biology and of chemistry and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at UC Berkeley. "However, the techniques for making these modifications in animals and humans have been a huge bottleneck in both research and the development of human therapeutics.

"This is going to remove a major bottleneck in the field, because it means that essentially anybody can use this kind of genome editing or reprogramming to introduce genetic changes into mammalian or, quite likely, other eukaryotic systems."

"I think this is going to be a real hit," said George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and principal author of one of the Science Express papers. "There are going to be a lot of people practicing this method because it is easier and about 100 times more compact than other techniques."

"Based on the feedback we've received, it's possible that this technique will completely revolutionize genome engineering in animals and plants," said Doudna, who also holds an appointment at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "It's easy to program and could potentially be as powerful as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)."

The latter technique made it easy to generate millions of copies of small pieces of DNA and permanently altered biological research and medical genetics.

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Cheap and easy technique to snip DNA could revolutionize gene therapy

LOS ANGELESHuman DNA contains myriad individual differences that influence a host of traits, be they eye color or the ability to digest milk. Now a study shows that most of those tiny genetic variations are rareand they arose in the very recent history of our species.

Joshua Akey, a geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle, led a consortium of scientists who examined the DNA of 4,298 European Americans and 2,217 African-Americans. Limiting their analysis to the parts of the genome that contain instructions for making proteins, the study authors found more than 1 million sites where the building blocks of DNAthe nucleotides known by the letters A, C, G and Tvaried in at least one of the subjects.

Most of those individual variants were rare, with each one found in fewer than 0.5 percent of the people in the sample. Nearly half of the mutations were detected in only one person, according to their report last month in the journal Nature.

This meant that the genetic changes must have cropped up very recently, because otherwise there would have been ample time for them to spread through generations of people and show up in many more of the study participants, the authors said.

The scientists were even able to estimate the age of variations based on how rare or common they wereand found that about 73 percent of the mutations had occurred in the last 5,000 to 10,000 years.

The percentage of rareand therefore recentmutations was greater in European Americans than African-Americans, the team reported. That fits with the history of Homo sapiens: The ancestors of Europeans went through explosive population growth when they left their homeland in Africa tens of thousands of years ago.

The scientists also tried to gauge the likelihood that these mutations would influence someone's risk for disease and other traits. If a gene region had exactly the same structure in humans, apes and other vertebrates, they reasoned, it must be important; any changes there would thus be more likely to harm. So would any mutation that would alter the properties of a protein.

These mutations were even more likely to be recent: Fully 86 percent of them arose within the last 5,000 to 10,000 years.

It's not really surprising that the more-likely-to-be-harmful mutations would be rare and recent, Akey said. Any mutation that was truly toxic would quickly be weeded out from a population, and even those that were merely damaging would reduce a person's chances of passing on their genes, so they would disappear eventually too.

The results give a sense of just how quickly the human population has expanded in the last 10,000 yearsand how that has affected our genetic makeup, said Shamil Sunyaev, a computational geneticist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston who wasn't involved in the study. Without that population explosion, there would have been fewer chances for mutations to occur and the proportion of recent mutations would not have been so high.

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DNA study finds many genetic mutations are rare and recent